Abstract：
:Inspection and palpation are the traditional methods used to determine thyroid volume in areas of moderate-to-severe iodine deficiency. However, in areas of mild endemicity, and generally whenever goitres are small, ultrasonography is a safe, noninvasive technique that provides a more precise and objective method for determining thyroid volume. Ultrasonography should be undertaken by well-trained operators, whose correct interpretation relies on the availability of standardized reference criteria from populations whose iodine status is known to be adequate. A recent survey conducted among schoolchildren aged 6-15 years in 12 European countries provides ultrasound data for determining thyroid volume from 7599 subjects, and urinary iodine levels from 5709 subjects. A subgroup of 3474 children born and living in areas where iodine intake is normal-as evidenced by median urinary iodine above 100 micrograms/l-furnishes data from which to derive thyroid volume reference values. This article presents the upper normal limit for thyroid volume, according to age, for the iodine-replete boys and girls in this subgroup, assessed using ultrasonography. In countries with a high prevalence of child growth retardation, thyroid volume is provisionally considered to be more directly a function of total body surface area. Recommended upper normal limits of thyroid volume, calculated according to body surface area, are also reported. These cut-off values are recommended for interpreting survey and surveillance ultrasonography data among school-age children.
journal_name
Bull World Health Organjournal_title
Bulletin of the World Health Organizationauthors
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1997-01-01 00:00:00pages
95-7issue
2eissn
0042-9686issn
1564-0604journal_volume
75pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:In 1961 the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization asked the National Institute for Medical Research, London, to collect and study material to replace the first International Standard for Serum Gonadotrophin, stocks of which were running low. This paper describes the material that was contributed, its dist...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1966-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A taxonomic approach using cluster analysis and principal component analysis has grouped the countries of the world in eight clusters, in an initial attempt to propose a worldwide spatial classification based on the following health-related indicators: (a) those directly related to the health status of the population;...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:Overall mortality rates are higher among cigarette smokers than non-smokers. However, very little is known about the health effects of other forms of tobacco use widely prevalent in India, such as bidi smoking and various forms of smokeless tobacco (e.g. chewing betel-quid). We therefore carried out a coho...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：Objective:To investigate multicontaminant air pollution in Chinese cities, to quantify the urban population affected and to explore the relationship between air pollution and urban population size. Methods:We obtained data for 155 cities with 276 million inhabitants for 2014 from China's air quality monitoring network...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.2471/BLT.17.195560
更新日期：2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Health interventions vary substantially in the degree of effort required to implement them. To some extent this is apparent in their financial cost, but the nature and availability of non-financial resources is often of similar importance. In particular, human resource requirements are frequently a major constraint. W...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：/S0042-96862005000400013
更新日期：2005-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The findings from an epidemiological survey of bacillary dysentery in three villages in south-west Serbia are reported. Factors in the transmission of infection-in particular, living conditions and standards of hygiene-are discussed, and an attempt is made to assess the value of various popular remedies, such as herba...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1954-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To determine whether vaccination against measles in a population with sustained high vaccination coverage and relatively low child mortality reduces overall child mortality. METHODS:In April and May 2000, a population-based, case-control study was conducted at Ballabgarh (an area in rural northern India). El...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A test for monkeypox-specific antibodies is described. Monkeypox immune sera can be made type-specific by immunoabsorption with heterotypic poxvirus extracts. Monkeypox-specific antibodies were demonstrated in sera from 9 cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) that had previously been experimentally infected with mo...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1976-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mental health services are becoming more widely available than ever before to the Syrian population in spite of the crisis. Dale Gavlak reports. ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 新闻
doi：10.2471/BLT.16.020116
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:To determine the extent to which families follow referral and follow-up recommendations given in accordance with the Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI) strategy and the factors that influence families' responses to such recommendations. METHODS:Children aged 2 months-5 years who presented t...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:User fees are used to recover costs and discourage unnecessary attendance at primary care clinics in many developing countries. In South Africa, user fees for children aged under 6 years and pregnant women were removed in 1994, and in 1997 all user fees at all primary health care clinics were abolished. The intention ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Registration of births, recording deaths by age, sex and cause, and calculating mortality levels and differentials are fundamental to evidence-based health policy, monitoring and evaluation. Yet few of the countries with the greatest need for these data have functioning systems to produce them despite legislation prov...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：/S0042-96862005000800015
