Big data in global health: improving health in low- and middle-income countries.

Abstract:

:Over the last decade, a massive increase in data collection and analysis has occurred in many fields. In the health sector, however, there has been relatively little progress in data analysis and application despite a rapid rise in data production. Given adequate governance, improvements in the quality, quantity, storage and analysis of health data could lead to substantial improvements in many health outcomes. In low- and middle-income countries in particular, the creation of an information feedback mechanism can move health-care delivery towards results-based practice and improve the effective use of scarce resources. We review the evolving definition of big data and the possible advantages of - and problems in - using such data to improve health-care delivery in low- and middle-income countries. The collection of big data as mobile-phone based services improve may mean that development phases required elsewhere can be skipped. However, poor infrastructure may prevent interoperability and the safe use of patient data. An appropriate governance framework must be developed and enforced to protect individuals and ensure that health-care delivery is tailored to the characteristics and values of the target communities. :Au cours de la dernière décennie, une augmentation massive de la collecte et de l'analyse des données s'est produite dans de nombreux domaines. Dans le secteur de la santé, cependant, il y a eu relativement peu de progrès en matière d'analyse et d’application des données malgré une hausse rapide de la production des données. Grâce à une gouvernance adéquate, les améliorations en matière de qualité, de quantité, de stockage et d'analyse des données de santé pourraient se traduire en des améliorations substantielles pour de nombreux résultats cliniques. Dans les pays à revenu faible et intermédiaire en particulier, la création d'un mécanisme de retour d'information peut faire évoluer la prestation des soins de santé vers une pratique axée sur les résultats et améliorer l'utilisation efficace des ressources limitées. Nous examinons l'évolution de la définition des mégadonnées («big data») et les avantages – et les problèmes – possibles de l'utilisation de ces données pour améliorer la prestation des soins de santé dans les pays à revenu faible et intermédiaire. Alors que les services basés sur la téléphonie mobile s'améliorent, la collection des mégadonnées peut signifier que les phases de développement requises ailleurs peuvent être omises. Cependant, une infrastructure faible peut empêcher l'interopérabilité et l'utilisation en toute sécurité des données du patient. Un cadre de gouvernance approprié doit être développé et appliqué pour protéger les individus et assurer que la prestation des soins de santé est adaptée aux caractéristiques et aux valeurs des communautés cibles. :En la última década, la recolección y análisis de datos ha aumentado enormemente en muchos campos. Sin embargo, en el sector de la sanidad ha habido relativamente pocos avances en el análisis y la aplicación de datos, a pesar de un aumento rápido en la generación de datos. Con una gestión adecuada, las mejoras en la calidad, cantidad, almacenamiento y análisis de datos de salud podrían conducir a mejoras considerables en muchos de los resultados sanitarios. En los países de ingresos bajos y medios en particular, la creación de un mecanismo de retroalimentación de información puede impulsar la prestación de servicios sanitarios hacia la práctica basada en resultados y mejorar el uso eficaz de los