The evolution of community-based primary health care, Slovenia.

Abstract:

Problem:Slovenia's model of primary health care relied on reactive, episodic care and was ill-equipped to address the country's burden of disease dominated by noncommunicable diseases. Approach:The government has developed a multidisciplinary, community-based, prevention-oriented service delivery model for primary health care. A compulsory family medicine residency programme was introduced in 2000, and from 2004 screening and control of chronic diseases were established in family medicine practices. Health promotion centres were established, providing group interventions to support healthy lifestyles. After 2011, registered nurses were introduced to conduct screening for chronic diseases, provide counselling and manage patients with stable noncommunicable diseases. Local setting:In 1992, the government transformed Slovenia's health financing scheme to a social insurance system based on mandatory payroll taxes. The system enabled private provision of health services, although primary care was mostly provided by publicly funded community health centres. A strong gatekeeping role was introduced. Relevant changes:Despite spending less on health than the European Union (EU) average, by 2013 Slovenia's life expectancy was higher than the average for EU countries. The increase was due in part to rapidly declining infant and under-five mortality and a faster decline in premature mortality due to chronic diseases. Lessons learnt:Slovenia's approach was enabled by strong public health and governance structures, along with accountability mechanisms that monitored outcomes and took corrective action when necessary. New programmes were piloted, creating a strong evidence base that facilitated obtaining sustainable financing, while national roll-out was supported by regional branches of the National Institute of Public Health. Problème:Le modèle slovène de soins de santé primaires reposait sur une prise en charge épisodique et réactive. En outre, il n'était pas équipé pour faire face au fardeau des maladies du pays, dominé par des affections non transmissibles. Approche:Le gouvernement a développé un modèle de prestation de services multidisciplinaire, communautaire et axé sur la prévention pour les soins de santé primaires. Un programme obligatoire de résidence en médecine familiale a été instauré en 2000 et, à partir de 2004, un système de dépistage et de suivi des maladies chroniques a été mis en place dans les cabinets de médecine familiale. Des centres de promotion de la santé ont été créés afin d'effectuer des interventions de groupe destinées à encourager l'adoption d'un mode de vie sain. Dès 2011, des infirmières agréées ont été chargées de mener des actions de dépistage des maladies chroniques, de fournir des conseils et de gérer les patients présentant des affections non transmissibles stables. Environnement local:En 1992, le gouvernement a transformé le régime slovène de financement de la santé en système d'assurance sociale basé sur des taxes obligatoires prélevées sur les salaires. Ce système a entraîné l'apparition de prestations privées de services de santé, bien que les soins primaires soient principalement prodigués par des centres de santé communautaires financés par l'État. Une fonction de contrôle efficace a été établie. Changements significatifs:Malgré des dépenses en soins de santé inférieures à la moyenne de l'Union européenne (UE), l'espérance de vie slovène en 2013 était plus élevée que celle observée dans les autres pays de l'UE. Cette augmentation s'expliquait en partie par une diminution rapide de la mortalité chez les nourrissons et les enfants de moins de cinq ans, ainsi que par une accélération de la baisse des décès prématurés