Abstract:
:The treatment received by children aged under 5 years with diarrhoea was studied in the Hospital Infantil de México (Federico Goméz), Mexico City. The costs of treatment were calculated and estimates were made of how these had changed since the establishment of an oral rehydration unit in the hospital in 1985. The results indicate that drug treatment of outpatients was generally appropriate and inexpensive. In contrast, the cost of drugs for inpatients was considerably higher. The seriousness of the cases justified much of this additional expense for inpatients, but there is evidence that the costs could be reduced further without jeopardizing the quality of the care. Diagnostic tests were relatively expensive, frequently failed to identify diarrhoeal etiology, and their results correlated poorly with the treatment prescribed. The oral rehydration unit resulted in significant savings by causing a 25% fall in the number of inpatients with diarrhoea. :Treatments of diarrhea in children under 5 by the Hospital Infantil de Mexico (Federico Gomez), Mexico City, in 1983-84 versus 1986 were compared with respect to drugs and laboratory tests, and costs were estimated. An outpatient oral rehydration unit was opened in the emergency room, reducing by 25% numbers of inpatients with diarrhea. Other than increased use of ORS, no changes in hospitalized patients were evident except a trend toward more laboratory tests, and prescription of amoxicillin and chloramphenicol over amikacin. There was little evidence that laboratory tests or antibiotic prescriptions were appropriate in most cases. Only 1 patient had a positive Shigella culture, and those with negative fecal cultures received more antibiotics than those with no cultures taken. Intravenous solutions were used in 85%, while only 17% were dehydrated and 22% had electrolyte imbalances, possibly because as a method of rehydration they require less nursing time than oral solutions. The average patient costs were 1200 pesos for lab tests and 180 pesos for drugs. In addition, prior to hospitalization, many patients had received ineffective or dangerous drugs such as Kaopectate-antibiotic mixtures, intestinal motility agents such as loperamide, Lactobacillus cultures, and iodochlorohydroxyquinoline.
journal_name
Bull World Health Organjournal_title
Bulletin of the World Health Organizationauthors
Phillips M,Kumate-Rodríguez J,Mota-Hernández Fsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1989-01-01 00:00:00pages
273-80issue
3eissn
0042-9686issn
1564-0604journal_volume
67pub_type
杂志文章abstract:OBJECTIVE:To estimate the validity (sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values) of a clinical algorithm as used by community health workers (CHWs) to detect and classify neonatal illness during routine household visits in rural Bangladesh. METHODS:CHWs evaluated breastfeeding and symptoms an...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/blt.07.050666
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Infections with hepatitis A and B viruses are common in all parts of the world and constitute a major public health problem. The identification of specific antigenic markers of these viruses has led to the development of sensitive laboratory tests. These, in turn, have resulted in a better understanding of the epidemi...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1978-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine the prevalence of adequate monitoring and the costs of measuring CD4+ T-lymphocytes (CD4+ cell) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral load in people receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in seven countries in the WHO Region of the Americas. METHODS:We obtained retrospective, longitudinal...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.14.147447
更新日期:2015-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The impact of visual loss has profound implications for the person affected and society as a whole. The majority of blind people live in developing countries, and generally, their blindness could have been avoided or cured. Given the current predictions that the number of blind people worldwide will roughly double by ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine areas of low vaccination coverage in five cities in Bangladesh (Chittagong, Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshahi, and Syedpur). METHODS:Six studies using lot quality assurance sampling were conducted between 1995 and 1997 by Basic Support for Institutionalizing Child Survival and the Bangladesh National Expa...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In Papua New Guinea the bottle-feeding of babies has been increasing, predominantly among unemployed women of low educational status. Many women are unaware of their legal right to have breaks at work for the purpose of breastfeeding, and a high proportion of workplaces have no facilities for mothers who wish to breas...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:Problem:Slovenia's model of primary health care relied on reactive, episodic care and was ill-equipped to address the country's burden of disease dominated by noncommunicable diseases. Approach:The government has developed a multidisciplinary, community-based, prevention-oriented service delivery model for primary hea...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.19.239616
更新日期:2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::In 1961 the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization asked the National Institute for Medical Research, London, to collect and study material to replace the first International Standard for Serum Gonadotrophin, stocks of which were running low. This paper describes the material that was contributed, its dist...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1966-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A method of assessing "atherosclerosis", if used according to certain rules, was shown in an earlier study to be capable of discriminating between groups of aortas or coronary arteries according to the quantity of certain defined lesions. It would not measure absolute amounts, but would show whether one group of speci...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1964-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Paula Radcliffe tells Gary Humphreys about her journey from athlete to clean air advocate and her hopes for a clean air initiative launched by the International Association of Athletics Federation. ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 面试,新闻
doi:10.2471/BLT.19.030319
更新日期:2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::A combination of chemotherapy and mollusciciding has been used in Khuzestan, south-west Iran, since 1966, to try to control urinary schistosomiasis. The total amount of molluscicide used each year varied between 702 and 3505 kg and between 287 and 1320 infected persons were detected and treated annually. The prevalenc...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1982-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This report from the Tuberculosis Chemotherapy Centre, Madras, summarizes the progress over a 5-year period of 193 patients with newly diagnosed, sputum-positive pulmonary tuberculosis who were admitted to a concurrent comparison of home and sanatorium treatment for one year with isoniazid plus PAS. Previous reports h...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:
