A bedside test for methemoglobinemia, Sri Lanka.

Abstract:

PROBLEM:Propanil is an aniline herbicide that is widely used for rice cultivation, but is also used for self-poisoning. Toxicity from propanil is largely due to methemoglobinemia. In resource-poor settings, the capacity to determine methemoglobin concentration is insufficient and prevents effective case management, which results in increased deaths from propanil poisoning. APPROACH:Blood with a methemoglobin concentration greater than 15% of total haemoglobin levels appears brownish in colour. We introduced a colour reference chart that can be used to semiquantitatively determine methemoglobinemia. Each ward in three rural hospitals received a chart. Ward staff, medical officers and trainee doctors were given a presentation describing the test method and how it should be used with the relevant national treatment guidelines. LOCAL SETTING:In three rural hospitals in Sri Lanka, 401 patients were admitted with a diagnosis of propanil poisoning before the introduction of this test (2003-2007) and 262 patients after it was introduced (2008-2014), 46 of 663 patients died. RELEVANT CHANGES:The chart can be freely produced with any good-quality colour printer. In three rural hospitals, deaths from propanil poisoning fell from 10% of those admitted with this diagnosis in 2003-2007 (38/401) to 3% (8/262) in 2008-2014 and the use of methylene blue increased from 10% (13/136) to 55% (59/107) over this period. LESSONS LEARNT:This simple bedside test was associated with increased use of the first line treatment for propanil poisoning and improved survival. In 2011, the test was included in the national guidelines for the management of propanil poisoning. PROBLÈME:Le propanil est un herbicide à base d'aniline largement utilisé dans les cultures rizicoles, mais aussi dans les cas d'auto-empoisonnement. La toxicité du propanil se manifeste essentiellement par une méthémoglobinémie. Les établissements aux ressources limitées ne sont pas en mesure de déterminer la concentration de méthémoglobine, ce qui empêche la prise en charge efficace des patients et la réduction du nombre de décès par empoisonnement au propanil. APPROCHE:Le sang dont la concentration en méthémoglobine est supérieure à 15% du taux d'hémoglobine total a une couleur brunâtre. Nous avons mis au point un nuancier de couleurs qui peut être utilisé pour déterminer semi-quantitativement le taux de méthémoglobine. Un nuancier de ce type a été remis à chacun des services de trois hôpitaux ruraux. Une description de la méthode de test et de la manière de l'utiliser dans le cadre des directives thérapeutiques nationales a été présentée au personnel de ces services, aux médecins ainsi qu'aux internes. ENVIRONNEMENT LOCAL:Dans trois hôpitaux ruraux du Sri Lanka, 401 patients ont été admis avec un diagnostic d'empoisonnement au propanil avant l'introduction de ce test (2003–2007) et 262 patients après son introduction (2008–2014); 46 des 663 patients sont décédés. CHANGEMENT SIGNIFICATIFS:Le nuancier peut être produit librement avec n'importe quelle imprimante couleur de bonne qualité. Dans les trois hôpitaux ruraux, le nombre de décès par empoisonnement au propanil est passé de 10% des personnes admises avec ce diagnostic en 2003–2007 (38/401) à 3% (8/262) en 2008–2014, et l'utilisation de bleu de méthylène est passée de 10% (13/136) à 55% (59/107) sur cette