Synthetic chromosomes.

abstract：:The successful genetic manipulation of Clostridium acetobutylicum for the increased production of solvents will depend on an understanding of gene structure and regulation in the bacterium. The glutamine synthetase (glnA) gene is regulated by antisense RNA, transcribed from a downstream promoter, in the opposite direc...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Woods DR,Reid SJ

更新日期：1995-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The microsporidia are a diverse phylum of obligate intracellular parasites related to the fungi that cause significant and sometimes life-threatening disease in immune-compromised hosts, such as AIDS and organ transplant patients. More recently, their role in causing pathology in immune-competent populations has also ...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Ghosh K,Weiss LM

更新日期：2012-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The accurate synthesis of proteins, dictated by the corresponding nucleotide sequence encoded in mRNA, is essential for cell growth and survival. Central to this process are the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs), which provide amino acid substrates for the growing polypeptide chain in the form of aminoacyl-tRNAs. The...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Hausmann CD,Ibba M

更新日期：2008-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Magnetotactic bacteria (MB) are remarkable organisms with the ability to exploit the earth's magnetic field for navigational purposes. To do this, they build specialized compartments called magnetosomes that consist of a lipid membrane and a crystalline magnetic mineral. These organisms have the potential to serve as ...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Komeili A

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Toxin-antitoxin systems (TAs) are ubiquitous among bacteria and play a crucial role in the dissemination and evolution of antibiotic resistance, such as maintaining multi-resistant plasmids and inducing persistence formation. Generally, activities of the toxins are neutralised by their conjugate antitoxins. In contras...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Yang QE,Walsh TR

更新日期：2017-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pseudomonas putida is a gram-negative rod-shaped gammaproteobacterium that is found throughout various environments. Members of the species P. putida show a diverse spectrum of metabolic activities, which is indicative of their adaptation to various niches, which includes the ability to live in soils and sediments con...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Wu X,Monchy S,Taghavi S,Zhu W,Ramos J,van der Lelie D

更新日期：2011-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Dysfunction of phagocytes is a relevant risk factor for staphylococcal infection. The most common hereditary phagocyte dysfunction is chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), characterized by impaired generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to loss of function mutations within the phagocyte NADPH oxidase NOX2. Pha...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Buvelot H,Posfay-Barbe KM,Linder P,Schrenzel J,Krause KH

更新日期：2017-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Metals are required cofactors for numerous fundamental processes that are essential to both pathogen and host. They are coordinated in enzymes responsible for DNA replication and transcription, relief from oxidative stress, and cellular respiration. However, excess transition metals can be toxic due to their ability t...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Becker KW,Skaar EP

更新日期：2014-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Interest in the expanding catalog of uncultivated microorganisms, increasing recognition of heterogeneity among seemingly similar cells, and technological advances in whole-genome amplification and single-cell manipulation are driving considerable progress in single-cell genomics. Here, the spectrum of applications fo...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Blainey PC

更新日期：2013-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Antibiotic resistance mechanisms reported in Gram-negative bacteria are causing a worldwide health problem. The continuous dissemination of 'multidrug-resistant' (MDR) bacteria drastically reduces the efficacy of our antibiotic 'arsenal' and consequently increases the frequency of therapeutic failure. In MDR bacteria,...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Nikaido H,Pagès JM

更新日期：2012-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The herbivore rumen ecosystem constitutes an extremely efficient degradation machinery for the intricate chemical structure of fiber biomass, thus, enabling the hosting animal to digest its feed. The challenging task of deconstructing and metabolizing fiber is performed by microorganisms inhabiting the rumen. Since mo...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Moraïs S,Mizrahi I

更新日期：2019-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A close symbiotic relationship exists between the intestinal microbiota and its host. A critical component of gut homeostasis is the presence of a mucus layer covering the gastrointestinal tract. Mucus is a viscoelastic gel at the interface between the luminal content and the host tissue that provides a habitat to the...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Etienne-Mesmin L,Chassaing B,Desvaux M,De Paepe K,Gresse R,Sauvaitre T,Forano E,de Wiele TV,Schüller S,Juge N,Blanquet-Diot S

更新日期：2019-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Most bacteria pathogenic for humans have closely related nonpathogenic counterparts that live as saprophytes, commensals or even symbionts (mutualists) in similar or different habitats. The knowledge of how these bacteria adapt their metabolism to the preferred habitats is critical for our understanding of pathogenesi...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Fuchs TM,Eisenreich W,Heesemann J,Goebel W

更新日期：2012-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Protists include all eukaryotes except plants, fungi and animals. They are an essential, yet often forgotten, component of the soil microbiome. Method developments have now furthered our understanding of the real taxonomic and functional diversity of soil protists. They occupy key roles in microbial foodwebs as consum...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Geisen S,Mitchell EAD,Adl S,Bonkowski M,Dunthorn M,Ekelund F,Fernández LD,Jousset A,Krashevska V,Singer D,Spiegel FW,Walochnik J,Lara E

更新日期：2018-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In this paper, it is suggested that specificity and non-specificity in (oral) microbial adhesion are different expressions for the same phenomena. It is argued that the same basic, physicochemical forces are responsible for so-called 'non-specific' and 'specific' binding and that from a physico-chemical point of view ...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Busscher HJ,Cowan MM,van der Mei HC

