Abstract:
RATIONALE:Impulsive behaviour is a component of psychiatric disorders such as bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or personality disorders. Most experimental studies on impulsive behaviour punish impulsive choices by loss or delay of reward. In the present study, impulsive behaviour was punished by an explicitly aversive stimulus, using a novel fixed consecutive number (FCN) schedule of electric shock avoidance. OBJECTIVES:This study was conducted to demonstrate stable performance using the FCN avoidance procedure, and examine the effects of drugs previously shown to affect impulsive behaviour using a conventional FCN schedule. METHODS:First, rats were trained in the appetitive FCN procedure. Pressing the right lever in an operant conditioning chamber after having pressed the left lever at least six times delivered a food pellet (FCN6). Responses on the right lever before completing this ratio resulted in a time out and restarted the ratio. The rats were then switched to FCN avoidance. Responses on the right lever made before completion of the ratio also resulted in food delivery, but were accompanied by an electric shock. RESULTS:Chlordiazepoxide (10.0 mg/kg), ethanol (1.0 g/kg), and haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg) increased impulsive behaviour by reducing the number of left lever responses made before the right lever was pressed. Imipramine (1.0-10.0 mg/kg) and desipramine (1.0-10.0 mg/kg) had no effect on impulsive choice. Amphetamine (0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg) and methylphenidate (6.0 mg/kg) significantly increased the mean chain length, and the proportion of very long chains, indicative of reduced impulsivity, although this did not improve efficiency. CONCLUSIONS:The increases in impulsivity produced by chlordiazepoxide, ethanol, and haloperidol were similar to those under appetitive FCN schedules. In contrast, amphetamine and methylphenidate, by reducing impulsivity in the FCN avoidance, induced effects opposite to those observed in an appetitive FCN procedure. These results suggest that the therapeutic actions of stimulants, to reduce impulsive behaviour in ADHD, may arise in part by increasing the control of behaviour by aversive stimuli.
journal_name
Psychopharmacology (Berl)journal_title
Psychopharmacologyauthors
Evenden J,Ko Tdoi
10.1007/s00213-005-2163-0subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2005-07-01 00:00:00pages
294-305issue
2eissn
0033-3158issn
1432-2072journal_volume
180pub_type
杂志文章abstract:RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE:Depression symptoms are now recognized to be the predominant cause of disability for bipolar disorder (BD) patients. The treatment strategies for the depressed phase of BD remain more anecdotal than data-based. Olanzapine has been investigated as an alternative to antidepressants and a mood stab...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
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更新日期:2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effect of two subcutaneous injections of 0.6 mg nicotine, administered 40 min apart, was compared with placebo in four non-smoking subjects in a counter-balanced double-blind crossover design. The nicotine injections produced mean peak plasma nicotine concentrations of 5.3 ng/ml 10 min after the first injection an...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
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pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF02245625
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abstract::A new benzamide, cis-N-(1-benzyl-2-methylpyrrolidin - 3 - yl) - 5 - chloro - 2 - methoxy - 4 - methylaminobenzamide (YM-09151-2) exhibited more potent and longer-lasting inhibitory effects on apomorphine-induced behaviours (stereotyped behaviour, emesis and hypothermia), and methamphetamine-induced stereotyped behavio...
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doi:10.1007/BF00429198
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pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2013-04-01 00:00:00
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pub_type: 已发布勘误
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更新日期:1999-03-01 00:00:00
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更新日期:1979-03-29 00:00:00
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pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00178516
更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00
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pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF02245064
更新日期:1994-10-01 00:00:00
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pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2640-1
更新日期:2012-07-01 00:00:00
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更新日期:2003-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
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更新日期:1994-12-01 00:00:00
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pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2011-02-01 00:00:00
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更新日期:2018-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:1994-07-01 00:00:00
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pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
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更新日期:2014-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:RATIONALE:Preclinical experimental models of pathological aggressive behavior are a sorely understudied and difficult research area. OBJECTIVES:How valid, reliable, productive, and informative are the most frequently used animal models of excessive aggressive behavior? METHODS:The rationale, key methodological featur...
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pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2013-04-01 00:00:00
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更新日期:2016-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::After learning a light-cued, go-no go successive discrimination to criterion, male Sprague-Dawley rats received 0, 5, or 10 mg/kg chlordiazepoxide on six performance sessions, followed by two drug-recovery (saline) sessions. Chlordiazepoxide impaired discrimination performance in a dose-dependent manner, with animals ...
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pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00652237
更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00
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pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2014-04-01 00:00:00