période. LEÇONS TIRÉES:Ce test simple au chevet du patient a été associé à une augmentation des traitements de première intention des empoisonnements au propanil ainsi qu'à une amélioration de la survie. En 2011, il a été inclus dans les directives nationales sur la prise en charge des empoisonnements au propanil. PROBLEMA:El propanil es un herbicida de anilina muy utilizado para el cultivo de arroz, pero también se utiliza para la autointoxicación. La toxicidad del propanil se debe principalmente a la metahemoglobinemia. En entornos de escasos recursos, la capacidad para determinar la concentración de metahemoglobina no es suficiente e impide el tratamiento eficaz de los casos, lo que resulta en un mayor número de muertes por intoxicación con propanil. ENFOQUE:La sangre con una concentración de metahemoglobina superior al 15% de los niveles totales de hemoglobina es de color amarronado. Se introdujo un gráfico de referencia de colores que puede utilizarse para determinar la metahemoglobinemia de forma semicuantitativa. Todas las plantas de tres hospitales rurales recibieron un gráfico. El personal de la planta, los oficiales médicos y los médicos en prácticas asistieron a una presentación que describía el método de la prueba y cómo ha de utilizarse con las directrices de tratamiento nacionales correspondientes. MARCO REGIONAL:En tres hospitales rurales de Sri Lanka, 401 pacientes fueron admitidos con un diagnóstico de intoxicación con propanil antes de la introducción de esta prueba (2003–2007) y, después de su introducción, 262 (2008–2014). Murieron 46 de los 663 pacientes. CAMBIOS IMPORTANTES:El gráfico se puede obtener de forma gratuita con cualquier impresora a color de buena calidad. En tres hospitales rurales, las muertes por intoxicación con propanil cayeron de un 10% de los pacientes admitidos con este diagnóstico en 2003–2007 (38/401) a un 3% (8/262) en 2008–2014, y el uso de azul de metileno aumentó de un 10% (13/136) a un 55% (59/107) durante este periodo. LECCIONES APRENDIDAS:Esta sencilla prueba de cabecera se asoció con el aumento del uso del tratamiento de primera línea para la intoxicación con propanil y un mayor nivel de supervivencia. En 2011, se incluyó la prueba en las directrices nacionales para la gestión de la intoxicación con propanil. المشكلة:يعتبر البروبانيل أحد مبيدات الأعشاب المصنوعة من مركب الأنيلين والذي يتم استخدامه على نطاق واسع في زراعة الأرز، ولكن يمكن استخدامه أيضًا في التسميم الذاتي. ويعود السبب بشكل كبير في نسبة السُمية التي تنبعث من البروبانيل إلى مستوى الميتهيموغلوبين في الدم. إن مستوى القدرة على تحديد نسبة تركيز الميتهيموغلوبين في الدم غير كافٍ في المواقع التي تفتقر إلى الموارد، كما أنه يعيق الإدارة الفعالة للحالات مما يتسبب في حدوث وفيات بشكل متزايد نتيجةً للإصابة بتسمم من مادة البروبانيل. الأسلوب:إن الدم الذي تزداد فيه نسبة تركيز الميتهيموغلوبين عن 15% من إجمالي مستويات الميتهيموغلوبين يصبح لونه مائلاً للبني. لقد قمنا بإنشاء مخطط مرجعي لدرجات الألوان يمكن استخدامه لتحديد مستوى الميتهيموغلوبين في الدم بشكل تقريبي. وتم تسليم مخطط لكل جناح في ثلاث مستشفيات بالمناطق الريفية. كما تم إلقاء عرض تقديمي على طاقم العاملين بالأجنحة، ومسؤولي الخدمات الطبية، والأطباء المتدربين لتوضيح أسلوب الاختبار وكيفية استخدامه بما يتفق مع المبادئ التوجيهية القومية ذات الصلة بالعلاج. المواقع المحلية:في ثلاث مستشفيات بالمناطق الريفية في سري لانكا، تم إدخال 401 مريضاً بتشخيصٍ تضمن إصابتهم بتسمم نتيجة التعرض لمادة البروبانيل وذلك قبل تقديم هذا