Multicontaminant air pollution in Chinese cities.

Abstract:

Objective:To investigate multicontaminant air pollution in Chinese cities, to quantify the urban population affected and to explore the relationship between air pollution and urban population size. Methods:We obtained data for 155 cities with 276 million inhabitants for 2014 from China's air quality monitoring network on concentrations of fine particulate matter measuring under 2.5 μm (PM2.5), coarse particulate matter measuring 2.5 to 10 μm (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and ozone (O3). Concentrations were considered as high, if they exceeded World Health Organization (WHO) guideline limits. Findings:Overall, 51% (142 million) of the study population was exposed to mean annual multicontaminant concentrations above WHO limits - east China and the megacities were worst affected. High daily levels of four-contaminant mixtures of PM2.5, PM10, SO2 and O3 and PM2.5, PM10, SO2 and NO2 occurred on up to 110 days in 2014 in many cities, mainly in Shandong and Hebei Provinces. High daily levels of PM2.5, PM10 and SO2 occurred on over  146 days in 110 cities, mainly in east and central China. High daily levels of mixtures of PM2.5 and PM10, PM2.5 and SO2, and PM10 and SO2 occurred on over  146 days in 145 cities, mainly in east China. Surprisingly, multicontaminant air pollution was less frequent in cities with populations over 10 million than in smaller cities. Conclusion:Multicontaminant air pollution was common in Chinese cities. A shift from single-contaminant to multicontaminant evaluations of the health effects of air pollution is needed. China should implement protective measures during future urbanization. Objectif:Étudier la pollution de l'air par plusieurs contaminants dans les villes chinoises, quantifier la population urbaine touchée, et analyser la relation entre la pollution de l'air et la taille de la population urbaine. Méthodes:Nous avons recueilli des données auprès du réseau de surveillance de la qualité de l'air de la Chine sur les concentrations de matières particulaires fines mesurant moins de 2,5 μm (PM2.5), de matières particulaires grossières mesurant de 2,5 à 10 μm (PM10), de dioxyde d'azote (NO2), de dioxyde de soufre (SO2) et d'ozone (O3) dans 155 villes comptant un total de 276 millions d'habitants pour l'année 2014. Les concentrations étaient considérées comme élevées lorsqu'elles dépassaient les limites indicatives fixées par l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé. Résultats:En tout, 51% (142 millions) de la population étudiée a été exposée à des concentrations annuelles moyennes de plusieurs contaminants supérieures aux limites définies par l'OMS, l'est de la Chine et les mégalopoles étant les plus touchés. En 2014, des concentrations quotidiennes élevées de mélanges de quatre contaminants – PM2.5, PM10, SO2 et O3, et PM2.5, PM10, SO2 et NO2 – ont été mesurées pendant 110 jours dans de nombreuses villes principalement situées dans les provinces du Shandong et du Hebei. Des concentrations quotidiennes élevées de PM2.5, PM10 et SO2 ont été mesurées pendant 146 jours dans 110 villes principalement situées à l'est et au centre de la Chine. Des concentrations quotidiennes élevées de mélanges de PM2.5 et PM10, PM2.5 et SO2, et PM10 et SO2 ont été mesurées pendant 146 jours dans 145 villes principalement situées à l'est de la Chine. Étonnamment, la