liés à des maladies chroniques. Leçons tirées:L'approche de la Slovénie a été rendue possible par de solides structures de gouvernance et de santé publique, mais aussi par des mécanismes de responsabilité qui ont suivi les résultats et pris des mesures correctives le cas échéant. De nouveaux programmes ont été testés et ont engendré une base factuelle stable qui a facilité l'obtention de financements durables, tandis que le déploiement à l'échelle nationale a reçu le soutien des antennes régionales de l'Institut national de santé publique. Situación:El modelo de atención primaria de la salud de Eslovenia se basaba en el cuidado paliativo y episódico, y no estaba bien equipado para atender a todas las enfermedades del país, que eran en su mayoría enfermedades no transmisibles. Enfoque:El Gobierno ha elaborado un modelo de prestación de servicios multidisciplinarios, comunitarios y orientados a la prevención para la atención primaria de la salud. En 2000, se adoptó un programa de residencia obligatorio en medicina familiar y, a partir de 2004, se estableció un programa de detección y de control de las enfermedades crónicas en los consultorios de medicina familiar. Se establecieron centros de promoción de la salud, en los que se realizan intervenciones en grupo para apoyar estilos de vida saludables. A partir de 2011, se introdujeron enfermeras tituladas para realizar exámenes de detección de enfermedades crónicas, prestar asesoramiento y atender a pacientes con enfermedades estables no transmisibles. Marco regional:En 1992, el Gobierno transformó el plan de financiamiento de la salud de Eslovenia en un sistema de seguro social basado en impuestos obligatorios sobre las nóminas. El sistema permitía la prestación privada de servicios sanitarios, aunque la atención primaria se prestaba principalmente en centros de salud comunitarios que se financiaban con fondos públicos. Además, se adoptó una función importante de control de acceso. Cambios importantes:Aunque el gasto en salud es inferior en comparación con la media de la Unión Europea (UE), en 2013, la esperanza de vida de Eslovenia era superior a la media de los países de la UE. El incremento se debió en parte a la reducción rápida de la mortalidad de infantes y de niños menores de cinco años y a una disminución más rápida de la mortalidad prematura por enfermedades crónicas. Lecciones aprendidas:El enfoque de Eslovenia fue posible gracias a las estructuras sólidas de salud pública y de gobernanza, junto con los mecanismos de rendición de cuentas que supervisaban los resultados y adoptaban medidas correctivas cuando era necesario. Se probaron nuevos programas, lo que creó una base de evidencia sólida que facilitó la obtención de un financiamiento sostenible, mientras que las filiales regionales del Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública apoyaron la puesta en marcha a nivel nacional. :المشكلة اعتمد نموذج الرعاية الصحية الأولية في سلوفينيا على الرعاية التفاعلية والعرضية، كما كان هذا النموذج غير مجهز لمواجهة عبء الأمراض في الدولة والذي يخضع لسيطرة الأمراض غير المعدية. الأسلوب قامت الحكومة بتطوير نموذج رعاية صحية أولية لتقديم الخدمات يتميز بتعدد التخصصات، والاعتماد على المجتمع، ويكون موجهًا نحو الوقاية. تم تقديم برنامج إلزامي لطب الأسرة في عام 2000، ومنذ عام 2004 تم إدخال برنامج الفحص والسيطرة على الأمراض المزمنة إلى ممارسات طب الأسرة. كما تم إنشاء مراكز لتعزيز الصحة، والتي توفر التدخلات الجماعية لدعم أنماط الحياة الصحية. بعد عام 2011، تم الاستعانة بالممرضات المسجلات لإجراء فحص للأمراض المزمنة، وتقديم المشورة وإدارة المرضى الذين يعانون من أمراض غير معدية مستقرة. المواقع المحلية في عام 1992، قامت الحكومة بتحويل مخطط التمويل الصحي في سلوفينيا إلى نظام للتأمين الاجتماعي قائم على الضرائب الإجبارية على الرواتب. أتاح النظام فرصة توفير الخدمات الصحية الخاصة، على