更新日期:1966-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Immunity in meningococcal diseases has been inadequately studied and, until now, most attempts at serotherapy and immunization against meningococcal meningitis have been unsuccessful. To ascertain the status of immunity among children at greatest risk of contracting the disease, 267 serum specimens from healthy childr...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1977-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To review the quality of the coding of the cause of death (COD) statistics and assess the mortality information needs of the City of Cape Town. METHODS:Using an action research approach, a study was set up to investigate the quality of COD information, the accuracy of COD coding and consistency of coding pra...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/blt.05.028589
更新日期:2006-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Representatives of the WHO influenza programme recently proposed a standard method of determining neuraminidase activity and neuraminidase inhibition (NI) antibody titres. Logit transformation of the data obtained with the WHO method for the NI assay permits a more efficient performance of the test and easy calculatio...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1975-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::WHO's reference protocol for post-exposure rabies vaccination advises five intramuscular injections on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 30; in addition, rabies immunoglobulins (RIG) must be given to serious cases of exposure (grade III severity). Some studies indicate that these immunoglobulins suppress the immunogenicity of rab...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The magnitude of antigenic change of the Hong Kong strains from the earlier influenza A2 strains was compared with previous antigenic changes among the type A viruses. Representative type A strains recovered from man during the years 1933 through 1969 were examined by reciprocal haemagglutination-inhibition, neutraliz...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1969-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Data on the dynamics of the tuberculosis situation in rural South India, obtained by the National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore, were fed into a mathematical model. By this means predictions about the future tuberculosis situation have been made under a wide range of hypothetical assumptions. ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1974-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine the prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma japonicum infection and associated morbidity, and to estimate the infected human and buffalo populations in the Dongting Lake region, Hunan province, China. METHODS:We used data from the third national schistosomiasis periodic epidemiological survey (P...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/blt.06.034033
更新日期:2007-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To explore excess paediatric mortality after discharge from Kilifi District Hospital, Kenya, and its duration and risk factors. METHODS:Hospital and demographic data were used to describe post-discharge mortality and survival probability in children aged < 15 years, by age group and clinical syndrome. Cox re...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.11.089235
更新日期:2011-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The gene for dieldrin resistance has been artificially male-linked so that females can be selectively killed with dieldrin. By intercrossing different sibling species of the Anopheles gambiae complex, batches consisting of sterile males only can be reared. This seems to have potential for use in genetic control operat...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1978-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:In 1996 we conducted a cross-sectional survey to study the epidemiology of smoking among Kuwaiti adults. METHODS:The 4000 participants were selected using a three-stage stratified cluster sampling design. Altogether 3859 participants (1798 males, 2061 females) returned a completed self-administered questi...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::As culture filtrates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis have been shown by numerous workers to be antigenically heterogeneous, a series of experiments has been started to identify some of the different antigens likely to be useful in laboratory tests for measuring the antibodies in human blood. The work involves the fracti...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1955-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A trial of the CHAT, type 1, attenuated poliovirus strain of Koprowski was begun in August 1958 in Léopoldville, a city of 350 000 people, and possessing modern medical facilities, including an institute of public health.Paralytic poliomyelitis is endemic in the city; since 1951 there has been an average annual incide...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1960-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A batch of highly purified streptomycin sulfate has been examined by nine laboratories in six different countries and has been assayed against the First International Standard for Streptomycin. The material examined has been established as the Second International Standard for Streptomycin, and the International Unit ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1959-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Certain performance characteristics of the insecticide-sprayer nozzle tip and its relationship to the pressure regulator are discussed.After analysing the effectiveness of residual spraying at various pressures, the author concludes that low-pressure application would best attain the pattern and rate of insecticide di...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1955-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::DEC (diethylcarbamazine)-medicated salt, at a concentration of 0.1 to 0.2 mg per 100 mg, was given to the entire population of Karaikal (119 978) in South India for a 4-year period from 1982. The per capita consumption of DEC in medicated salt was 13.3 grams for the entire period. The prevalence of microfilaraemia dec...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper is an attempt to relate modifications observed in general and infant mortality rates with the dynamic changes in transmission induced by malaria control measures. The observations indicated relationships between the efficacy of control and a decrease in mortality. The daily parasitological inoculation rate ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1976-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A total of 28 000 persons with fibrotic pulmonary lesions compatible with tuberculosis were followed for five years after receiving 12, 24, or 52 weeks of preventive treatment with isoniazid or placebo.Compared with placebo, 12 weeks of isoniazid eliminated less than one-third, and 24 weeks eliminated two-thirds of th...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:
更新日期:1982-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the potential effects of betel quid chewing on mortality. (A quid consists of betel nut, wrapped in betel leaves; tobacco is added to the quid by some users). METHODS:Prospective data were available on 20 033 individuals aged 18-75 years, living in Araihazar, Bangladesh. Demographic and exposure ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.14.149484
更新日期:2015-10-01 00:00:00