Countries' response to WHO's travel recommendations during the 2013-2016 Ebola outbreak.

Abstract:

OBJECTIVE:To determine how, during the 2013-2016 Ebola outbreak in western Africa, States Parties to the World Health Organization's (WHO) 2005 International Health Regulations (IHR) followed the IHR's international travel recommendations. METHODS:In 2015, we used the Google search engine to investigate the 196 States Parties to the 2005 IHR. Information detailing Ebola-related travel regulations or restrictions of each State Party was sourced first from official government websites and then from travel and news websites. When limited, conflicting or no relevant information was found on a government website, an email inquiry was sent to a corresponding embassy in an Anglophone country. FINDINGS:We collected relevant and non-conflicting data for each of 187 States Parties. Of these, 43 (23.0%) prohibited the entry of foreigners who had recently visited a country with widespread Ebola transmission and another 15 (8.0%) imposed other substantial restrictions on such travellers: the requirement to produce a medical certificate documenting no infection with Ebola (n = 8), mandatory quarantine (n = 6) or other restrictions (n = 1). CONCLUSION:In responding to the 2013-2016 Ebola outbreak, countries had variable levels of adoption of the 2005 IHR's international travel recommendations. We identified 58 (31.0%) States Parties that exceeded or disregarded the recommendations. There is a need for more research to understand and minimize deviations from such recommendations. OBJECTIF:Déterminer comment, lors de la flambée de maladie à virus Ebola qui a sévi de 2013 à 2016 en Afrique de l'Ouest, les États parties au Règlement sanitaire international (RSI) de 2005 de l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé (OMS) ont suivi les recommandations du RSI concernant les voyages internationaux. MÉTHODES:En 2015, nous avons utilisé le moteur de recherche Google pour mener une enquête sur les 196 États parties au RSI de 2005. Nous avons d'abord recherché des informations sur la règlementation ou les restrictions relatives aux voyages appliquées par chaque État partie pour faire face à la flambée de maladie à virus Ebola sur les sites Internet officiels des gouvernements, puis sur des sites Internet de voyage et d'information. Lorsque les informations disponibles sur le site Internet d'un gouvernement étaient insuffisantes, contradictoires ou non pertinentes, une demande a été envoyée par e-mail à l'ambassade correspondante dans un pays anglophone. RÉSULTATS:Nous avons recueilli des données pertinentes et non contradictoires sur 187 États parties. Sur ces 187 États parties, 43 (23,0%) ont interdit l'entrée sur leur territoire aux étrangers ayant récemment séjourné dans un pays où la transmission de la maladie à virus Ebola prenait une ampleur considérable et 15 (8,0%) ont imposé d'autres restrictions importantes à ce type de voyageurs: présentation obligatoire d'un certificat médical attestant que le voyageur n’est pas infecté par le virus Ebola (n = 8), quarantaine obligatoire (n = 6) ou autres restrictions (n = 1). CONCLUSION:Face à la flambée de maladie à virus Ebola qui a sévi entre 2013 et 2016, les pays ont adopté à différents niveaux les recommandations du RSI de 2005 concernant les voyages internationaux. Nous avons repéré 58 (31,0%) États parties ayant dépassé ou ignoré les recommandations. Il est nécessaire de mener davantage de recherches pour comprendre et réduire les entorses faites à ces recommandations. OBJETIVO:Determinar cómo los Estados Partes del Reglamento Sanitario Internacional (RSI) de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) siguieron las recomendaciones sobre viajes internacionales del RSI de 2005 durante el brote de ebola en el oeste africano entre 2013 y 2016. MÉTODOS:En 2015, se utilizó el motor de búsqueda de Google para investigar los 196 Estados Partes del RSI de 2005. La información que detallaba los reglamentos sobre viajes relacionados con el ebola o las restricciones de cada Estado Parte se obtuvo primero de los sitios web gubernamentales oficiales y, posteriormente, de sitios web sobre viajes y noticias. Cuando la información era escasa, contradictoria o no se encontraba en el sitio web