Abstract:
:In this study the efficacy of oral rehydration solution (ORS) was compared with that of intravenous fluid (IVF) in the treatment of moderate and some severe cases of dehydration due to diarrhea in a treatment center in Bangladesh during 1980-81. 10,379 patients with moderate and severe dehydration in 1980 and 9897 in 1981 were studied, most were under age 5. Almost all uncomplicated diarrhea patients with moderate and severe dehydration admitted in 1980 were initially treated with IVF followed by ORS. The average amounts of IVF, ORS, and total fluid used/patient (based on a 10% sample of patients) were 1.26, 0.10, and 1.36 litres respectively in 1980 and 0.65, 1.16, and 1.81 litres in 1981. As of December 1980 only patients with pulselessness, shock, and vomiting were given IVF. In 1981, 94% of severe cases of dehydration were treated with IVF plus ORS compared to 100% in 1980 (p0.01) and 6% were treated with ORS alone compared to 0% in 1980 (p0.01). Among moderate cases of dehydration, 29% received IVF plus ORS in 1981 (92% in 1980) and 71% were successfully treated with ORS alone (8% in 1980). The percentage of patients staying for over 12 hours in the treatment center was 29.9% in 1980 and 42.1% in 1981. Among the patients staying less than 12 hours the mean duration of stay was 6.02 +or- 3.18 hours in 1980 and 6.73 +or- 3.35 hours in 1981, significant at the 0.001 level. IVF is shown to be effective in treating dehydration but costs more and presents greater risks including the introduction of septicaemic infection, pyrogenic reactions, embolism, phlebitis, thrombosis, and even rupture of the veins. ORS treatment is simple, safe, less costly, and can be taught to parents. No children treated with ORS died, but some IVF patients did, suggesting that only ORS therapy is fully effective. Average cost per patient in the treatment center was US$6.60 in 1980 and US$4.40 in 1981, a savings of 33.3%. Replacement of IVF by ORS led to the conclusion that developing countries should make ORS services available throughout the country in order to reduce hospital admissions and mortality.
journal_name
Bull World Health Organjournal_title
Bulletin of the World Health Organizationauthors
Samadi AR,Islam R,Huq MIsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1983-01-01 00:00:00pages
471-6issue
3eissn
0042-9686issn
1564-0604journal_volume
61pub_type
杂志文章abstract::This paper synthesizes the rates, barriers, and outcomes of HIV serostatus disclosure among women in developing countries. We identified 17 studies from peer-reviewed journals and international conference abstracts--15 from sub-Saharan Africa and 2 from south-east Asia--that included information on either the rates, b...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Three methods were used to measure the level of transmission of infections of Schistosoma mansoni on an irrigated sugar estate in northern Tanzania. The studies were carried out over a period of 3 years, during a programme for the control of the host snail Biomphalaria pfeifferi. During the second and third years a ma...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1972-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Development of resistance to chloroquine in rodent malaria is inhibited by giving this compound together with a potentiating mixture of pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine but this does not prevent the development of resistance to the last two compounds. The use of drug mixtures should be explored as a means of "protecting"...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1974-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::With an increasing number of malaria eradication programmes approaching or entering the consolidation phase, the epidemiological features of disappearing malaria are getting better known and defined. At the same time, the old classical methods of measuring malaria prevalence have become inadequate and new methods for ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1960-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Picornavirus particles and serotype-specific neutralizing antibody were demonstrated in tears collected during early onset of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis. Virus particles deposited from tears by airfuge ultracentrifugation and stained with potassium phosphotungstate were easily recognized by electron microscopy....
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Reported are the results of a randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial of annual ivermectin dosing in 34 rural communities, Kaduna State, northern Nigeria, where guinea savanna onchocerciasis is mesoendemic. A total of 939 individuals underwent Friedmann field analysis at the first examination and saw at le...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi:
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the past, several indices have been proposed to evaluate the threat of vectors to the community. Such indices, if accurately determined, could serve to assess the effectiveness of vector control campaigns. In this paper, a "risk of infection" index is introduced for the case of urban filariasis transmitted by Culex...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1967-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine trends in mortality from respiratory disease in several areas of Latin America between 1998 and 2009. METHODS:The numbers of deaths attributed to respiratory disease between 1998 and 2009 were extracted from mortality data from Argentina, southern Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico and P...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.12.116871
更新日期:2013-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To investigate a new approach to calculating cause-related standardized mortality rates that involves assigning weights to each cause of death reported on death certificates. METHODS:We derived cause-related standardized mortality rates from death certificate data for France in 2010 using: (i) the classic me...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.16.172189
更新日期:2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::A study was undertaken in Bangalore City, India, to find out whether people with chest symptoms, including tuberculosis patients, attend general health institutions or report directly to tuberculosis clinics. The attendance for one day at 19 general dispensaries was investigated. Of the total of 2506 eligible persons ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1970-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Some time ago the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization asked the National Institute for Medical Research, London, to consult with the WHO International Blood Group Reference Laboratory concerning the establishment of an international standard for albumin-potentiated anti-Rh(o) (anti-D) blood-typing serum...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1967-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess the effect of tobacco smoking on the outcome of tuberculosis treatment in Tbilisi, Georgia. METHODS:We conducted a prospective cohort study of adults with laboratory-confirmed tuberculosis from May 2011 to November 2013. History of tobacco smoking was collected using a standardized questionnaire ad...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.14.147439