recursos escasos. Se revisó la definición cambiante de los grandes volúmenes de datos y las posibles ventajas – y problemas – de utilizar dichos datos para mejorar la prestación de servicios sanitarios en países de ingresos bajos y medios. La recogida de grandes volúmenes de datos a medida que mejoran los servicios basados en la telefonía móvil podría permitir la omisión de las fases de desarrollo requeridas en otros lugares. Sin embargo, una infraestructura deficiente puede impedir la interoperabilidad y el uso seguro de los datos del paciente. Es necesario desarrollar y aplicar un marco de gestión adecuado para proteger a las personas y garantizar que la prestación de servicios sanitarios se adapta a las características y los valores de las comunidades destinatarias. :شهد العقد المنصرم زيادة هائلة في جمع البيانات وتحليلها في العديد من المجالات. لكن قطاع الصحة، لم يشهد سوى تقدماً ضعيفاً نسبياً في تحليل البيانات وتطبيقها على الرغم من الارتفاع السريع في إنتاج البيانات. وبالنظر إلى تصريف الشؤون الملائم، من الممكن أن تؤدي التحسينات في جودة البيانات الصحية ومقدارها وتخزينها وتحليلها إلى تحسينات جوهرية في العديد من الحصائل الصحية. وفي البلدان المنخفضة الدخل والبلدان المتوسطة الدخل، من الممكن أن يؤدي إنشاء آلية للتغذية المرتدة للمعلومات إلى نقل إيتاء الرعاية الصحية نحو الممارسة المستندة إلى النتائج وتحسين الاستخدام الفعال للموارد الشحيحة. ونستعرض التعريف المتطور للبيانات الضخمة والمزايا المحتملة لاستخدام هذه البيانات ومشكلاتها بغية تحسين إيتاء الرعاية الصحية في البلدان المنخفضة الدخل والبلدان المتوسطة الدخل. وقد يعني جمع البيانات الضخمة في الوقت الذي تتحسن فيه الخدمات المستندة إلى الهواتف المحمولة إمكانية تخطي مراحل التطوير المطلوبة في أماكن أخرى. ومع ذلك، قد يمنع ضعف البنية الأساسية التشغيل البيني والاستخدام الآمن لبيانات المرضى. ويجب تطوير إطار ملائم لتصريف الشؤون وإنفاذه لحماية الأفراد وضمان إيتاء الرعاية الصحية المخصصة وفق خصائص المجتمعات المستهدفة وقيمها. :过去十年,许多领域的数据收集和分析已大量增加。然而,在卫生部门,尽管数据生产快速增长,数据分析和应用的发展却相对较缓。适当管理健康数据、改善其质量、数量、存储和分析可能有助于明显改善许多健康状况。特别在中低收入国家,建立信息反馈机制可以将医疗交付转变为基于成果的实践,提高稀缺资源的有效利用。我们回顾了不断演进的大数据定义,以及使用这些数据来改进中低收入国家的医疗保健可能的优点和问题。随着基于手机服务的改善,大数据收集可能意味着可以跳过其他地方所需的发展阶段。然而,落后的基础设施可能妨碍病人数据的互操作性和安全使用。应发展并实施适当的治理框架,以便为保护个人提供保护,并确保提供完全符合目标社区特征和价值观的医疗保健。. :В последнее десятилетие во многих областях отмечался резкий рост сбора данных и их анализа. Однако в секторе здравоохранения наблюдался относительно небольшой прогресс в анализе и применении данных, несмотря на быстрое увеличение объема генерируемых данных. При наличии соответствующего управления, улучшение качества, количества, хранения и анализа данных о здоровье населения могло бы привести к существенному улучшению многих результатов медицинских мероприятий. В частности, в странах с низким и средним уровнями доходов создание механизма обратной связи может сделать предоставление медицинских услуг процессом, в большей степени ориентированным на конкретные результаты, и повысить эффективность использования ограниченных ресурсов. Был проведен обзор эволюции определения больших данных, а также возможные преимущества и проблемы использования подобных данных для улучшения предоставления медицинских услуг в странах с низким и средним уровнями доходов. Сбор больших данных по мере совершенствования услуг на базе для мобильных телефонов может означать возможность пропуска этапов развития, обязательных в других местах. Однако слаборазвитая инфраструктура может препятствовать совместимости и безопасному использованию данных о пациентах. Должна быть разработана и внедрена соответствующая система управления, чтобы защитить физических лиц и обеспечить адаптацию медицинских услуг к характеристикам и ценностям целевых сообществ.

