Abstract：
:Thioredoxin is a small (Mr 12,000) ubiquitous redox protein with the conserved active site structure: -Trp-Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys-. The oxidized form (Trx-S2) contains a disulfide bridge which is reduced by NADPH and thioredoxin reductase; the reduced form [Trx(SH)2] is a powerful protein disulfide oxidoreductase. Thioredoxins have been characterized in a wide variety of prokaryotic cells, and generally show about 50% amino acid homology to Escherichia coli thioredoxin with a known three-dimensional structure. In vitro Trx-(SH)2 serves as a hydrogen donor for ribonucleotide reductase, an essential enzyme in DNA synthesis, and for enzymes reducing sulfate or methionine sulfoxide. E. coli Trx-(SH)2 is essential for phage T7 DNA replication as a subunit of T7 DNA polymerase and also for assembly of the filamentous phages f1 and M13 perhaps through its localization at the cellular plasma membrane. Some photosynthetic organisms reduce Trx-S2 by light and ferredoxin; Trx-(SH)2 is used as a disulfide reductase to regulate the activity of enzymes by thiol redox control. Thioredoxin-negative mutants (trxA) of E. coli are viable making the precise cellular physiological functions of thioredoxin unknown. Another small E. coli protein, glutaredoxin, enables GSH to be hydrogen donor for ribonucleotide reductase or PAPS reductase. Further experiments with molecular genetic techniques are required to define the relative roles of the thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems in intracellular redox reactions.
journal_name
FEMS Microbiol Revjournal_title
FEMS microbiology reviewsauthors
Gleason FK,Holmgren Adoi
10.1111/j.1574-6968.1988.tb02747.xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1988-12-01 00:00:00pages
271-97issue
4eissn
0168-6445issn
1574-6976journal_volume
4pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Cyanobacteria of the genera Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus dominate the prokaryotic component of the picophytoplankton in the oceans. It is still less than 10 years since the discovery of phages that infect marine Synechococcus and the beginning of the characterisation of these phages and assessment of their ecolog...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/S0168-6445(03)00016-0
更新日期：2003-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Antibiotic resistance can be acquired by mutation or horizontal transfer of a resistance gene, and generally an acquired mechanism results in a predictable increase in phenotypic resistance. However, recent findings suggest that the environment and/or the genetic context can modify the phenotypic expression of specifi...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1093/femsre/fux004
更新日期：2017-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bacteria possess a repertoire of versatile protein kinases modulating diverse aspects of their physiology by phosphorylating proteins on various amino acids including histidine, cysteine, aspartic acid, arginine, serine, threonine and tyrosine. One class of membrane serine/threonine protein kinases possesses a catalyt...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1093/femsre/fuv041
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We review and update the work on genetic elements, e.g., viruses and plasmids (exluding IS elements and transposons) in the kingdom Crenarchaeota (Thermoproteales and Sulfolobales) and the orders Thermococcales and Thermoplasmales in the kingdom Euryarchaeota of the archael domain, including unpublished data from our ...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6976.1996.tb00239.x
更新日期：1996-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The production of the fusion protein staphylococcal protein A/E. coli beta-galactosidase in Escherichia coli was studied in batch and fed batch cultivations. Batch cultivation of a recombinant E. coli strain yielded a final cell dry weight of 16.4 g l-1 with a final intracellular product concentration of recombinant p...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6976.1994.tb00072.x
更新日期：1994-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Respiratory syncytial virus is the major respiratory pathogen of infants and children worldwide, with no effective treatment or vaccine available. Steady progress has been made in understanding the respiratory syncytial virus life cycle and the consequences of infection, but many areas of respiratory syncytial virus b...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6976.2006.00025.x
更新日期：2006-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:DNA microarrays are a powerful and promising approach to gain a detailed understanding of the bacterial response and the molecular cross-talk that can occur as a consequence of host-pathogen interactions. However, published studies mainly describe the host response to infection. Analysis of bacterial gene regulation i...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00103.x
更新日期：2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Natural genetic transformation is widely distributed in bacteria. It is a genetically programmed process that is inherent to the species. Transformation requires a specialized membrane-associated machinery for uptake of exogenous double-stranded DNA. It also requires dedicated cytosolic proteins, some of which have be...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00164.x
更新日期：2009-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The initial step of methanogenesis from CO2 is the formation of formyl-methanofuran (formyl-MFR) from methanofuran (MFR), CO2 and H2. The enzymology of this novel type of CO2 fixation reaction has been difficult to study because formyl-MFR synthesis is subject to a complex activation. Recently, however, a number of ad...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0378-1097(90)90473-4
更新日期：1990-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Legionella pneumophila is naturally found in fresh water were the bacteria parasitize within protozoa. It also survives planctonically in water or biofilms. Upon aerosol formation via man-made water systems, L. pneumophila can enter the human lung and cause a severe form of pneumonia, called Legionnaires' disease. The...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6976.2002.tb00607.x
更新日期：2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is the etiological agent of the most common sexually transmitted infection in North America and Europe. Medical complications resulting from genital C. trachomatis infections arise predominantly in women where the initial infections often remain asymptomatic and thus unrecognized. U...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1093/femsre/fuw027
更新日期：2016-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Toxin-antitoxin systems (TAs) are ubiquitous among bacteria and play a crucial role in the dissemination and evolution of antibiotic resistance, such as maintaining multi-resistant plasmids and inducing persistence formation. Generally, activities of the toxins are neutralised by their conjugate antitoxins. In contras...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1093/femsre/fux006
更新日期：2017-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Human enteric pathogenic viruses can enter the environment through discharge of waste materials from infected persons, and be transmitted back to susceptible persons to continue the cycle of disease. Contamination of food with viruses may also promote disease outbreaks. A number of studies have investigated the surviv...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.femsre.2004.02.001