pollution de l'air par plusieurs contaminants était moins fréquente dans les villes comptant plus de 10 millions d'habitants que dans les villes de plus petite taille. Conclusion:La pollution de l'air par plusieurs contaminants s'est révélée courante dans les villes chinoises. Les évaluations des effets de la pollution de l'air sur la santé ne doivent plus tenir compte d'un seul contaminant, mais de plusieurs contaminants. Il est essentiel que la Chine mette en application des mesures de protection dans le cadre de l'urbanisation à venir. Objetivo:Investigar la contaminación atmosférica con múltiples contaminantes en las ciudades chinas, cuantificar la población urbana afectada y explorar la relación entre la contaminación del aire y el tamaño de la población urbana. Métodos:Se obtuvieron datos de 155 ciudades con 276 millones de habitantes de 2014 de la red de seguimiento de la calidad del aire de China sobre las concentraciones de partículas finas que miden menos de 2,5 μm (PM2,5), partículas gruesas que miden 2,5 a 10 μm (PM10), dióxido de nitrógeno (NO2), dióxido de azufre (SO2) y ozono (O3). Las concentraciones se consideraron altas si superaban los límites de las directrices de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Resultados:En general, el 51% (142 millones) de la población del estudio estuvo expuesta a unas concentraciones de múltiples contaminantes medias anuales por encima de los límites de la OMS: el este de China y las megaciudades se vieron más afectadas. Hasta en 110 días en 2014, hubo altos niveles diarios de mezclas de cuatro contaminantes de PM2,5, PM10, SO2 y O3, y PM2,5, PM10, SO2 y NO2 en muchas ciudades, principalmente en las provincias de Shandong y Hebei. Hubo altos niveles diarios de PM2,5, PM10 y SO2 durante más de 146 días en 110 ciudades, principalmente en el este y el centro de China. Hubo altos niveles diarios de mezclas de PM2,5 y PM10, PM2,5 y SO2, y PM10 y SO2 durante más de 146 días en 145 ciudades, principalmente en el este de China. Sorprendentemente, la contaminación del aire con múltiples contaminantes fué menos frecuente en las ciudades con poblaciones de más de 10 millones que en las ciudades más pequeñas. Conclusión:La contaminación del aire con múltiples contaminantes es habitual en las ciudades chinas. Se necesita un cambio en las evaluaciones de los efectos de la contaminación del aire en la salud de un solo contaminante a múltiples contaminantes. China debería implementar medidas de protección en futuras urbanizaciones. الغرض:الاستقصاء بشأن تلوث الهواء بفعل الملوثات المتعددة في الصين، وقياس مدى تأثر سكان الحضر، واستكشاف العلاقة بين تلوث الهواء وحجم سكان الحضر. الطريقة:حصلنا على بيانات لعام 2014 من شبكة رصد نوعية الهواء الصينية وذلك لعدد 155 مدينة يسكنها 276 مليون نسمة، وتدور البيانات حول تركيزات الجسيمات الناعمة الدقيقة التي تقل أقطارها عن 2.5 ميكرومتر (PM 2.5 )، والجسيمات الخشنة التي يتراوح قطرها من 2.5 إلى 10 ميكرومتر (PM 10 )، وثنائي أكسيد النيتروجين (NO 2 )، وثنائي أكسيد الكبريت (SO 2 )، والأوزون (O 3 ). واعتبرت التركيزات مرتفعة في حالة تجاوزها لحدود المبادئ التوجيهية لمنظمة الصحة العالمية. النتائج:كان ‏51% (142 مليون نسمة) من السكان الذين شملتهم الدراسة عرضة بوجه عام لتركيزات من الملوثات المتعددة يتجاوز متوسط حجمها السنوي الحدود المقررة لمنظمة الصحة العالمية، وكان شرق الصين والمدن الكبرى هي الأماكن الأكثر تضررًا. ​: وقد وُجدت مستويات مرتفعة يومية من مخلوطين من أربعة ملوثات يتمثلان في