Abstract：
:The gram-negative bacterium Proteus mirabilis can exist in either of two cell types, a vegetative cell characterized as a short rod and a highly elongated and hyperflagellated swarmer cell. This differentiation is triggered by growth on solid surfaces and multiple inputs are sensed by the cell to initiate the differentiation process. These include the inhibition of flagellar rotation, the accumulation of extracellular putrescine and O-antigen interactions with a surface. A key event in the differentiation process is the upregulation of FlhD(2)C(2), which activates the flagellar regulon and additional genes required for differentiation. There are a number of genes that influence FlhD(2)C(2) expression and the function of these genes, if known, will be discussed in this review. Additional genes that have been shown to regulate gene expression during swarming will also be reviewed. Although P. mirabilis represents an excellent system to study microbial differentiation, it is largely understudied relative to other systems. Therefore, this review will also discuss some of the unanswered questions that are central to understanding this process in P. mirabilis.
journal_name
FEMS Microbiol Revjournal_title
FEMS microbiology reviewsauthors
Morgenstein RM,Szostek B,Rather PNdoi
10.1111/j.1574-6976.2010.00229.xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2010-09-01 00:00:00pages
753-63issue
5eissn
0168-6445issn
1574-6976pii
FMR229journal_volume
34pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Five species of parasite cause malaria in humans with the most severe disease caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Many of the proteins encoded in the P. falciparum genome are unusually enriched in repetitive low-complexity sequences containing a limited repertoire of amino acids. These repetitive sequences expand and con...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1093/femsre/fux046
更新日期：2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Human protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms have been implicated in diseases such as Alzheimer's, diabetes and cancers. In contrast to mammals, which have at least nine genes, fungi have only one or two. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae produces only a single Pkc1 and is employed in the study of specific human isozymes, i...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1093/femsre/fux051
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Small cells dominate photosynthetic biomass and primary production in many marine ecosystems. Traditionally, picoplankton refers to cells < or =2 microm. Here we extend the size range of the organisms considered to 3 microm, a threshold often used operationally in field studies. While the prokaryotic component of pico...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00121.x
更新日期：2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Protists include all eukaryotes except plants, fungi and animals. They are an essential, yet often forgotten, component of the soil microbiome. Method developments have now furthered our understanding of the real taxonomic and functional diversity of soil protists. They occupy key roles in microbial foodwebs as consum...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1093/femsre/fuy006
更新日期：2018-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ribonuclease P is the endonuclease required for generating the mature tRNA 5'-end. The ribonucleoprotein character of this enzyme has now been proven in most organisms and organelles. Exceptions, however, are still the chloroplasts, plant nuclei and animal mitochondria where no associated RNAs have been detected to da...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6976.1999.tb00406.x
更新日期：1999-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The wealth of information existing on the general principle of S-layers has revealed a broad application potential. The most relevant features exploited in applied S-layer research are: (i) pores passing through S-layers show identical size and morphology and are in the range of ultrafiltration membranes; (ii) functio...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6976.1997.tb00306.x
更新日期：1997-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:N-Substituted aromatic compounds are environmental contaminants associated with the production and use of dyes, explosives, pesticides and pharmaceuticals. In this article, we examine the potential of anaerobic granular sludge from anaerobic treatment systems towards the detoxification, transformation, and mineralizat...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6976.1997.tb00335.x
更新日期：1997-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Meningococcal disease is a serious and rapidly progressing illness. It is therefore very important to monitor changes in the level of antibiotic susceptibility among clinical isolates. Different aspects such as interpretation of laboratory results, determination of breakpoints predicting treatment failure as well as d...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6976.2006.00049.x
更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Antibiotic resistance mechanisms reported in Gram-negative bacteria are causing a worldwide health problem. The continuous dissemination of 'multidrug-resistant' (MDR) bacteria drastically reduces the efficacy of our antibiotic 'arsenal' and consequently increases the frequency of therapeutic failure. In MDR bacteria,...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00290.x
更新日期：2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:What a living organism looks like and how it works and what are its components-all this is encoded on DNA, the genetic blueprint. Consequently, the way to change an organism is to change its genetic information. Since the first pieces of recombinant DNA have been used to transform cells in the 1970s, this approach has...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1093/femsre/fuv030
更新日期：2015-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Many fungi produce exocellular beta-glucan-degrading enzymes, the beta-glucanases including the noncellulolytic beta-(1,3)- and beta-(1,6)-glucanases, degrading beta-(1,3)- and beta-(1,6)-glucans. An ability to purify several exocellular beta-glucanases attacking the same linkage type from a single fungus is common, a...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6976.2006.00055.x
更新日期：2007-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A high frequency of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) genome and antigens in tumor samples of patients with different malignancies is now well documented, although the causative role for HCMV in the development of the neoplasias remains to be established. HCMV infection can modulate multiple cellular regulatory and signall...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.femsre.2003.07.005
更新日期：2004-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bacillus thuringiensis is a well-known biopesticide that has been used for more than 80 years. This spore-forming bacterium belongs to the group of Bacillus cereus that also includes, among others, emetic and diarrheic pathotypes of B. cereus, the animal pathogen Bacillus anthracis and the psychrotolerant Bacillus wei...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/femsre/fuy034