更新日期：2005-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Epidemiological studies of the cardiovascular characteristics of three typically rural communities in the Gambia, Jamaica, and the United Republic of Tanzania were carried out by means of standardized methodology. This paper reports comparisons of arterial blood pressure distribution and electrocardiographic findings ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1979-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To develop a Bayesian hierarchical model for human onchocerciasis with which to explore the factors that influence prevalence of microfilariae in the Amazonian focus of onchocerciasis and predict the probability of any community being at least mesoendemic (>20% prevalence of microfilariae), and thus in need o...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The idea that malaria in South-East Asia is synonymous with adult malaria is questioned in this paper. In the Lao People's Democratic Republic, community-based malariometric data were collected in Savannakhet Province, which shares borders with Viet Nam in the east and Thailand in the west. The data indicate that ende...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：
更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This paper is a report on the first (serological) phase of a study organized by WHO in collaboration with the WHO International Reference Centre for Respiratory Virus Diseases other than Influenza in Bethesda, Md., USA, to define the viral etiology of severe respiratory infections in children, particularly in tropical...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1967-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The international unit of colistin methane sulfonate has been defined by collaborative assay as the activity contained in 0.00007874 mg of the international reference preparation. The definition was based on results from 7 laboratories in 5 countries which carried out assays against their existing national standards. ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1973-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A dengue type 1 epidemic occurred in Fiji between July 1989 and July 1990. Virus isolation in C6/36 cell cultures and Toxorhynchites mosquitos yielded 36 strains. Of the 3686 cases recorded by the Ministry of Health, 60% involved indigenous Fijians and 37%, Indians. A house-to-house survey revealed that a large majori...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To describe the epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in a developing country. METHODS:The work was carried out in three hospitals for primary cases and in the community for secondary cases in the western region of the Gambia, West Africa. RSV infection was diagnosed by immunofluorescen...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The operational and diagnostic performance of a two-step method for the cost-effective screening of urinary schistosomiasis was investigated in the Kilosa District of east-central Tanzania. In the first step a simple questionnaire was administered to 15,073 primary schoolchildren by their class teachers over a 4-week ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To assess the value of self-rated health assessments by examining the association between education and self-rated poor health. METHODS:We used the globally representative population-based sample from the 2002 World Health Survey, composed of 219,713 men and women aged 25 and over in 69 countries, to examine...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.2471/BLT.09.067058
更新日期：2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Four points are made about globalization and health. First, economic integration is a powerful force for raising the incomes of poor countries. In the past 20 years several large developing countries have opened up to trade and investment, and they are growing well--faster than the rich countries. Second, there is no ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The authors have attempted to prepare lysed BCG vaccines retaining the protective antigens of the BCG cell wall and yet eliciting in experimental animals limited sensitivity to the tuberculin substances, the advantage sought being to retain the usefulness of the tuberculin following vaccination as an indicator of supe...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1967-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:Most data on self-poisoning in rural Asia have come from secondary hospitals. We aimed to: assess how transfers from primary to secondary hospitals affected estimates of case-fatality ratio (CFR); determine whether there was referral bias according to gender or poison; and estimate the annual incidence of al...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.2471/blt.05.025379
更新日期：2006-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Despite major obstacles, activities to control sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) were initiated in Haiti in 1992 in collaboration with local nongovernmental organizations. The approaches included review of available local data, assessment of STD case management practices and constraints, and development of specific...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The results of comparative assays have revealed considerable variation in the potencies of tetanus toxoids produced in different laboratories. Some manufacturers are able consistently to produce toxoids high in potency; others are not able to do so. While further work is required in order to correlate the animal assay...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1955-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Haemagglutination (HA) has been used frequently for the titration of tetanus antitoxin but published results have varied in relation to the "unitage" determined by the mouse toxin-neutralization test (TN). This report gives the results of the titration of a group of sera by haemagglutination and compares them with the...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1970-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An epidemic of poliomyelitis took place in British Guiana during the winter of 1962-63. A total of 485 paralytic cases occurred over a 10-week period, 90% in children under 5 years of age.The attack rate for the total population of more than half-a-million persons was 86.5 per 100 000. Type 1 poliovirus was isolated f...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1965-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To compare sentinel and population-based surveillance of the effect of seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7), introduced in 2000, on the hospitalization of children aged under 5 years with invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in the United States of America. METHODS:Population surveillance data w...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.2471/BLT.11.098178
更新日期：2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Separation and concentration of parasitized erythrocytes from infected blood was achieved by centrifugation of a sample placed in a layer on top of a cushion of a Ficoll solution with a critical density. Pure suspensions of parasitized erythrocytes were obtained from Plasmodium berghei infected rodent blood, whereas r...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1977-01-01 00:00:00