PM 2.5 مع PM 10 وSO 2 وO 3 ، فضلاً عن PM 2.5 مع PM 10 وSO 2 وNO 2 ، وذلك لمدة أقصاها 110 أيام في عام 2014 في العديد من المدن ولاسيما في شاندونغ ومقاطعة خبي. ​: وقد وجدت مستويات مرتفعة يومية من PM 2.5 وPM 10 وSO 2 لما يزيد عن 146 يومًا وذلك في 110 مدن، ولاسيما في شرق الصين ووسطها. ووجدت مستويات مرتفعة يومية من مخاليط PM 2.5 مع PM 10 ، وPM 2.5 مع SO 2 ، وPM 10 مع SO 2 لما يزيد عن 146 يومًا وذلك في 145 مدينة على الأخص في شرق الصين ووسطها. ومن المثير للدهشة أن تلوث الهواء الناتج عن الملوثات المتعددة كان أقل شيوعًا في المدن التي يزيد عدد سكانها عن 10 ملايين نسمة عنها في المدن الأصغر. الاستنتاج:يشيع تلوث الهواء الناتج عن الملوثات المتعددة في المدن الصينية. وثمة حاجة إلى تغيير التقييمات من تقييمات الملوثات المنفردة إلى تقييمات للملوثات المتعددة للوقوف على الآثار الصحية الناتجة عن تلوث الهواء. وينبغي على الصين أن تقوم بتنفيذ التدابير الوقائية خلال التطور الحضري المستقبلي. 目标:调查中国城市多污染物空气污染情况,以量化受影响的城市人口,并探讨城市人口规模与空气污染之间的关系。. 方法:我们从中国空气质量监测网获得了 2014 年 155 个城市 2.76 亿居民的数据,包括 2.5 μm (PM2.5) 以下的细颗粒物质、2.5 至 10 μm (PM10) 的粗颗粒物质、二氧化氮 (NO2)、二氧化硫 (SO2) 和臭氧 (O3) 浓度。如果其浓度超过世界卫生组织指南上限,会认为其过高。. 结果:总体而言,51% (1.42 亿)被研究人群暴露在高于世界卫生组织规定的年平均浓度的多污染物空气污染中——华东地区和特大城市受到的影响最大。在许多城市,主要集中在山东省和河北省,2014 年中有 110 天,PM2.5、PM10、SO2、O3 和 PM2.5、PM10、SO2 和 NO2 四种污染混合物的日均含量过高。在 110 个城市中,主要集中在华东和华中地区,PM2.5、PM10、SO2 日均含量过高的天数超过 146 天。在 145 个城市中,主要集中在华东地区,PM2.5 和 PM10、PM2.5 和 SO2、PM10 和 SO2 日均含量过高的天数超过 146 天。令人惊讶的是,多污染物空气污染在 1000 万以上人口城市的发生频次比较小规模城市要少得多。. 结论:多污染物空气污染在中国城市很常见。评估空气污染对健康的影响需要从单一污染物向多污染物转变。中国应该在未来城市化进程中采取保护措施。. Цель:Изучить многокомпонентное загрязнение воздуха в городах Китая, дать количественную оценку доли городского населения, находящегося под воздействием загрязненного воздуха, и изучить взаимосвязь между загрязнением воздуха и численностью городского населения. Методы:Мы получили данные 155 городов с 276 миллионами жителей за 2014 год из сети мониторинга качества воздуха в Китае по концентрациям тонкодисперсных частиц размером менее 2,5 μм (ТЧ2,5), крупнодисперсных частиц размером от 2,5 до 10 μм (ТЧ10), двуокиси азота (NO2), диоксида серы (SO2) и озона (O3). Концентрации считались высокими, если они превышали предельные величины, рекомендуемые Всемирной организацией здравоохранения (ВОЗ). Результаты:В целом 51% исследуемой популяции (142 миллиона человек) подвергался воздействию среднегодовых концентраций многокомпонентных загрязнений, которые превышали рекомендуемые ВОЗ пределы, — в наибольшей степени такому воздействию подверглись Восточный Китай и мегаполисы. В 2014 году во многих городах, главным образом в провинциях Шаньдун и Хэбэй, до 110 дней наблюдались высокие среднесуточные уровни четырехкомпонентных смесей ТЧ2,5, ТЧ10, SO2 и O3 и ТЧ2,5, ТЧ10, SO2 и NO2. Высокий среднесуточный уровень ТЧ2,5, ТЧ10 и SO2 наблюдался в течение 146 дней в 110 городах, главным образом в Восточном и Центральном Китае. Высокие среднесуточные уровни смесей ТЧ2,5 и ТЧ10, ТЧ2,5 и SО2, ТЧ10 и SО2 наблюдались в течение 146 дней в 145 городах, главным образом в Восточном Китае. Неожиданным было то, что многокомпонентное загрязнение воздуха встречалось реже в городах с населением более 10 миллионов человек, чем в небольших городах. Вывод:Многокомпонентное загрязнение воздуха было распространено в городах Китая. При оценке воздействия загрязнения воздуха на здоровье необходим переход от однокомпонентного к многокомпонентному загрязнению. Китай должен принять защитные меры во время будущей урбанизации.

