From Nano to Micro: using nanotechnology to combat microorganisms and their multidrug resistance.

abstract：:Small cells dominate photosynthetic biomass and primary production in many marine ecosystems. Traditionally, picoplankton refers to cells < or =2 microm. Here we extend the size range of the organisms considered to 3 microm, a threshold often used operationally in field studies. While the prokaryotic component of pico...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Vaulot D,Eikrem W,Viprey M,Moreau H

更新日期：2008-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Glucuronide and sulfate conjugation are important pathways in the peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormone. These reactions occur predominantly in the liver, and especially the glucuronides are excreted in the bile. Although an enterohepatic circulation after intestinal hydrolysis of iodothyronine conjugates is sugges...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Hazenberg MP,de Herder WW,Visser TJ

更新日期：1988-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Metals are required cofactors for numerous fundamental processes that are essential to both pathogen and host. They are coordinated in enzymes responsible for DNA replication and transcription, relief from oxidative stress, and cellular respiration. However, excess transition metals can be toxic due to their ability t...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Becker KW,Skaar EP

更新日期：2014-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Antibiotics are the most common type of medication prescribed to children, including infants, in the Western world. While use of antibiotics has transformed previously lethal infections into relatively minor diseases, antibiotic treatments can have adverse effects as well. It has been shown in children, adults and ani...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Neuman H,Forsythe P,Uzan A,Avni O,Koren O

更新日期：2018-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The production of the fusion protein staphylococcal protein A/E. coli beta-galactosidase in Escherichia coli was studied in batch and fed batch cultivations. Batch cultivation of a recombinant E. coli strain yielded a final cell dry weight of 16.4 g l-1 with a final intracellular product concentration of recombinant p...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Strandberg L,Andersson L,Enfors SO

更新日期：1994-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The natural light environment is important to many prokaryotes. Most obviously, phototrophic prokaryotes need to acclimate their photosynthetic apparatus to the prevailing light conditions, and such acclimation is frequently complemented by motility to enable cells to relocate in search of more favorable illumination ...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Wilde A,Mullineaux CW

更新日期：2017-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Antibiotic resistance is one of the few examples of evolution that can be addressed experimentally. The present review analyses this resistance, focusing on the networks that regulate its acquisition and its effect on bacterial physiology. It is widely accepted that antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes play fun...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Martinez JL,Fajardo A,Garmendia L,Hernandez A,Linares JF,Martínez-Solano L,Sánchez MB

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In recent years, there has been accumulating evidence that antibiotics, besides their antimicrobial action, potentially have a number of undesired side effects that can, at least in some cases, promote genetic variability of bacteria. In addition to resistant variants, antibiotics have also been shown to select mutato...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Couce A,Blázquez J

更新日期：2009-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Human enteric pathogenic viruses can enter the environment through discharge of waste materials from infected persons, and be transmitted back to susceptible persons to continue the cycle of disease. Contamination of food with viruses may also promote disease outbreaks. A number of studies have investigated the surviv...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Rzezutka A,Cook N

更新日期：2004-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Invasive bacterial pathogens intervene at various stages and by various mechanisms with the mammalian plasminogen/plasmin system. A vast number of pathogens express plasmin(ogen) receptors that immobilize plasmin(ogen) on the bacterial surface, an event that enhances activation of plasminogen by mammalian plasminogen ...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Lähteenmäki K,Kuusela P,Korhonen TK

更新日期：2001-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cell surfaces are critical for diverse functions across all domains of life, from cell-cell communication and nutrient uptake to cell stability and surface attachment. While certain aspects of the mechanisms supporting the biosynthesis of the archaeal cell surface are unique, likely due to important differences in cel...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Pohlschroder M,Pfeiffer F,Schulze S,Abdul Halim MF

更新日期：2018-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Ribonuclease P is the endonuclease required for generating the mature tRNA 5'-end. The ribonucleoprotein character of this enzyme has now been proven in most organisms and organelles. Exceptions, however, are still the chloroplasts, plant nuclei and animal mitochondria where no associated RNAs have been detected to da...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Schön A

更新日期：1999-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:O-antigen polysaccharide is a major immunogenic feature of the lipopolysaccharide of Gram-negative bacteria, and most species produce a large variety of forms that differ substantially from one another. There are 18 known O-antigen forms in the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis complex, which are typical in being composed o...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Kenyon JJ,Cunneen MM,Reeves PR

更新日期：2017-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The gram-negative bacterium Proteus mirabilis can exist in either of two cell types, a vegetative cell characterized as a short rod and a highly elongated and hyperflagellated swarmer cell. This differentiation is triggered by growth on solid surfaces and multiple inputs are sensed by the cell to initiate the differen...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Morgenstein RM,Szostek B,Rather PN

更新日期：2010-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The head assembly pathway of bacteriophage HK97 shares many features with head assembly pathways determined for other dsDNA phages, and it also provides examples of novel variations on the basic theme. We describe aspects of two specific steps in the assembly pathway, the covalent cross-linking among the assembled hea...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Duda RL,Martincic K,Xie Z,Hendrix RW