authors

Wyber R,Vaillancourt S,Perry W,Mannava P,Folaranmi T,Celi LA

doi

10.2471/BLT.14.139022

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2015-03-01 00:00:00

pages

203-8

issue

3

eissn

0042-9686

issn

1564-0604

pii

BLT.14.139022

journal_volume

93

pub_type

杂志文章,评审
  • Participation in health impact assessment: objectives, methods and core values.

    abstract::Health impact assessment (HIA) is a multidisciplinary aid to decision-making that assesses the impact of policy on public health and on health inequalities. Its purpose is to assist decision-makers to maximize health gains and to reduce inequalities. The 1999 Gothenburg Consensus Paper (GCP) provides researchers with ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:/S0042-96862005000100015

    authors: Wright J,Parry J,Mathers J

    更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00

  • Efficacy of various durations of isoniazid preventive therapy for tuberculosis: five years of follow-up in the IUAT trial. International Union Against Tuberculosis Committee on Prophylaxis.

    abstract::A total of 28 000 persons with fibrotic pulmonary lesions compatible with tuberculosis were followed for five years after receiving 12, 24, or 52 weeks of preventive treatment with isoniazid or placebo.Compared with placebo, 12 weeks of isoniazid eliminated less than one-third, and 24 weeks eliminated two-thirds of th...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验

    doi:

    authors:

    更新日期:1982-01-01 00:00:00

  • Early diagnosis and clinical picture of malaria.

    abstract::As a result of extensive travel and temporary residence by people in areas where malaria is endemic, the disease is being reimported into countries from which it has been eradicated. Owing to the lack of experience of malaria on the part of present-day physicians and the atypical presentation of some forms of the dise...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Falisevac J

    更新日期:1974-01-01 00:00:00

  • The Culex pipiens fatigans problem in South-East Asia with special reference to urbanization.

    abstract::In South-East Asia in recent years urbanization has proceeded rapidly. Because of limited financial resources it has seldom been possible to provide sufficient sanitation; this has led to conditions favourable to the breeding of Culex pipiens fatigans. The density of C. p. fatigans is higher in urban areas than in rur...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Singh D

    更新日期:1967-01-01 00:00:00

  • Epidemiology of variola minor in Brazil based on a study of 33 outbreaks.

    abstract::Surveillance-containment units were established in 1969 in four States of Brazil as part of the national smallpox eradication programme. Their responsibilities included both the investigation of reported cases and the control of outbreaks, and the further extension and development of the reporting network. Altogether,...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: De Quadros CC,Morris L,Da Costa EA,Arnt N,Tigre CH

    更新日期:1972-01-01 00:00:00

  • Measles in a west African nomadic community.

    abstract::A serological survey was conducted among Tuareg nomads to determine their level of immunity to measles. More than half (57.9%) of the children under 10 years of age did not have detectable antibodies to measles, suggesting that transmission of the disease is low in this mobile population. Mothers' reports of their chi...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Loutan L,Paillard S

    更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00

  • Spontaneous diseases in a closed colony of Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis.

    abstract::In comparison with other rodents, the mastomys is unique as regards the patterns of neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases that it develops, some of which may constitute suitable animal models for corresponding diseases of man. Among the spontaneous diseases commonly encountered in necropsies of 600 mastomys maintaine...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Snell KC,Stewart HL

    更新日期:1975-01-01 00:00:00

  • Falciparum malaria treated with a fixed combination of mefloquine, sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine: a field study in adults in Burma.

    abstract::In a field study conducted in Burma, 54 semi-immune adults suffering from falciparum malaria (mean parasite count, 15 328/mm(3) before treatment) were given a single dose of a fixed combination of 750 mg mefloquine base, 1500 mg sulfadoxine, and 75 mg pyrimethamine (3 tablets of Fansimef). All these patients were clea...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Tin F,Hlaing N,Tun T,Win S,Lasserre R

    更新日期:1985-01-01 00:00:00

  • A proposal to declare neurocysticercosis an international reportable disease.

    abstract::Neurocysticercosis is an infection of the nervous system caused by Taenia solium. It is the most important human parasitic neurological disease and a common cause of epilepsy in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, representing enormous costs for anticonvulsants, medical resources and lost production. Neurocysticercosis i...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Román G,Sotelo J,Del Brutto O,Flisser A,Dumas M,Wadia N,Botero D,Cruz M,Garcia H,de Bittencourt PR,Trelles L,Arriagada C,Lorenzana P,Nash TE,Spina-França A

    更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00

  • Mortality from neglected tropical diseases in Brazil, 2000-2011.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To describe mortality from neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) in Brazil, 2000-2011. METHODS:We extracted information on cause of death, age, sex, ethnicity and place of residence from the nationwide mortality information system at the Brazilian Ministry of Health. We selected deaths in which the underlying c...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/BLT.15.152363

    authors: Martins-Melo FR,Ramos AN Jr,Alencar CH,Heukelbach J

    更新日期:2016-02-01 00:00:00

  • Artemisinin derivatives versus quinine for cerebral malaria in African children: a systematic review.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To summarize the existing evidence on the efficacy of artemether and arteether, two artemisinin derivatives, versus quinine for treating cerebral malaria in children. METHODS:We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE and the http://clinicaltrials.gov web site. We also ch...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2471/BLT.08.060327

    authors: Kyu HH,Fernández E

    更新日期:2009-12-01 00:00:00

  • Comparative studies on lecithin as a component of cardiolipin antigens.