authors

Han L,Zhou W,Pickett ST,Li W,Qian Y

doi

10.2471/BLT.17.195560

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2018-04-01 00:00:00

pages

233-242E

issue

4

eissn

0042-9686

issn

1564-0604

pii

BLT.17.195560

journal_volume

96

pub_type

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    更新日期:1979-01-01 00:00:00

  • Isolation of West Nile virus from the brains of children who had died of encephalitis.

    abstract::The isolation of West Nile virus from the brain tissue of three children who died of encephalitis in Mysore and Kolar districts of Karnataka State, India, is reported. This is the first such report from India. The significance of these isolations with reference to the role of West Nile virus in encephalitis in childre...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: George S,Gourie-Devi M,Rao JA,Prasad SR,Pavri KM

    更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00

  • Costs of treating diarrhoea in a children's hospital in Mexico City.

    abstract::The treatment received by children aged under 5 years with diarrhoea was studied in the Hospital Infantil de México (Federico Goméz), Mexico City. The costs of treatment were calculated and estimates were made of how these had changed since the establishment of an oral rehydration unit in the hospital in 1985. The res...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Phillips M,Kumate-Rodríguez J,Mota-Hernández F

    更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00

  • Allergen nomenclature.

    abstract::This article presents a nomenclature system for allergens which has been officially recommended by the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS). The nomenclature is based on proposals of the IUIS Sub-Committee for Allergen Nomenclature and is applicable to highly purified, well-characterized allergens and...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Marsh DG,Goodfriend L,King TP,Lowenstein H,Platts-Mills TA

    更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00

  • WHO respiratory disease survey in children: a serological study.

    abstract::This paper is a report on the first (serological) phase of a study organized by WHO in collaboration with the WHO International Reference Centre for Respiratory Virus Diseases other than Influenza in Bethesda, Md., USA, to define the viral etiology of severe respiratory infections in children, particularly in tropical...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Chanock R,Chambon L,Chang W,Gonçalves Ferreira F,Gharpure P,Grant L,Hatem J,Imam I,Kalra S,Lim K,Madalengoitia J,Spence L,Teng P,Ferreira W

    更新日期:1967-01-01 00:00:00

  • Characterization of sporozoite surface antigens by indirect immunofluorescence: detection of stage- and species-specific antimalarial antibodies.

    abstract::Indirect immunofluorescence (IF) was used to localize stage-specific antigen(s) on the surface of the sporozoite membrane. The authors examined the feasibility of using an IF assay to determine whether an antisporozoite response is developed by individuals living in endemic areas. The specificity and sensitivity of th...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Nardin E,Gwadz RW,Nussenzweig RS

    更新日期:1979-01-01 00:00:00

  • Smallpox vaccination by intradermal jet injection. 3. Evaluation in a well-vaccinated population.

    abstract::Smallpox vaccinations were performed in a well-vaccinated prison population by multiple-pressure technique and by intradermal jet injection using serial dilutions of vaccine. A total of 140 subjects were divided into groups, and each group was vaccinated by the multiple-pressure technique or by jet injection using 1 o...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Neff JM,Millar JD,Roberto RR,Wulff H

    更新日期:1969-01-01 00:00:00

  • Avian influenza A viruses.

    abstract::The antigenic structure of eight strains of influenza A viruses of avian origin was investigated by haemagglutination inhibition, virus neutralization and strain-specific complement fixation. All strains could be distinguished from each other, but certain cross-reactions were observed allowing the establishment of fou...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Pereira HG,Tůmová B,Law VG

    更新日期:1965-01-01 00:00:00

  • Plague studies. VIII. Clinical aspects.

    abstract::The author examines in detail the symptomatology, diagnosis, and treatment of plague, and outlines the problem of the length of the incubation period.The clinical features commonly met with in all severely-affected plague patients, regardless of the primary localization of the infection, are described. The author then...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: POLLITZER R

    更新日期:1953-01-01 00:00:00

  • Reaching the global tuberculosis control targets in the Western Pacific Region.

    abstract:PROBLEM:In 1999, a tuberculosis (TB) crisis was declared in the Western Pacific Region. APPROACH:In response, WHO established the Stop TB Special Project, which sought to halve 2000 levels of TB prevalence and mortality by 2010 through first reaching the global 2005 TB targets. LOCAL SETTING:Particular issues in the ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/blt.06.038521

    authors: van Maaren P,Tomas B,Glaziou P,Kasai T,Ahn D

    更新日期:2007-05-01 00:00:00

  • Determination of chloroquine and its metabolites in urine: a field method based on ion-pair extraction.

    abstract::A new straightforward photometric method for the assay of the antimalarial drug chloroquine and its metabolites in urine is described. The method involves an ion-pair extraction procedure with dichloromethane using the acid-base indicator bromthymol blue as counter-ion. The ion pair formed with chloroquine in the orga...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Bergqvist Y,Hed C,Funding L,Suther A

    更新日期:1985-01-01 00:00:00