الاختبار (بين عامي 2003 و2007) وتم إدخال 262 مريضاً بنفس التشخيص بعد تقديم هذا الاختبار (بين عامي 2008 و2014)، وتعرض 46 مريضًا للوفاة من أصل 663 مريضاً. التغييرات ذات الصلة:يمكن بكل حرية إنشاء المخطط باستخدام أي طابعة ألوان تتميز بجودة مناسبة. في ثلاث مستشفيات بالمناطق الريفية، انخفضت نسب حالات الوفاة نتيجة الإصابة بتسمم من مادة البروبانيل من 10% من أصل عدد المرضى الذين تم إدخالهم إلى المستشفي بذلك التشخيص فيما بين عامي 2003 و2007 (38/401) إلى 3% (8/262) فيما بين عامي 2008 و2014 وازدادت نسب استخدام مركب الميثيلين الأزرق من 10% (13/136) إلى 55% (59/107) خلال هذه الفترة. الدروس المستفادة:إن ذلك الاختبار السريري البسيط مرتبط بالاستخدام المتزايد للأسلوب الأول المخصص لعلاج حالات التسمم من مادة البروبانيل وقد ساعد في التحسين من نسب النجاة. في عام 2011، تم إدراج هذا الاختبار ضمن المبادئ التوجيهية القومية لإدارة حالات التسمم من مادة البروبانيل. 问题:敌稗是一种苯胺除草剂,被广泛用于水稻种植,但也同样被用于自体中毒。 敌稗的毒性主要源于高铁血红蛋白症。 在资源匮乏的环境中,对高铁血红蛋白浓度的确定能力不足,使得有效的病例管理无法实施,从而导致了敌稗中毒死亡数增加。. 方法:高铁血红蛋白含量超过整体血红蛋白数的 15% 时,血液呈褐色。 我们引入了一个可以通过半定量方法确定高铁血红蛋白症的颜色参照表。 我们为三个乡村医院的每个病房分发了一份该对照表。 并对病房医护人员、医疗官员以及进修医生做了一场描述该试验方法以及如何将其同相关国家性治疗指南一起使用的报告。. 当地环境:斯里兰卡的三个乡村医院中,有 401 位患者在该试验引入之前 (2003-2007) 因确诊为敌稗中毒而住院;有 262 位患者在引入之后 (2008–2014) 住院,663 位患者中,死亡 46 例。. 相关变化:该对照表可通过任何优质彩色打印机自由打印。 在三家乡村医院中,确诊入院患者中的敌稗中毒死亡数从 2003–2007 年间的 10% (38/401) 降至 2008–2014 年间的 3% (8/262),并且在此期间,亚甲蓝的使用率从 10% (13/136) 增加至 55% (59/107)。. 经验教训:该项简单的病房试验与敌稗中毒一线治疗的增加以及生还率的提升有关。 2011 年,该项试验被纳入全国性敌稗中毒管理指南中。. Проблема:Пропанил — это анилиновый гербицид, широко применяемый для выращивания риса, который также может быть использован для самоотравления. Токсическое действие пропанила по большей части связано с метгемоглобинемией. В условиях нехватки ресурсов отсутствует достаточный потенциал для определения концентрации метгемоглобина, поэтому осуществлять эффективное лечение невозможно. Это является причиной большого количества смертей вследствие отравления пропанилом. Подход:Кровь с концентрацией метгемоглобина, превышающей 15% от суммарного уровня гемоглобина, имеет коричневатый оттенок. Авторы представили справочную цветовую схему для полуколичественного определения метгемоглобинемии. Схема была предоставлена в каждое отделение трех сельских больниц. Для персонала, медицинских сотрудников и врачей-практикантов отделений провели презентацию, в которой описывался способ тестирования и порядок его применения с соблюдением соответствующих национальных руководящих принципов лечения. Местные условия:В трех сельских больницах Шри-Ланки 401 пациент поступил с диагнозом «отравление пропанилом» до того, как было введено данное тестирование (2003–2007 гг.), и 262 пациента поступили после его введения (2008–2014 гг.). Умерло 46 из 663 пациентов. Осуществленные перемены:Схема может быть самостоятельно изготовлена с помощью любого качественного цветного принтера. В трех сельских больницах количество смертей от отравления пропанилом снизилось с 10% от количества поступивших с таким диагнозом в 2003–2007 гг. (38 из 401) до 3% (8 из 262) в 2008–2014 гг., а количество случаев использования метиленового синего выросло с 10% (13 из 136) до 55% (59 из 107) за этот период. Выводы:Введение этого простого метода тестирования по месту оказания помощи обусловило более частое применение лечения первого ряда при отравлении пропанилом и большую выживаемость. В 2011 году метод тестирования был включен в национальные руководящие принципы ведения больных с отравлением пропанилом.

