Tax-funded social health insurance: an analysis of revenue sources, Hungary.

Abstract:

:Health financing is a complex health system function, which cannot be analysed accurately without tracking each step of the flow of funds separately. We analysed the revenue mix of the Hungarian health insurance fund from 1994 to 2015 and discuss the policy implications of our findings. We used the System of Health Accounts published in 2000 and the revised version of 2011, which introduced separate classifications for the sources of health expenditure. Based on the 2000 version, health insurance contributions were the main source of public funding in Hungary. According to the 2011 version, nearly 70% of health insurance fund revenues came from government tax transfers in 2015, illustrating the striking difference in how revenues and expenditures are reported using this version. Use of the 2011 version will better inform national policy-making and international comparisons and facilitate documentation and analysis of how countries have adapted their revenue mix to changing macroeconomic circumstances. The finding that Hungary has a predominantly tax-funded social health insurance system suggests that traditional understanding and description of health-financing models are no longer adequate and may limit consideration of potential resource-generation options. Hungary is also a good example of how separating revenue generation and pooling broadens policy options to tackle gaps in social health insurance coverage, although the government did not act on these due to the lack of a consistent health-financing strategy. The findings may be particularly relevant for low- and middle-income countries that are trying to expand social health insurance coverage despite limited formal employment. :Le financement de la santé est une fonction complexe du système de santé, qui ne peut pas être précisément analysée sans étudier séparément chaque étape du flux de fonds. Dans cet article, nous analysons le mix de recettes du fonds d'assurance maladie hongrois de 1994 à 2015 et nous évoquons les implications de nos constatations sur la définition des politiques. Nous avons utilisé le Système des Comptes de la Santé publié en 2000 ainsi que sa version révisée de 2011, qui a introduit des classifications différentes pour les sources des dépenses de santé. En se fondant sur la version de 2000, ce sont les cotisations d'assurance maladie qui ont constitué la principale source de financement public en Hongrie. Mais d'après la version de 2011, près de 70% des recettes constitutives des fonds de l'assurance maladie sont provenues de transferts fiscaux gouvernementaux en 2015, ce qui illustre la différence flagrante dans la manière d'enregistrer les recettes et les dépenses proposée par cette version révisée. L'utilisation de la version de 2011 permettra de mieux informer le processus d'élaboration des politiques nationales, de faciliter les comparaisons internationales ainsi que de mieux documenter et analyser la manière dont les pays adaptent leur mix de recettes face à l'évolution des circonstances macroéconomiques. Le fait que le système d'assurance maladie sociale de Hongrie s'avère principalement financé par l'impôt montre que la compréhension et la description habituelles des modèles de financement de la santé ne sont plus adaptées et que cela peut même entraver la considération d'autres options envisageables pour générer des recettes. La Hongrie est également un bon exemple illustrant comment le fait de séparer la génération des recettes et la mise en commun des fonds élargit les options politiques pour réduire les déficiences dans la couverture de l'assurance maladie sociale, même si le gouvernement n'a pas agi sur ce point, faute de stratégie de financement de la santé cohérente en la matière. Ces constatations peuvent être particulièrement utiles pour les pays à revenu faible et intermédiaire qui essayent d'étendre la couverture de leur assurance maladie sociale malgré un niveau d'emploi limité dans le secteur formel. :La financiación de la salud es una función compleja del sistema sanitario que no puede analizarse con precisión si no se hace un seguimiento independiente de cada paso del flujo de fondos. Se ha analizado la combinación de ingresos de la caja húngara de seguros médicos de 1994 a 2015 y se han discutido las implicaciones políticas de los resultados. Se ha usado el Sistema de Cuentas de Salud publicado en 2000 y la versión revisada de 2011, que introdujo las clasificaciones separadas para las fuentes de gasto en salud. Según la versión de 2000, las cotizaciones al seguro de enfermedad eran la principal fuente de financiación pública en Hungría. Según la versión de 2011, casi el 70 % de los ingresos de la caja de seguros médicos procedían de las transferencias de impuestos del gobierno en 2015, lo que ilustra la sorprendente diferencia en la forma en que se informan los ingresos y los gastos utilizando esta versión. El uso de la versión de 2011 servirá de base para la formulación de políticas nacionales y comparaciones internacionales y facilitará la documentación y el análisis