    abstract::Egg-yolk lecithin prepared as described in the second edition of of the WHO monograph on cardiolipin antigens was known to be satisfactory, but documentation was incomplete. In this paper, the authors discuss results of comparisons between egg-yolk lecithin and lecithin of beef-heart origin, carried out in four separa...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: PONTECORVO M,RAPPAPORT F,TOMPKINS V,VOGELSANG T

    更新日期:1955-01-01 00:00:00

  • Detection of HIV-1 antibodies in blood specimens spotted on filter-paper.

    abstract::Described are the results of an international collaborative study to evaluate the use of whole blood samples spotted on filter-paper (BSP) for the detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). BSP samples were collected from 40 patients at risk for HIV-1 infection and tested blindly using com...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Lillo F,Varnier OE,Mantia E,Terragna A,van der Groen G,Van Kerckhoven I,Mortimer PP,Parry JV,Bayliss G,Tamashiro H

    更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00

  • Monkeypox-specific antibodies in human and simian sera from the Ivory Coast and Nigeria.

    abstract::A test for monkeypox-specific antibodies is described. Monkeypox immune sera can be made type-specific by immunoabsorption with heterotypic poxvirus extracts. Monkeypox-specific antibodies were demonstrated in sera from 9 cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) that had previously been experimentally infected with mo...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Gispen R,Brand-Saathof BB,Hekker AC

    更新日期:1976-01-01 00:00:00

  • Monographs for medicines on WHO's Model List of Essential Medicines.

    abstract:Objective:To raise awareness about the importance of public pharmaceutical standards, identify if and, if so, where current pharmacopeias are falling short in the development of new and complete monographs and foster collaboration among the various pharmacopeias, to prioritize, develop and make available standards for ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/BLT.17.205807

    authors: Roth L,Adler M,Jain T,Bempong D

    更新日期:2018-06-01 00:00:00

  • Determination of chloroquine and its metabolites in urine: a field method based on ion-pair extraction.

    abstract::A new straightforward photometric method for the assay of the antimalarial drug chloroquine and its metabolites in urine is described. The method involves an ion-pair extraction procedure with dichloromethane using the acid-base indicator bromthymol blue as counter-ion. The ion pair formed with chloroquine in the orga...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Bergqvist Y,Hed C,Funding L,Suther A

    更新日期:1985-01-01 00:00:00

  • A double-blind trial of a fixed combination of mefloquine plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine compared with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine alone in symptomatic falciparum malaria.

    abstract::A total of 100 male Zambian patients with symptomatic falciparum malaria were treated with either two tablets of mefloquine plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (Fansimef) or three tablets of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (Fansidar) as a single dose. The patients were kept under observation from day 0 (day of treatment) to day ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验

    doi:

    authors: Ekue JM,Phiri DE,Sheth UK,Mukunyandela M

    更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00

  • Studies on heterologous immunity in schistosomiasis. 4. Heterologous schistosome immunity in cattle.

    abstract::Previous studies have shown that when mice and monkeys are infected with bovine schistosomes they develop a considerable degree of heterologous immunity against subsequent challenge with Schistosoma mansoni. The present report describes a study on the reverse effect in which calves were first exposed to cercariae of S...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Hussein MF,Saeed AA,Nelson GS

    更新日期:1970-01-01 00:00:00

  • Perspectives on stimulating industrial research and development for neglected infectious diseases.

    abstract::This paper summarizes recent thinking on stimulating industrial research and development (R&D) for neglected infectious diseases and argues that it is critical to enlarge the value of the market for medicines and vaccines through, for example, global purchase funds. The most important economic barriers to R&D are that...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Webber D,Kremer M

    更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00

  • ELISA tests for dapsone and pyrimethamine and their application in a malaria chemoprophylaxis programme.

    abstract::Enzyme-linked immunosorbent asays (ELISAs) are described for determining levels of dapsone and pyrimethamine in urine. Both assays have a sensitivity of about 20 mug/l and are reproducible, but each produces some false positives. The problem of false positive reactions was partially obviated by requiring positive resu...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Greenwood BM,Greenwood AM,Bradley AK,Shenton FC,Smith AW,Snow RW,Williams K,Eggelte TA,Huikeshoven H,de Wit M

    更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00

  • Removal of viruses from sewage, effluents, and waters. I. A review.