更新日期:2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Since an excellent candidate strain (M) for live virus vaccination of swine against Japanese encephalitis was developed, a number of large vaccination programmes have been implemented in Japan with the aim of controlling Japanese encephalitis epidemics in man by reducing the population size of nonimmune swine. Encoura...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1972-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Perinatal, fetal and early neonatal mortality rates were determined in a population of 7392 babies born in hospitals in Pelotas (total population, 260 000) during 1982. These babies represented over 99% of all births in the city in that year. The perinatal mortality rate for singletons was 31.9 per 1000 total births, ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine the direct medical costs of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) to the National Brazilian Health-Care System (NBHCS) and quantify the contribution of each individual component to the total cost. METHODS:A retrospective, cross-sectional, nationwide multicentre study was conducted between 2008 and 201...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.2471/BLT.12.110387
更新日期:2013-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To estimate out-of-pocket costs and the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure in people admitted to hospital with acute coronary syndromes in Asia. METHODS:Participants were enrolled between June 2011 and May 2012 into this observational study in China, India, Malaysia, Republic of Korea, Singapore, T...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.15.158303
更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Thiotepa and its oxygen analogue tepa, used to chemosterilize males of Culex pipiens fatigans for genetic control purposes, are toxic and mutagenic. An investigation showed that adult mosquitos that had been treated as pupae showed no detectable chemosterilant in their tissue 24 hours after emergence from the pupal st...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1972-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The single radial haemolysis reaction has been shown to be suitable for the quantitative assay of specific antibody to West Nile and Sindbis viruses. Only 5 mul of undiluted serum are needed for the test, which can be performed on crude preparations of antigen and without removal of nonspecific inhibitors. It is there...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1979-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Since 1978, influenza A viruses with different antigenic properties have been isolated in many countries, even though little influenza activity has been recorded. In the present paper, the antigenic properties of viruses representative of isolates from each year since 1979 are compared, and the amino acid sequences of...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1983-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper is an attempt to relate modifications observed in general and infant mortality rates with the dynamic changes in transmission induced by malaria control measures. The observations indicated relationships between the efficacy of control and a decrease in mortality. The daily parasitological inoculation rate ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1976-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:Objective:To evaluate the changes in sugar and energy labelling of carbonated sugar-sweetened soft drinks after the implementation of a tax on sugar-sweetened drinks in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Methods:We visited nine main supermarkets before (May 2014) and after (April 2018) the tax c...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.19.234542
更新日期:2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To examine the association between maternal smoking and non-syndromic orofacial clefts in infants. METHODS:A meta-analysis of the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy was carried out using data from 24 case-control and cohort studies. FINDINGS:Consistent, moderate and statistically signific...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
doi:
更新日期:2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::International health policy-makers now have a variety of institutional instruments with which to pursue their global and national health goals. These instruments range from the established formal multilateral organizations of the United Nations to the newer restricted-membership institutions of the Group of Eight (G8)...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/blt.06.039917
更新日期:2007-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Three experiments were carried out in field cages to test the principle of "transport" of a desirable gene or chromosome into a wild Culex fatigans population as a result of the sterility in cross-matings associated with cytoplasmic incompatibility. Cycling populations of Delhi origin were established in the cages and...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1976-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To examine temporal trends in caesarean delivery rates in southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, by country and wealth quintile. METHODS:Cross-sectional data were extracted from the results of 80 Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 26 countries in southern Asia or sub-Saharan Africa. Caesarean deliver...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.13.117598
更新日期:2013-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:PROBLEM:As national antiretroviral treatment (ART) programmes scale-up, it is essential that information is complete, timely and accurate for site monitoring and national planning. The accuracy and completeness of reports independently compiled by ART facilities, however, is often not known. APPROACH:This study assess...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/blt.07.044685
更新日期:2008-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To describe mortality from neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) in Brazil, 2000-2011. METHODS:We extracted information on cause of death, age, sex, ethnicity and place of residence from the nationwide mortality information system at the Brazilian Ministry of Health. We selected deaths in which the underlying c...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.15.152363
更新日期:2016-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Health financing is a complex health system function, which cannot be analysed accurately without tracking each step of the flow of funds separately. We analysed the revenue mix of the Hungarian health insurance fund from 1994 to 2015 and discuss the policy implications of our findings. We used the System of Health Ac...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.18.218982
更新日期:2019-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess the implications of implementing the World Health Organization (WHO) 2010 guidelines for antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation in adults and adolescents with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, which recommend initiating ART at a CD4+ T lymphocyte (CD4+) threshold of ≤ 350 cells/mm(3) in...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.2471/BLT.11.089599
更新日期:2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The 1990s have seen a remarkable decrease in mortality among infants and children in most developing countries. In some countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, these declines in mortality among children have slowed and are now increasing again. Internationally comparable data derived from survey programmes, suc...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00