de cómo los países han adaptado su combinación de ingresos a las cambiantes circunstancias macroeconómicas. La conclusión de que Hungría tiene un sistema de seguridad social financiada principalmente por los impuestos sugiere que la comprensión y la descripción tradicionales de los modelos de financiación sanitaria ya no son adecuados y limitan la consideración de las posibles opciones de generación de recursos. Hungría es también un buen ejemplo de cómo la separación entre la generación de ingresos y la puesta en común amplía las opciones políticas para abordar las brechas en la cobertura de la seguridad social, aunque el gobierno no haya actuado al respecto debido a la falta de una estrategia coherente de financiación sanitaria. Las conclusiones pueden ser particularmente pertinentes para los países de ingresos bajos y medianos que estén tratando de ampliar la cobertura de la seguridad social a pesar de la limitación del empleo formal. :التمويل الصحي هو نظام صحي معقد، لا يمكن تحليله بدقة دون تتبع كل خطوة من خطوات تدفق الأموال كل على حدة. قمنا بتحليل مزيج الإيرادات من صندوق التأمين الصحي الهنغاري من عام 1994 إلى عام 2015، وناقشنا الآثار السياسية لنتائجنا. استخدمنا نظاماً للحسابات الصحية، تم نشره في عام 2000، وصدرت النسخة المنقحة منه عام 2011، والذي أدخل تصنيفات منفصلة لمصادر الإنفاق الصحي. واستناداً إلى نسخة عام 2000، كانت مساهمات التأمين الصحي هي المصدر الرئيسي للتمويل العام في هنغاريا. وفقاً لنسخة 2011، جاء ما يقرب من 70٪ من إيرادات صندوق التأمين الصحي من تحويلات الضرائب الحكومية في عام 2015، وهو ما يوضح الفارق الشاسع في كيفية الإبلاغ عن الإيرادات والنفقات باستخدام هذه النسخة. إن استخدام نسخة 2011 سيعمل على تحسين صياغة السياسات الوطنية والمقارنات الدولية وتسهيل التوثيق والتحليل لكيفية تكييف البلدان لمزيج عائداتها مع تغير الظروف الاقتصادية الكلية. إن النتيجة التي مؤداها وجود نظام تأمين صحي اجتماعي بتمويل من الضرائب في المقام الأول، تشير إلى أن الفهم والتوصيف التقليدي لنماذج التمويل الصحي لم يعودا كافيين، وقد يحدان من النظر في الخيارات المحتملة لتوليد الموارد. هنغاريا هي أيضا مثال جيد على كيفية فصل توليد وتجميع الإيرادات، يؤدي إلى توسيع خيارات السياسة لمعالجة الثغرات في تغطية التأمين الصحي الاجتماعي، على الرغم من أن الحكومة لم تتخذ اللازم بهذا الصدد نظرا لعدم وجود استراتيجية متسقة للتمويل الصحي. قد تكون النتائج ذات صلة خاصة بالبلدان ذات الدخل المنخفض والدخل المتوسطة، التي تحاول توسيع تغطية التأمين الصحي الاجتماعي على الرغم من محدودية العمالة الرسمية. :卫生筹资是一项复杂的卫生系统功能,如果不对资金流动的每一步进行单独追踪,我们就无法对其进行准确分析。本文对 1994 年至 2015 年匈牙利医疗保险基金的收入构成进行了分析,并讨论了调查结果的政策意涵。本文使用《卫生核算体系 2000》以及《卫生核算体系 2011》(修订版),其中对卫生支出来源进行了单独分类。根据 2000 年的版本,匈牙利公共资金的主要来源是医疗保险缴费。根据 2011 年的修订版,近 70% 的医疗保险基金收入来自 2015 年政府的税收转移,该研究表明使用此版本报告收入和支出的方式存在显著差异。使用 2011 年的修订版更有利于国家政策的制定和国际间的比较,并在记录和分析各国如何调整其收入构成以适应不断变化的宏观经济环境方面起到了促进作用。匈牙利的社会医疗保险体系主要来自于税收资金,这一调查发现表明,对卫生筹资模式的传统理解和阐释已不再适用,并且可能会限制对潜在资源生成选项的考量。尽管由于缺乏一致的卫生筹资战略,政府并未对此采取行动,但匈牙利在如何区分收入的产生和汇总并扩大政策选择范围,以缩小社会医疗保险覆盖范围的差距方面起了很好的示范作用。调查结果可能尤其适用于低收入和中等收入国家,尽管这些国家在正式就业方面受限,但其正在努力扩大社会医疗保险的覆盖范围。. :Финансирование здравоохранения — сложная функция системы здравоохранения, которую невозможно точно проанализировать без отслеживания каждого из этапов потоков финансирования в отдельности. Авторы проанализировали структуру дохода венгерских фондов медицинского страхования за период с 1994 по 2015 год и рассматривают практические выводы на основе полученных результатов. Использовалась система счетов сектора здравоохранения, опубликованная в 2000 году, и пересмотренная версия 2011 года, в которой внедрены отдельные классификации для источников расходов на здравоохранение. По данным версии 2000 года, взносы на медицинское страхование служили основным источником государственного финансирования в Венгрии. Согласно версии 2011 года, в 2015 году около 70% дохода фондов медицинского страхования составили перечисления из налоговых поступлений, что свидетельствует о существенной разнице в том, каким образом ведется учет дохода и расходов в данной версии. Версия 2011 года предоставляет больше информации для разработки национальной политики и осуществления международного сопоставления, а также облегчает процесс документирования и анализа данных о том, как страны адаптируют структуру дохода применительно к изменяющимся макроэкономическим условиям. Полученные данные, свидетельствующие о том, что система медико-социального страхования в Венгрии преимущественно финансируется из налоговых поступлений, позволяют предположить, что традиционное понимание и описание моделей финансирования в здравоохранении более не соответствуют реальности и могут ограничивать рассмотрение потенциальных ресурсов поступления доходов. Венгрия также является хорошим примером того, как разделение поступления доходов и объединения средств увеличивает количество альтернативных стратегий по ликвидации пробелов в покрытии медико-социального страхования, хотя правительство не предпринимало никаких действий для решения данной проблемы по причине отсутствия последовательной стратегии финансирования здравоохранения. Полученные результаты могут оказаться важными для стран с низким и средним уровнем дохода, желающих расширить сферу действия медико-социального страхования, несмотря на ограниченность официальной занятости.

