Abstract:
:The initiation of transcription is the most important step for gene regulation in eubacteria. To initiate transcription, RNA polymerase has to associate with a small protein, known as a sigma-factor. The sigma-factor directs RNA polymerase to a specific class of promoter sequences. Most bacterial species synthesize several different sigma-factors that recognize different consensus sequences. This variety in sigma-factors provides bacteria with the opportunity to maintain basal gene expression as well as for regulation of gene expression in response to altered environmental or developmental signals. This review focuses on the function, regulation and distribution of the 14 different classes of sigma-factors that are presently known.
journal_name
FEMS Microbiol Revjournal_title
FEMS microbiology reviewsauthors
Wösten MMdoi
10.1111/j.1574-6976.1998.tb00364.xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1998-09-01 00:00:00pages
127-50issue
3eissn
0168-6445issn
1574-6976pii
S0168-6445(98)00011-4journal_volume
22pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::The gram-negative bacterium Proteus mirabilis can exist in either of two cell types, a vegetative cell characterized as a short rod and a highly elongated and hyperflagellated swarmer cell. This differentiation is triggered by growth on solid surfaces and multiple inputs are sensed by the cell to initiate the differen...
journal_title:FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2010.00229.x
更新日期:2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::What a living organism looks like and how it works and what are its components-all this is encoded on DNA, the genetic blueprint. Consequently, the way to change an organism is to change its genetic information. Since the first pieces of recombinant DNA have been used to transform cells in the 1970s, this approach has...
journal_title:FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/femsre/fuv030
更新日期:2015-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Quinolone-resistant Salmonella enterica usually contain a mutation in gyrA within the region encoding the quinolone resistance determining region of the A subunit of DNA gyrase. These mutations confer substitutions analogous to Escherichia coli Ser83-->Phe and Asp87-->Gly or Tyr, or a novel mutation resulting in Ala11...
journal_title:FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2002.tb00596.x
更新日期:2002-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Legionella pneumophila is naturally found in fresh water were the bacteria parasitize within protozoa. It also survives planctonically in water or biofilms. Upon aerosol formation via man-made water systems, L. pneumophila can enter the human lung and cause a severe form of pneumonia, called Legionnaires' disease. The...
journal_title:FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2002.tb00607.x
更新日期:2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Most bacteria pathogenic for humans have closely related nonpathogenic counterparts that live as saprophytes, commensals or even symbionts (mutualists) in similar or different habitats. The knowledge of how these bacteria adapt their metabolism to the preferred habitats is critical for our understanding of pathogenesi...
journal_title:FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00301.x
更新日期:2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sequencing-based studies have illuminated increased transcriptional complexity within the genome structure of bacteria and have resulted in the identification of many small regulatory RNAs (sRNA) and a large amount of antisense transcription. It remains an open question whether these sRNAs all indeed play regulatory r...
journal_title:FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/femsre/fuv022
更新日期:2015-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Invasive bacterial pathogens intervene at various stages and by various mechanisms with the mammalian plasminogen/plasmin system. A vast number of pathogens express plasmin(ogen) receptors that immobilize plasmin(ogen) on the bacterial surface, an event that enhances activation of plasminogen by mammalian plasminogen ...
journal_title:FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2001.tb00590.x
更新日期:2001-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Interest in the expanding catalog of uncultivated microorganisms, increasing recognition of heterogeneity among seemingly similar cells, and technological advances in whole-genome amplification and single-cell manipulation are driving considerable progress in single-cell genomics. Here, the spectrum of applications fo...
journal_title:FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/1574-6976.12015
更新日期:2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::It has become increasingly and widely recognised that bacteria do not exist as solitary cells, but are colonial organisms that exploit elaborate systems of intercellular communication to facilitate their adaptation to changing environmental conditions. The languages by which bacteria communicate take the form of chemi...
journal_title:FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2001.tb00583.x
更新日期:2001-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::This review concerns the issues involved in the industrial development of fed-batch culture processes with Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains producing heterologous proteins. Most of process development considerations with fed-batch recombinant cultures are linked to the reliability and reproducibility of the process fo...
journal_title:FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.1994.tb00146.x
更新日期:1994-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Arsenic compounds have been abundant at near toxic levels in the environment since the origin of life. In response, microbes have evolved mechanisms for arsenic resistance and enzymes that oxidize As(III) to As(V) or reduce As(V) to As(III). Formation and degradation of organoarsenicals, for example methylarsenic comp...
journal_title:FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2002.tb00617.x
更新日期:2002-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Water is one of the most important bacterial habitats on Earth. As such, water represents also a major way of dissemination of bacteria between different environmental compartments. Human activities led to the creation of the so-called urban water cycle, comprising different sectors (waste, surface, drinking water), a...
journal_title:FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/1574-6976.12062
更新日期:2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Understanding the structure, functionalities and biology of functional amyloids is an issue of emerging interest. Inclusion bodies, namely protein clusters formed in recombinant bacteria during protein production processes, have emerged as unanticipated, highly tunable models for the scrutiny of the physiology and arc...