    abstract::All sewage and water treatment processes remove or destroy viruses. Some treatment methods are better than others, but none is likely to remove all of the viruses present in sewage or in raw water. Primary settling of solids probably removes a great many of the viruses in sewage because viruses are largely associated ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:

    authors: Berg G

    更新日期:1973-01-01 00:00:00

  • The use of Ringer's lactate in the treatment of children with cholera and acute noncholera diarrhoea.

    abstract::Two regimens of fluid and electrolyte therapy were studied in children with severe cholera and noncholera diarrhoea. In one, lactated Ringer's solution was the sole intravenous fluid, additional water, glucose, and potassium being given by mouth. In the other, three different intravenous solutions were employed to mee...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验

    doi:

    authors: Mahalanabis D,Brayton JB,Mondal A,Pierce NF

    更新日期:1972-01-01 00:00:00

  • What can be done about the private health sector in low-income countries?

    abstract::A very large private health sector exists in low-income countries. It consists of a great variety of providers and is used by a wide cross-section of the population. There are substantial concerns about the quality of care given, especially at the more informal end of the range of providers. This is particularly true ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Mills A,Brugha R,Hanson K,McPake B

    更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00

  • Blood-level duration limit test of procaine benzylpenicillin in sheep.

    abstract::Rabbits have commonly been used for testing the blood-level duration limit of penicillin, but have proved not to be entirely suitable. Experiments reported in this paper on the use of sheep suggest that these animals can be successfully used for the testing of procaine benzylpenicillin with aluminium monostearate (PAM...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: AGARWAL SC,DUDANI AT,SHRIVASTAV JB,SETHI SK

    更新日期:1961-01-01 00:00:00

  • Lack of efficacy of the standard potency Edmonston-Zagreb live, attenuated measles vaccine in African infants.

    abstract::The efficacy of standard potency Edmonston-Zagreb (E-Z) measles vaccine was tested in a randomized trial of Black infants in a rural area of South Africa where a measles epidemic was occurring. The following immunization schedules were used: 48 infants aged 4-8.5 months who received 3.9 log 50 infectious units of E-Z ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验

    doi:

    authors: Kiepiela P,Coovadia HM,Loening WE,Coward P,Botha G,Hugo J,Becker PJ

    更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00

  • Testing of Plasmodium vivax CS proteins in Saimiri monkeys.

    abstract::Recombinant proteins directed against the circumsporozoite (CS) protein of Plasmodium vivax were tested for safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy in Saimiri sciureus boliviensis monkeys. The monkeys were immunized 3 times with either alum or muramyl tripeptide as adjuvant, and were challenged with 10,000 sporozoites (P...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Collins WE

    更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00

  • Eradication of poliomyelitis in Cuba: a historical perspective.

    abstract::The eradication of poliomyelitis in Cuba, for which effective vaccines had to be acquired, is reviewed in this article. The strategy for eradication was based on mass immunization campaigns for the annual delivery of two doses of trivalent Sabin oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). Except during the first campaign in 1962, ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Más Lago P

    更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00

  • Cases of pulmonary tuberculosis among the out-patients attending general health institutions in an Indian city.

    abstract::A study was undertaken in Bangalore City, India, to find out whether people with chest symptoms, including tuberculosis patients, attend general health institutions or report directly to tuberculosis clinics. The attendance for one day at 19 general dispensaries was investigated. Of the total of 2506 eligible persons ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Gothi GD,Savić D,Baily GV,Samuel R

    更新日期:1970-01-01 00:00:00

  • Blood sample volumes in child health research: review of safe limits.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine paediatric blood sample volume limits that are consistent with physiological "minimal risk." METHODS:A literature review was performed to search for evidence concerning the adverse effects of blood sampling in children and for guidelines on sampling volume in paediatric research. The search incl...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2471/BLT.10.080010

    authors: Howie SR

    更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00

  • User fees, health staff incentives, and service utilization in Kabarole District, Uganda.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine the impact of user fees on the utilization of health services in a community-based cost-sharing scheme in Kabarole District, western Uganda. METHODS:Of the 38 government health units that had introduced user-fee financing schemes, 11 were included in the study. Outpatient utilization was assesse...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Kipp W,Kamugisha J,Jacobs P,Burnham G,Rubaale T

    更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00