الرغم من أن الرعاية الصحية الأولية تم توفيرها في الغالب من جانب مراكز الصحة المجتمعية الممولة من القطاع العام. كذلك ظهر دور قوي للبوابات الإعلامية. التغيّرات ذات الصلة على الرغم من الإنفاق على الصحة بشكل أقل من متوسط الاتحاد الأوروبي (EU)، إلا أن متوسط العمر المتوقع في سلوفينيا في عام 2013 كان أعلى من المتوسط في دول الاتحاد الأوروبي. وكانت الزيادة ترجع بشكل جزئي إلى الانخفاض السريع في معدل وفيات الرضع والأطفال تحت سن الخامسة، وتراجع بشكل أسرع في معدل الوفيات المبكرة بسبب الأمراض المزمنة. الدروس المستفادة تم دعم المنهج الذي اتبعته سلوفينيا بواسطة هياكل صحية قوية سواء عامة أو حوكمية، إلى جانب آليات المساءلة التي تراقب النتائج وتتخذ إجراءً تصحيحياً عند الضرورة. تم إطلاق برامج الجديدة، مما أدى إلى إنشاء قاعدة أدلة قوية سهلت الحصول على تمويل مستدام، كما تم دعم التنفيذ الوطني بواسطة الفروع الإقليمية للمعهد الوطني للصحة العامة. 问题:斯洛文尼亚的初级医疗护理模式依赖于被动型、不连贯的护理并且无法充分解决该国由非传染性疾病占主导地位的疾病负担。. 方法:政府为初级医疗护理制定了多学科、基于社区、以预防为主的服务提供模式。自 2000 年开始实施了一项强制性的家庭医学住院医师培训计划,并且从 2004 年起在家庭医学实践中对慢性病进行筛查和控制。建立了健康促进中心,提供团体干预以支持健康的生活方式。自 2011 年之后,引进了注册护士对慢性病进行筛查,提供咨询并管理患有稳定非传染性疾病的患者。. 当地状况:政府于 1992 年将斯洛文尼亚的医疗融资方案转变为基于强制性工资税的社会保险体系。尽管主要由公立社区医疗中心提供初级医疗,但该体系推动了私营医疗服务。发挥了强大的首诊作用。. 相关变化:虽然斯洛文尼亚的医疗支出低于欧盟 (EU) 平均水平,但截至 2013 年,斯洛文尼亚的预期寿命却高于欧盟国家的平均寿命。增长的部分原因是婴儿和五岁以下儿童的死亡率迅速下降以及因慢性病导致的过早死亡率下降更快。. 经验教训:斯洛文尼亚的做法得以推动的原因在于强大的公共医疗和治理结构,以及负责监控效果并在必要时采取纠正措施的问责机制。试行了新的计划,以强有力的证据为基础,有助于获得可持续融资,而全国范围内的推广则得到了国家公共医疗研究院地区分支机构的支持。. Проблема:Модель первичного медико-санитарного обслуживания в Словении опиралась на эпизодическое обслуживание в качестве ответных мер и не справлялась с бременем болезней в стране, где преобладают неинфекционные заболевания. Подход:Правительство разработало междисциплинарную, ориентированную на профилактику модель предоставления первичного медико-санитарного обслуживания на уровне общины. В 2000 году была введена обязательная программа семейной медицины по месту жительства, а с 2004 года в практику семейной медицины были введены скрининговое обследование и мониторинг хронических заболеваний. Были созданы центры охраны здоровья, обеспечивающие групповые мероприятия для поддержки здорового образа жизни. Начиная с 2011 года проведение скрининговых обследований на наличие хронических заболеваний и консультаций, а также ведение пациентов со стабильным состоянием неинфекционных заболеваний осуществляются специальным дипломированным медицинским персоналом. Местные условия:В 1992 году правительство Словении преобразовало систему финансирования здравоохранения в систему социального страхования, основанную на обязательных налогах на заработную плату. Система позволила обеспечить частное предоставление медицинских услуг, хотя первичное медико-санитарное обслуживание в основном оказывалось общественными медицинскими центрами, финансируемыми государством. Была введена роль строгого куратора. Осуществленные перемены:Несмотря на меньшие расходы на здравоохранение, чем в среднем по Европейскому союзу (ЕС), к 2013 году ожидаемая продолжительность жизни в Словении была выше, чем в среднем по странам ЕС. Такое увеличение было отчасти обусловлено стремительным снижением младенческой и детской смертности в возрасте до пяти лет и более быстрыми темпами снижения преждевременной смертности от хронических заболеваний. Выводы:Подход Словении оказался выполним благодаря наличию надежных структур общественного здравоохранения и государственного управления, а также механизмам подотчетности, которые позволяли отслеживать результаты и принимать корректирующие меры при необходимости. Внедрялись новые программы, создающие прочную базу фактических данных, которая способствовала получению устойчивого финансирования, в то время как введение системы в действие в рамках всего государства поддерживалось региональными отделениями Национального института общественного здравоохранения.