更新日期：2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The microsporidia are a diverse phylum of obligate intracellular parasites related to the fungi that cause significant and sometimes life-threatening disease in immune-compromised hosts, such as AIDS and organ transplant patients. More recently, their role in causing pathology in immune-competent populations has also ...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00318.x
更新日期：2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Gram-positive bacteria have developed elaborate mechanisms to control ammonium assimilation, at the levels of both transcription and enzyme activity. In this review, the common and specific mechanisms of nitrogen assimilation and regulation in Gram-positive bacteria are summarized and compared for the genera Bacillus,...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6976.2010.00216.x
更新日期：2010-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the last decade, a variety of ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides or bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria have been identified and characterized. As a result of these studies, insight has been gained into fundamental aspects of biology and biochemistry such as producer self protection, membrane-...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6976.2000.tb00534.x
更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Natural genetic transformation is widely distributed in bacteria. It is a genetically programmed process that is inherent to the species. Transformation requires a specialized membrane-associated machinery for uptake of exogenous double-stranded DNA. It also requires dedicated cytosolic proteins, some of which have be...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00164.x
更新日期：2009-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Phenotypically heterogeneous microenvironments emerge as biofilms mature across different environments. Phenotypic heterogeneity in biofilm sub-populations not obeying quorum sensing-dictated, collective group behavior may be considered as a strategy allowing non-conformists to survive hostile conditions. Heterogeneou...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1093/femsre/fuy001
更新日期：2018-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The genus Corynebacterium belongs to the taxonomic class Actinobacteria representing the high G+C branch of gram-positive bacteria. Among the most prominent members of this genus is Corynebacterium glutamicum, which is used by the biotechnological industry for the fermentative production of l-amino acids. Because of i...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6976.2010.00228.x
更新日期：2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Toxin-antitoxin systems (TAs) are ubiquitous among bacteria and play a crucial role in the dissemination and evolution of antibiotic resistance, such as maintaining multi-resistant plasmids and inducing persistence formation. Generally, activities of the toxins are neutralised by their conjugate antitoxins. In contras...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1093/femsre/fux006
更新日期：2017-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Small regulatory RNAs have been identified in a wide range of organisms, where they modify mRNA stability, translation or protein function. Small RNA regulators (sRNAs) either pair with mRNA targets or modify protein activities. Here we discuss current knowledge of the various proteins that interact with RNA regulator...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6976.2007.00079.x
更新日期：2007-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Invasive bacterial pathogens intervene at various stages and by various mechanisms with the mammalian plasminogen/plasmin system. A vast number of pathogens express plasmin(ogen) receptors that immobilize plasmin(ogen) on the bacterial surface, an event that enhances activation of plasminogen by mammalian plasminogen ...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6976.2001.tb00590.x
更新日期：2001-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Water is one of the most important bacterial habitats on Earth. As such, water represents also a major way of dissemination of bacteria between different environmental compartments. Human activities led to the creation of the so-called urban water cycle, comprising different sectors (waste, surface, drinking water), a...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/1574-6976.12062
更新日期：2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Dengue is the most prevalent arthropod-borne viral disease, caused by dengue virus, a member of the Flaviviridae family. Its worldwide incidence is now a major health problem, with 2.5 billion people living in risk areas. In this review, we integrate the structural rearrangements of each viral protein and their functi...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1093/femsre/fuu004
更新日期：2015-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Interest in the expanding catalog of uncultivated microorganisms, increasing recognition of heterogeneity among seemingly similar cells, and technological advances in whole-genome amplification and single-cell manipulation are driving considerable progress in single-cell genomics. Here, the spectrum of applications fo...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/1574-6976.12015
更新日期：2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pseudomonas putida is a gram-negative rod-shaped gammaproteobacterium that is found throughout various environments. Members of the species P. putida show a diverse spectrum of metabolic activities, which is indicative of their adaptation to various niches, which includes the ability to live in soils and sediments con...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6976.2010.00249.x
更新日期：2011-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In this paper, it is suggested that specificity and non-specificity in (oral) microbial adhesion are different expressions for the same phenomena. It is argued that the same basic, physicochemical forces are responsible for so-called 'non-specific' and 'specific' binding and that from a physico-chemical point of view ...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb04988.x
更新日期：1992-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Research innovations are constantly occurring in universities, research institutions and industrial research laboratories. These are reported in the scientific literature and presented to the scientific community in various congresses and symposia as well as through direct contacts and collaborations. Conversion of th...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.femsre.2005.04.001
更新日期：2005-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Type II (proteic) toxin-antitoxin (TA) operons are widely spread in bacteria and archaea. They are organized as operons in which, usually, the antitoxin gene precedes the cognate toxin gene. The antitoxin generally acts as a transcriptional self-repressor, whereas the toxin acts as a co-repressor, both proteins consti...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1093/femsre/fuv002
更新日期：2015-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A high level of anti-HCV is generally associated with viral replication and the number of recognized epitopes appears to be correlated with the viral charge. Nevertheless, the absence of detectable antibodies in about 60% of patients during the acute phase of the disease and in 10% of chronically infected (generally i...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6976.1994.tb00092.x
更新日期：1994-07-01 00:00:00