authors

Shihana F,Dawson AH,Buckley NA

doi

10.2471/BLT.15.158147

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2016-08-01 00:00:00

pages

622-5

issue

8

eissn

0042-9686

issn

1564-0604

pii

BLT.15.158147

journal_volume

94

pub_type

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    更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00

  • Idiopathic cardiomegaly.

    abstract::Cardiomyopathies are certain heart diseases of unknown etiology and pathogenesis, occurring mostly in tropical and subtropical areas, where they constitute a major clinical problem and sometimes a public health problem. The need for international co-operation in the study of such forms of heart disease has long been r...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors:

    更新日期:1968-01-01 00:00:00

  • Treatment of Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis.

    abstract::Up-to-date information is given on the epidemiological situation of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) in nine Mediterranean countries, and on drug regimens adopted in the management of ZVL patients in each country. Results of experimental and clinical trials on the efficacy and tolerability of liposomal amphoteric...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究

    doi:

    authors: Gradoni L,Bryceson A,Desjeux P

    更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00

  • A large-scale field trial of malathion as an insecticide for antimalarial work in Southern Uganda.

    abstract::Malathion shows promise as a substitute for chlorinated-hydrocarbon insecticides in the control of malaria whenever the latter are unsuitable because of Anopheles resistance or other reasons. A field trial of malathion was carried out in 1963-64, covering an area of about 500 km(2) with a population of about 26 000, i...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Najera JA,Shidrawi GR,Gibson FD,Stafford JS

    更新日期:1967-01-01 00:00:00

  • Transport of amino acids and nucleic acid precursors in malarial parasites.

    abstract::In vitro studies have shown that exogenously supplied amino acids are transferred into the malaria-infected cell, where they are incorporated into proteins. Most amino acids appear to enter the cell by facilitated or simple diffusion; however, the high distribution ratios seen in Plasmodium knowlesi-infected cells are...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:

    authors: Sherman IW

    更新日期:1977-01-01 00:00:00

  • Correlation between leprosy rates in villages different distances apart.

    abstract::In order to study the role of genetic factors in susceptibility to leprosy infection, the prevalence of leprosy in 118 pairs of Burmese villages different distances apart was investigated. The distribution pattern of the correlation coefficients for leprosy rates was compared with that known to occur for genetic marke...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Bechelli LM,Barrai I,Garbajosa PG,Uemura K,Mg Mg Gyi,Tamondong C

    更新日期:1973-01-01 00:00:00

  • Using mortuary statistics in the development of an injury surveillance system in Ghana.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To develop, in a mortuary setting, a pilot programme for improving the accuracy of records of deaths caused by injury. METHODS:The recording of injury-related deaths was upgraded at the mortuary of the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana, in 1996 through the creation of a prospectively gathered dat...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: London J,Mock C,Abantanga FA,Quansah RE,Boateng KA

    更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00

  • Visual health screening by schoolteachers in remote communities of Peru: implementation research.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To describe the adaptation and scaling-up of an intervention to improve the visual health of children in the Apurimac region, Peru. METHODS:In a pilot screening programme in 2009-2010, 26 schoolteachers were trained to detect and refer visual acuity problems in schoolchildren in one district in Apurimac. To ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/BLT.15.163634

    authors: Latorre-Arteaga S,Gil-González D,Bascarán C,Núñez RH,Morales MD,Orihuela GC

    更新日期:2016-09-01 00:00:00

  • A geospatial evaluation of timely access to surgical care in seven countries.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess the consistent availability of basic surgical resources at selected facilities in seven countries. METHODS:In 2010-2014, we used a situational analysis tool to collect data at district and regional hospitals in Bangladesh (n = 14), the Plurinational State of Bolivia (n = 18), Ethiopia (n = 19), Gua...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/BLT.16.175885

    authors: Knowlton LM,Banguti P,Chackungal S,Chanthasiri T,Chao TE,Dahn B,Derbew M,Dhar D,Esquivel MM,Evans F,Hendel S,LeBrun DG,Notrica M,Saavedra-Pozo I,Shockley R,Uribe-Leitz T,Vannavong B,McQueen KA,Spain DA,Weiser TG

    更新日期:2017-06-01 00:00:00

  • Tobacco smoking and tuberculosis treatment outcomes: a prospective cohort study in Georgia.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess the effect of tobacco smoking on the outcome of tuberculosis treatment in Tbilisi, Georgia. METHODS:We conducted a prospective cohort study of adults with laboratory-confirmed tuberculosis from May 2011 to November 2013. History of tobacco smoking was collected using a standardized questionnaire ad...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/BLT.14.147439

    authors: Gegia M,Magee MJ,Kempker RR,Kalandadze I,Chakhaia T,Golub JE,Blumberg HM

    更新日期:2015-06-01 00:00:00

  • Violence against women increases the risk of infant and child mortality: a case-referent study in Nicaragua.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To investigate the impact of violence against mothers on mortality risks for their offspring before 5 years of age in Nicaragua. METHODS:From a demographic database covering a random sample of urban and rural households in Le n, Nicaragua, we identified all live births among women aged 15-49 years. Cases wer...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Asling-Monemi K,Peña R,Ellsberg MC,Persson LA

    更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00

  • Exercise interventions: defusing the world's osteoporosis time bomb.

    abstract::Osteoporosis is a major public health problem, affecting millions of people worldwide. The associated health care costs are growing in parallel with increases in elderly populations, and it is expected that the number of osteoporotic fractures will double over the next 50 years. The best way to address osteoporosis is...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Kai MC,Anderson M,Lau EM

    更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00