更新日期：2004-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:General principles of membrane function have been elucidated by the study of lactic acid bacteria. In this review, the operation and function of ion pumps, secondary transport systems and solute ATPases will be discussed. Despite their differences in kinetics and mechanisms between the transport systems, structural si...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb04881.x
更新日期：1990-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pseudomonas putida is a gram-negative rod-shaped gammaproteobacterium that is found throughout various environments. Members of the species P. putida show a diverse spectrum of metabolic activities, which is indicative of their adaptation to various niches, which includes the ability to live in soils and sediments con...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6976.2010.00249.x
更新日期：2011-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Gene regB of bacteriophage T4 encodes a sequence-specific endoribonuclease which introduces cuts in early phage messenger RNAs. In most cases, cutting takes place in the middle of the tetranucleotide GGAG. Efficient cleavages occur in the motifs located in intergenic regions, some of them being Shine-Dalgarno sequence...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6976.1995.tb00196.x
更新日期：1995-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The microsporidia are a diverse phylum of obligate intracellular parasites related to the fungi that cause significant and sometimes life-threatening disease in immune-compromised hosts, such as AIDS and organ transplant patients. More recently, their role in causing pathology in immune-competent populations has also ...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00318.x
更新日期：2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:More than a century ago, the term 'virus' was introduced to describe infectious agents that are invisible by light microscopy and capable of passing through sterilizing filters. In addition to their extremely small size, most viruses have minimal genomes and gene contents, and rely almost entirely on host cell-encoded...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1093/femsre/fuv037
更新日期：2015-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Metals are required cofactors for numerous fundamental processes that are essential to both pathogen and host. They are coordinated in enzymes responsible for DNA replication and transcription, relief from oxidative stress, and cellular respiration. However, excess transition metals can be toxic due to their ability t...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/1574-6976.12087
更新日期：2014-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The peroxisomal membrane compartmentalizes specific metabolic functions in the intermediary metabolism of various aerobic eukarya. In yeast, peroxisomal membranes are typified by their small width (+/- 7-8 nm) and absence of large integral membrane proteins in freeze-etch replicas. They show a unique polypeptide profi...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6976.1993.tb00002.x
更新日期：1993-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The P(II) proteins are one of the most widely distributed families of signal transduction proteins in nature. They are pivotal players in the control of nitrogen metabolism in bacteria and archaea, and are also found in the plastids of plants. Quite remarkably, P(II) proteins control the activities of a diverse rang...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00351.x
更新日期：2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A high frequency of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) genome and antigens in tumor samples of patients with different malignancies is now well documented, although the causative role for HCMV in the development of the neoplasias remains to be established. HCMV infection can modulate multiple cellular regulatory and signall...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.femsre.2003.07.005
更新日期：2004-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Small cells dominate photosynthetic biomass and primary production in many marine ecosystems. Traditionally, picoplankton refers to cells < or =2 microm. Here we extend the size range of the organisms considered to 3 microm, a threshold often used operationally in field studies. While the prokaryotic component of pico...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00121.x
更新日期：2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hydrophobins are surface active proteins produced by filamentous fungi. They have a role in fungal growth as structural components and in the interaction of fungi with their environment. They have, for example, been found to be important for aerial growth, and for the attachment of fungi to solid supports. Hydrophobin...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.femsre.2005.01.004
更新日期：2005-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bacillus thuringiensis is a well-known biopesticide that has been used for more than 80 years. This spore-forming bacterium belongs to the group of Bacillus cereus that also includes, among others, emetic and diarrheic pathotypes of B. cereus, the animal pathogen Bacillus anthracis and the psychrotolerant Bacillus wei...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/femsre/fuy034
更新日期：2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bacteria of the genus Brucella are Gram-negative pathogens of several animal species that cause a zoonotic disease in humans known as brucellosis or Malta fever. Within their hosts, brucellae reside within different cell types where they establish a replicative niche and remain protected from the immune response. The ...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00334.x
更新日期：2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Host-adapted strains of Salmonella enterica cause systemic infections and have the ability to persist systemically for long periods of time and pose significant public-health problems. Multidrug-resistant S. enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) and nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) are on the increase and are often associate...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00332.x
更新日期：2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The natural light environment is important to many prokaryotes. Most obviously, phototrophic prokaryotes need to acclimate their photosynthetic apparatus to the prevailing light conditions, and such acclimation is frequently complemented by motility to enable cells to relocate in search of more favorable illumination ...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1093/femsre/fux045
更新日期：2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Antibiotic resistance mechanisms reported in Gram-negative bacteria are causing a worldwide health problem. The continuous dissemination of 'multidrug-resistant' (MDR) bacteria drastically reduces the efficacy of our antibiotic 'arsenal' and consequently increases the frequency of therapeutic failure. In MDR bacteria,...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00290.x
更新日期：2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Nickel is an essential nutrient for selected microorganisms where it participates in a variety of cellular processes. Many microbes are capable of sensing cellular nickel ion concentrations and taking up this nutrient via nickel-specific permeases or ATP-binding cassette-type transport systems. The metal ion is specif...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/S0168-6445(03)00042-1
更新日期：2003-06-01 00:00:00