journal_title:FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/femsre/fuy038
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The species concept is a recurrent controversial issue that preoccupies philosophers as well as biologists of all disciplines. Prokaryotic species concept has its own history and results from a series of empirical improvements parallel to the development of the techniques of analysis. Among the microbial taxonomists, ...
journal_title:FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2001.tb00571.x
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Antibiotic resistance is one of the few examples of evolution that can be addressed experimentally. The present review analyses this resistance, focusing on the networks that regulate its acquisition and its effect on bacterial physiology. It is widely accepted that antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes play fun...
journal_title:FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00142.x
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The peroxisomal membrane compartmentalizes specific metabolic functions in the intermediary metabolism of various aerobic eukarya. In yeast, peroxisomal membranes are typified by their small width (+/- 7-8 nm) and absence of large integral membrane proteins in freeze-etch replicas. They show a unique polypeptide profi...
journal_title:FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.1993.tb00002.x
更新日期:1993-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::A high frequency of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) genome and antigens in tumor samples of patients with different malignancies is now well documented, although the causative role for HCMV in the development of the neoplasias remains to be established. HCMV infection can modulate multiple cellular regulatory and signall...
journal_title:FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.femsre.2003.07.005
更新日期:2004-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The spread of antibiotic resistance and increasing prevalence of biofilm-associated infections is driving demand for new means to treat bacterial infection. Nanotechnology provides an innovative platform for addressing this challenge, with potential to manage even infections involving multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteri...
journal_title:FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/femsre/fux003
更新日期:2017-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The P(II) proteins are one of the most widely distributed families of signal transduction proteins in nature. They are pivotal players in the control of nitrogen metabolism in bacteria and archaea, and are also found in the plastids of plants. Quite remarkably, P(II) proteins control the activities of a diverse rang...
journal_title:FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00351.x
更新日期:2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pathogenicity and symbiosis are central to bacteria-host interactions. Although several human pathogens have been subjected to functional genomic analysis, we still understand little about bacteria-invertebrate interactions despite their ecological prevalence. Advances in our knowledge of this area are often hindered ...
journal_title:FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2003.tb00625.x
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Natural genetic transformation is widely distributed in bacteria. It is a genetically programmed process that is inherent to the species. Transformation requires a specialized membrane-associated machinery for uptake of exogenous double-stranded DNA. It also requires dedicated cytosolic proteins, some of which have be...
journal_title:FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00164.x
更新日期:2009-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Deeper sequencing and improved bioinformatics in conjunction with single-cell and metagenomic approaches continue to illuminate undercharacterized environmental microbial communities. This has propelled the 'who is there, and what might they be doing' paradigm to the uncultivated and has already radically changed the ...
journal_title:FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/femsre/fux009
更新日期:2017-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The genus Rickettsia (Alphaproteobacteria, Rickettsiales, Rickettsiaceae) is comprised of obligate intracellular parasites, with virulent species of interest both as causes of emerging infectious diseases and for their potential deployment as bioterrorism agents. Currently, there are no effective commercially availabl...
journal_title:FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/1574-6976.12084
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the last decade, a variety of ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides or bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria have been identified and characterized. As a result of these studies, insight has been gained into fundamental aspects of biology and biochemistry such as producer self protection, membrane-...
journal_title:FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2000.tb00534.x
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Methanogens form a very large and diverse group of microorganisms within the domain of the Archaea. Energy for their growth is obtained by the reduction of a variety of substrates into methane. Several genes, coding for enzymes involved in methanogenesis or in the central metabolism have been cloned and studied. The m...
journal_title:FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.1994.tb00138.x
更新日期:1994-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Our knowledge regarding the nature and development of microbial biofilms has grown significantly since the first report of these communities by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in the late 1600s. Nevertheless, most biofilm studies examine mono-species cultures, whereas nearly all biofilm communities in nature comprise a variet...
journal_title:FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00325.x
更新日期:2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Host-adapted strains of Salmonella enterica cause systemic infections and have the ability to persist systemically for long periods of time and pose significant public-health problems. Multidrug-resistant S. enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) and nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) are on the increase and are often associate...
journal_title:FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00332.x
更新日期:2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this paper, it is suggested that specificity and non-specificity in (oral) microbial adhesion are different expressions for the same phenomena. It is argued that the same basic, physicochemical forces are responsible for so-called 'non-specific' and 'specific' binding and that from a physico-chemical point of view ...
journal_title:FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb04988.x
更新日期:1992-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Antibiotic resistance can be acquired by mutation or horizontal transfer of a resistance gene, and generally an acquired mechanism results in a predictable increase in phenotypic resistance. However, recent findings suggest that the environment and/or the genetic context can modify the phenotypic expression of specifi...
journal_title:FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/femsre/fux004
更新日期:2017-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The microsporidia are a diverse phylum of obligate intracellular parasites related to the fungi that cause significant and sometimes life-threatening disease in immune-compromised hosts, such as AIDS and organ transplant patients. More recently, their role in causing pathology in immune-competent populations has also ...
journal_title:FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00318.x
更新日期:2012-05-01 00:00:00