更新日期：1992-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Water is one of the most important bacterial habitats on Earth. As such, water represents also a major way of dissemination of bacteria between different environmental compartments. Human activities led to the creation of the so-called urban water cycle, comprising different sectors (waste, surface, drinking water), a...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Vaz-Moreira I,Nunes OC,Manaia CM

更新日期：2014-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The initiation of transcription is the most important step for gene regulation in eubacteria. To initiate transcription, RNA polymerase has to associate with a small protein, known as a sigma-factor. The sigma-factor directs RNA polymerase to a specific class of promoter sequences. Most bacterial species synthesize se...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Wösten MM

更新日期：1998-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:For many years, the bacterial cells were regarded as tiny vessels lacking internal organization. This view, which stemmed from the scarcity of membrane-bounded organelles, has changed considerably in recent years, mainly due to advancements in imaging capabilities. Consequently, despite the rareness of conventional or...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Govindarajan S,Nevo-Dinur K,Amster-Choder O

更新日期：2012-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Glucuronide and sulfate conjugation are important pathways in the peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormone. These reactions occur predominantly in the liver, and especially the glucuronides are excreted in the bile. Although an enterohepatic circulation after intestinal hydrolysis of iodothyronine conjugates is sugges...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Hazenberg MP,de Herder WW,Visser TJ

更新日期：1988-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Ribonuclease P is the endonuclease required for generating the mature tRNA 5'-end. The ribonucleoprotein character of this enzyme has now been proven in most organisms and organelles. Exceptions, however, are still the chloroplasts, plant nuclei and animal mitochondria where no associated RNAs have been detected to da...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Schön A

更新日期：1999-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A high frequency of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) genome and antigens in tumor samples of patients with different malignancies is now well documented, although the causative role for HCMV in the development of the neoplasias remains to be established. HCMV infection can modulate multiple cellular regulatory and signall...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Cinatl J Jr,Vogel JU,Kotchetkov R,Wilhelm Doerr H

更新日期：2004-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Plant cell wall consists mainly of the large biopolymers cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and pectin. These biopolymers are degraded by many microorganisms, in particular filamentous fungi, with the aid of extracellular enzymes. Filamentous fungi have a key role in degradation of the most abundant biopolymers found in...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Aro N,Pakula T,Penttilä M

更新日期：2005-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Human enteric pathogenic viruses can enter the environment through discharge of waste materials from infected persons, and be transmitted back to susceptible persons to continue the cycle of disease. Contamination of food with viruses may also promote disease outbreaks. A number of studies have investigated the surviv...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Rzezutka A,Cook N

更新日期：2004-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The genome of bacteriophage fd has been engineered to allow foreign amino acid sequences to be displayed in the exposed N-terminal segment of the major coat protein in the virus particle: small peptides can be encoded directly; larger peptides are encoded in hybrid virions, in which wild-type coat protein subunits are...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Perham RN,Terry TD,Willis AE,Greenwood J,di Marzo Veronese F,Appella E

更新日期：1995-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Thioredoxin is a small (Mr 12,000) ubiquitous redox protein with the conserved active site structure: -Trp-Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys-. The oxidized form (Trx-S2) contains a disulfide bridge which is reduced by NADPH and thioredoxin reductase; the reduced form [Trx(SH)2] is a powerful protein disulfide oxidoreductase. Thioredoxi...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Gleason FK,Holmgren A

更新日期：1988-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Perhaps the biggest single task facing a bacterial cell is to divide into daughter cells that contain the normal complement of chromosomes. Recent technical and conceptual breakthroughs in bacterial cell biology, combined with the flood of genome sequence information and the excellent genetic tools in several model sy...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Margolin W

更新日期：2000-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Antibiotic resistance is one of the few examples of evolution that can be addressed experimentally. The present review analyses this resistance, focusing on the networks that regulate its acquisition and its effect on bacterial physiology. It is widely accepted that antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes play fun...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Martinez JL,Fajardo A,Garmendia L,Hernandez A,Linares JF,Martínez-Solano L,Sánchez MB

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Antibiotic resistance can be acquired by mutation or horizontal transfer of a resistance gene, and generally an acquired mechanism results in a predictable increase in phenotypic resistance. However, recent findings suggest that the environment and/or the genetic context can modify the phenotypic expression of specifi...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Hughes D,Andersson DI

更新日期：2017-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The spread of antibiotic resistance and increasing prevalence of biofilm-associated infections is driving demand for new means to treat bacterial infection. Nanotechnology provides an innovative platform for addressing this challenge, with potential to manage even infections involving multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteri...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Natan M,Banin E

更新日期：2017-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Bacteria of the genus Brucella are Gram-negative pathogens of several animal species that cause a zoonotic disease in humans known as brucellosis or Malta fever. Within their hosts, brucellae reside within different cell types where they establish a replicative niche and remain protected from the immune response. The ...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： von Bargen K,Gorvel JP,Salcedo SP

更新日期：2012-05-01 00:00:00