authors

Johansen AS,Vracko P,West R

doi

10.2471/BLT.19.239616

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2020-05-01 00:00:00

pages

353-359

issue

5

eissn

0042-9686

issn

1564-0604

pii

BLT.19.239616

journal_volume

98

pub_type

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    authors: Henderson DA

    更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00

  • Safety profile of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines: systematic review of pre- and post-licensure data.

    abstract::A 7-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine (PCV7) was licensed in the United States of America in 2000, but no comprehensive postmarketing review of safety has been carried out. We conducted a systematic review of the safety of PCV7 and other pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. A total of 42 studies...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2471/blt.07.048025

    authors: Destefano F,Pfeifer D,Nohynek H

    更新日期:2008-05-01 00:00:00

  • A comparison of cardiovascular measurements in the Gambia, Jamaica, and the United Republic of Tanzania.

    abstract::Epidemiological studies of the cardiovascular characteristics of three typically rural communities in the Gambia, Jamaica, and the United Republic of Tanzania were carried out by means of standardized methodology. This paper reports comparisons of arterial blood pressure distribution and electrocardiographic findings ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Vaughan JP,Miall WE

    更新日期:1979-01-01 00:00:00

  • A collaborative study of heparins from different sources.

    abstract::Until about 10 years ago heparin was prepared from ox lungs and was regarded as a homogeneous polymer (of a sulfated mucopolysaccharide) with a relatively constant biological activity of about 100 IU/mg. The mucus and mucosa of the intestine of hog, sheep and ox have now become the main industrial source of bulk start...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Bangham DR,Woodward PM

    更新日期:1970-01-01 00:00:00

  • Studies on the mechanism of DDT-resistance in Culex pipiens fatigans.

    abstract::Since the appearance of DDT-resistance in houseflies in 1947, over 30 mosquito species have developed resistance to this and other commonly used insecticides. Much knowledge has been gained concerning the mechanism of resistance in insects but, in general, this phenomenon cannot be explained in terms of a single facto...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Kalra RL,Perry AS,Miles JW

    更新日期:1967-01-01 00:00:00

  • Chronic hepatitis C treatment outcomes in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess the effectiveness of treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in low- and middle-income countries and identify factors associated with successful outcomes. METHODS:We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies of HCV treatment programmes in low- and middle-income countries. T...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审

    doi:10.2471/BLT.11.097147

    authors: Ford N,Kirby C,Singh K,Mills EJ,Cooke G,Kamarulzaman A,duCros P

    更新日期:2012-07-01 00:00:00

  • The effect of flea control on Yersinia (Pasteurella) pestis antibody rates in the California vole, Microtus californicus, and its epizootiological implications.

    abstract::The effects of flea control on the prevalence of (Pasteurella) pestis antibody rates in the California vole, Microtus californicus, were studied in San Mateo County, California, USA. In this area, which had shown antibody prevalence rates of 50% or more during epizootics in previous years, continuous flea control meas...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Kartman L,Hudson BW

    更新日期:1971-01-01 00:00:00

  • Naturally occurring antibodies to Neisseria meningitidis.

    abstract::Immunity in meningococcal diseases has been inadequately studied and, until now, most attempts at serotherapy and immunization against meningococcal meningitis have been unsuccessful. To ascertain the status of immunity among children at greatest risk of contracting the disease, 267 serum specimens from healthy childr...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Burian V,Gotschlich E,Kuzemenská P,Svandová E

    更新日期:1977-01-01 00:00:00

  • Challenges encountered using standard vector control measures for dengue in Boa Vista, Brazil.

    abstract:PROBLEM:In 2010, dengue virus (DENV) serotype-4 was detected during a dengue outbreak in the Amazonian city of Boa Vista. At that time Brazil was already endemic for DENV-1, DENV-2 and DENV-3. This was the first time DENV-4 was observed in the country after it was initially detected and eliminated in 1981. APPROACH:To...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/BLT.13.119081

    authors: Maciel-de-Freitas R,Valle D

    更新日期:2014-09-01 00:00:00

  • Cases of pulmonary tuberculosis among the out-patients attending general health institutions in an Indian city.

    abstract::A study was undertaken in Bangalore City, India, to find out whether people with chest symptoms, including tuberculosis patients, attend general health institutions or report directly to tuberculosis clinics. The attendance for one day at 19 general dispensaries was investigated. Of the total of 2506 eligible persons ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Gothi GD,Savić D,Baily GV,Samuel R

    更新日期:1970-01-01 00:00:00

  • DDT and its metabolites in human body fat in India.

    abstract::DDE and the o,p' and p,p' isomers of DDT were assayed in 94 human biopsy fat samples from hospitals in Delhi by gas chromatography. DDT was present in all except 2 samples at concentrations from 0.17 to 176.5 mg per kg of body fat. The average total DDT content was 21.8+/-2.9 mg/kg, of which 45.9% was DDE. The average...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Ramachandran M,Sharma MI,Sharma SC,Mathur PS,Aravindakshan A,Edward GJ

    更新日期:1973-01-01 00:00:00

  • Emergence during growth of Brucella strains on dye-agar media of cells that show changes in sulfur metabolism.

    abstract::Division of Brucella strains into three species has long been based on differences in growth characteristics on certain dye-agar media and on variations in H(2)S production on liver agar slants. But certain workers believe these differences to be merely quantitative, such as are found between varieties of one species....

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: HUDDLESON IF

    更新日期:1961-01-01 00:00:00