authors

Szigeti S,Evetovits T,Kutzin J,Gaál P

doi

10.2471/BLT.18.218982

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2019-05-01 00:00:00

pages

335-348

issue

5

eissn

0042-9686

issn

1564-0604

pii

BLT.18.218982

journal_volume

97

pub_type

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    更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00

  • Control of cancer of the cervix uteri. A WHO meeting.

    abstract::Cancer of the uterine cervix is a global problem. It is the most common cancer in women in developing countries and is the second most common cancer in women worldwide, with approximately half a million new cases each year. It is strongly linked with an early onset of sexual activity and multiple sexual partners; rece...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors:

    更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00

  • Field trials of various molluscicides (chiefly sodium pentachlorophenate) for the control of aquatic intermediate hosts of human bilharziasis.

    abstract::Field trials of various molluscicides-notably sodium pentachlorophenate, copper sulfate and dinitro-o-cyclohexylphenol-were carried out in Brazil in order to test their effectiveness against the aquatic intermediate hosts of human bilharziasis. Sodium pentachlorophenate was found to be the most effective in relation t...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: WRIGHT WH,DOBROVOLNY CG,BERRY EG

    更新日期:1958-01-01 00:00:00

  • Recommended normative values for thyroid volume in children aged 6-15 years. World Health Organization & International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders.

    abstract::Inspection and palpation are the traditional methods used to determine thyroid volume in areas of moderate-to-severe iodine deficiency. However, in areas of mild endemicity, and generally whenever goitres are small, ultrasonography is a safe, noninvasive technique that provides a more precise and objective method for ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors:

    更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00

  • Laboratory colonization of Toxorhynchites brevipalpis.

    abstract::Toxorhynchites brevipalpis, a predator on larvae of Aedes aegypti and other mosquitos, was successfully colonized in the laboratory. At 25 degrees C, embryonic development was completed within 50 hours of oviposition, while larval and pupal development together took a further 27-41 days. The adult mosquitos mated in c...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Trpis M,Gerberg EJ

    更新日期:1973-05-01 00:00:00

  • Effect of removing user fees on attendance for curative and preventive primary health care services in rural South Africa.

    abstract::User fees are used to recover costs and discourage unnecessary attendance at primary care clinics in many developing countries. In South Africa, user fees for children aged under 6 years and pregnant women were removed in 1994, and in 1997 all user fees at all primary health care clinics were abolished. The intention ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Wilkinson D,Gouws E,Sach M,Karim SS

    更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00

  • Comparative studies on lecithin as a component of cardiolipin antigens.

    abstract::Egg-yolk lecithin prepared as described in the second edition of of the WHO monograph on cardiolipin antigens was known to be satisfactory, but documentation was incomplete. In this paper, the authors discuss results of comparisons between egg-yolk lecithin and lecithin of beef-heart origin, carried out in four separa...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: PONTECORVO M,RAPPAPORT F,TOMPKINS V,VOGELSANG T

    更新日期:1955-01-01 00:00:00

  • Prevention of blindness and priorities for the future.

    abstract::The impact of visual loss has profound implications for the person affected and society as a whole. The majority of blind people live in developing countries, and generally, their blindness could have been avoided or cured. Given the current predictions that the number of blind people worldwide will roughly double by ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:

    authors: West S,Sommer A

    更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00

  • Can pharmacogenomics improve malaria drug policy?

    abstract::Coordinated global efforts to prevent and control malaria have been a tour-de-force for public health, but success appears to have reached a plateau in many parts of the world. While this is a multifaceted problem, policy strategies have largely ignored genetic variations in humans as a factor that influences both sel...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2471/BLT.11.087320

    authors: Roederer MW,McLeod H,Juliano JJ

    更新日期:2011-11-01 00:00:00