更新日期：1995-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We review and update the work on genetic elements, e.g., viruses and plasmids (exluding IS elements and transposons) in the kingdom Crenarchaeota (Thermoproteales and Sulfolobales) and the orders Thermococcales and Thermoplasmales in the kingdom Euryarchaeota of the archael domain, including unpublished data from our ...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Zillig W,Prangishvilli D,Schleper C,Elferink M,Holz I,Albers S,Janekovic D,Götz D

更新日期：1996-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Lipopeptides constitute a structurally diverse group of metabolites produced by various bacterial and fungal genera. In the past decades, research on lipopeptides has been fueled by their antimicrobial, antitumour, immunosuppressant and surfactant activities. However, the natural functions of lipopeptides in the lifes...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Raaijmakers JM,De Bruijn I,Nybroe O,Ongena M

更新日期：2010-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Meningococcal disease is a serious and rapidly progressing illness. It is therefore very important to monitor changes in the level of antibiotic susceptibility among clinical isolates. Different aspects such as interpretation of laboratory results, determination of breakpoints predicting treatment failure as well as d...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Vázquez JA,Enriquez R,Abad R,Alcalá B,Salcedo C,Arreaza L

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Many fungi produce exocellular beta-glucan-degrading enzymes, the beta-glucanases including the noncellulolytic beta-(1,3)- and beta-(1,6)-glucanases, degrading beta-(1,3)- and beta-(1,6)-glucans. An ability to purify several exocellular beta-glucanases attacking the same linkage type from a single fungus is common, a...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Martin K,McDougall BM,McIlroy S,Chen J,Seviour RJ

更新日期：2007-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Based on structural, biochemical, and genetic data, the soluble diiron monooxygenases can be divided into four groups: the soluble methane monooxygenases, the Amo alkene monooxygenase of Rhodococcus corallinus B-276, the phenol hydroxylases, and the four-component alkene/aromatic monooxygenases. The limited phylogenet...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Leahy JG,Batchelor PJ,Morcomb SM

更新日期：2003-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Gene conversion is defined as the non-reciprocal transfer of information between homologous sequences. Despite methodological problems to establish non-reciprocity, gene conversion has been demonstrated in a wide variety of bacteria. Besides examples of high-frequency reversion of mutations in repeated genes, gene con...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Santoyo G,Romero D

更新日期：2005-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The urogenital tract appears to be the only niche of the human body that shows clear differences in microbiota between men and women. The female reproductive tract has special features in terms of immunological organization, an epithelial barrier, microbiota, and influence by sex hormones such as estrogen. While the u...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Petrova MI,van den Broek M,Balzarini J,Vanderleyden J,Lebeer S

更新日期：2013-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is the etiological agent of the most common sexually transmitted infection in North America and Europe. Medical complications resulting from genital C. trachomatis infections arise predominantly in women where the initial infections often remain asymptomatic and thus unrecognized. U...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Finethy R,Coers J

更新日期：2016-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The initial step of methanogenesis from CO2 is the formation of formyl-methanofuran (formyl-MFR) from methanofuran (MFR), CO2 and H2. The enzymology of this novel type of CO2 fixation reaction has been difficult to study because formyl-MFR synthesis is subject to a complex activation. Recently, however, a number of ad...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Bobik TA,DiMarco AA,Wolfe RS

更新日期：1990-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Antibiotic resistance mechanisms reported in Gram-negative bacteria are causing a worldwide health problem. The continuous dissemination of 'multidrug-resistant' (MDR) bacteria drastically reduces the efficacy of our antibiotic 'arsenal' and consequently increases the frequency of therapeutic failure. In MDR bacteria,...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Nikaido H,Pagès JM

更新日期：2012-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cyanobacteria of the genera Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus dominate the prokaryotic component of the picophytoplankton in the oceans. It is still less than 10 years since the discovery of phages that infect marine Synechococcus and the beginning of the characterisation of these phages and assessment of their ecolog...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Mann NH

更新日期：2003-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Legionella pneumophila is naturally found in fresh water were the bacteria parasitize within protozoa. It also survives planctonically in water or biofilms. Upon aerosol formation via man-made water systems, L. pneumophila can enter the human lung and cause a severe form of pneumonia, called Legionnaires' disease. The...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Steinert M,Hentschel U,Hacker J

更新日期：2002-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Bacillus thuringiensis is a well-known biopesticide that has been used for more than 80 years. This spore-forming bacterium belongs to the group of Bacillus cereus that also includes, among others, emetic and diarrheic pathotypes of B. cereus, the animal pathogen Bacillus anthracis and the psychrotolerant Bacillus wei...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Gillis A,Fayad N,Makart L,Bolotin A,Sorokin A,Kallassy M,Mahillon J

更新日期：2018-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Since the 1960s, several new attempts have been made to improve the management of single prokaryotic cells using micromanipulator techniques. In order to facilitate the isolation of pure cultures we have recently developed an improved micromanipulation method for routine work. With the aid of this method single prokar...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Fröhlich J,König H

更新日期：2000-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Respiratory syncytial virus is the major respiratory pathogen of infants and children worldwide, with no effective treatment or vaccine available. Steady progress has been made in understanding the respiratory syncytial virus life cycle and the consequences of infection, but many areas of respiratory syncytial virus b...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Ghildyal R,Ho A,Jans DA

更新日期：2006-09-01 00:00:00