gubernamental, se enviaba un correo electrónico de solicitud a la embajada correspondiente de un país angloparlante. RESULTADOS:Se recopilaron datos importantes y coherentes de 187 Estados Partes. Entre ellos, 43 (23,0%) prohibieron la entrada de extranjeros que habían visitado recientemente un país con un nivel generalizado de contagio del ebola y otros 15 (8,0%) impusieron otras restricciones importantes para dichos viajeros: el requisito de obtener un certificado médico que documentara que el individuo no estaba infectado con el virus (n = 8), cuarentena obligatoria (n = 6) u otras restricciones (n = 1). CONCLUSIÓN:Como respuesta al brote de ebola entre 2013 y 2016, los países contaban con distintos niveles de adopción de las recomendaciones sobre viajes internacionales del RSI de 2005. Se identificaron 58 (31,0%) Estados Partes que superaron o incumplieron las recomendaciones. Existe la necesidad de una búsqueda más exhaustiva para comprender y minimizar los incumplimientos de dichas recomendaciones. الغرض:الوقوف على مدى التزام الدول الأطراف في اتفاقية اللوائح الصحية الدولية الصادرة عن منظمة الصحة العالمية لعام 2005 باتباع توصيات السفر الدولية المنصوص عليها في تلك اللوائح وذلك خلال تفشي فيروس الإيبولا في الفترة من 2013-2016 بغرب أفريقيا. الطريقة:في عام 2015، استخدمنا محرك البحث "جوجل" لتحري الدول الأطراف في اتفاقية اللوائح الصحية الدولية الصادرة عام 2005، والبالغ عددها 196 دولة. وتم في البداية استخلاص المعلومات التي تشرح بالتفصيل لوائح أو قيود السفر المتعلقة بفيروس الإيبولا والمفروضة في كل دولة من الدول الأطراف من المواقع الإلكترونية الحكومية الرسمية ثم المواقع الإلكترونية للسفر والأخبار. وعند العثور على معلومات محدودة أو متضاربة أو أي غير متصلة على الموقع الإلكتروني للحكومة، كان يتم إرسال رسالة استفهامية بالبريد الإلكتروني إلى السفارة المناظرة في إحدى البلاد الناطقة بالإنجليزية. النتائج:لقد جمعنا بيانات ذات صلة لا يشوبها التضارب لكل من 187 دولة من الدول الأطراف. ومن بين تلك الدول كانت 43 (بواقع 23.0‏٪) تحظر دخول الأجانب الذين زاروا مؤخرًا بلدًا يتفشى بها فيروس الإيبولا على نطاق واسع، فيما كانت 15 دولة أخرى (بواقع 8.0‏٪) تفرض قيودًا كبيرة على هؤلاء المسافرين، إذ كانت تشترط تقديم شهادة طبية شهادة طبية تثبت عدم الإصابة بعدوى الإيبولا ( بلغ عددها = 8)، أو الحجر الصحي الإلزامي ( بلغ عددها = 6) أو غيرها من القيود ( بلغ عددها = 1). الاستنتاج:في إطار الاستجابة لتفشي فيروس الإيبولا بين عامي 2013-2016، فقد أظهرت البلدان مستويات مختلفة من اعتماد توصيات السفر الصحية الدولية الصادرة عام 2005. وقد حددنا 58 دولة (بواقع 31.0‏٪) من الدول الأطراف التي تجاوزت التوصيات أو تجاهلتها. وهناك حاجة لإجراء المزيد من الأبحاث لفهم الانحرافات عن تلك التوصيات والحد منها. 目的:旨在确定 2013—2016 年西非埃博拉病毒爆发期间,世界卫生组织 (WHO) 2005 年《国际卫生条例》 (IHR) 缔约国对《IHR 国际旅行指南》的采用情况。. 方法:2015 年,我们使用谷歌 (Google) 搜索引擎调查了 196 个缔约国对 2005 年 IHR 指南的采用情况。 我们首先从各缔约国政府网站上获取了各国与埃博拉病毒相关的旅行规定或限制详情,然后从旅行和新闻网站获取了相关信息。 如有限制,冲突或在政府网站上未找到相关信息,可发电子邮件至讲英语国家的相应大使馆。. 结果:我们收集了 187 个缔约国中各个国家的相关和非冲突数据。 其中,43 (23.0%) 个国家禁止近期去过埃博拉病毒大面积传播国家的外籍人士入境,另有 15 (8.0%) 个国家对此类游客采取了其他实质性限制措施: 需要提供未感染埃博拉病毒的医学证明 (n = 8),必须进行隔离检疫 (n = 6) 或其他限制措施 (n = 1)。. 结论:为应对 2013–2016 年的埃博拉病毒爆发,各国都不同程度地采用了 2005 年《IHR 国际旅行指南》。 我们发现有 58 (31.0%) 个缔约国过度使用或忽视该指南。 我们还需要做更多的研究以理解此类指南,同时在最大程度上减少对指南的理解偏差。. Цель:Определить, как во время вспышки лихорадки Эбола в Западной Африке в 2013–2016 годах страны-участники соблюдали рекомендации по международным поездкам в рамках Международных медико-санитарных правил (ММСП) от 2005 года Всемирной организации здравоохранения (ВОЗ). Методы:В 2015 году с помощью поисковой системы Google было проведено исследование 196 стран-участников соблюдения ММСП 2005 года. Из каждой страны-участника была получена информация о постановлениях или ограничениях поездок в связи с лихорадкой Эбола, в первую очередь с официальных правительственных, а затем с туристических и новостных веб-сайтов. В случае если информация на правительственном сайте была неполной, противоречивой или не освещала исследуемую тему, в соответствующее посольство в англоязычной стране направлялся запрос по электронной почте. Результаты:Релевантные и непротиворечащие данные были получены для каждой из 187 стран-участников соблюдения ММСП. В 43 из них (23,0%) был запрещен въезд иностранных граждан, незадолго до этого посещавших страну, на территории которой были широко распространены случаи заражения вирусом Эбола; в других 15 (8,0%) были введены иные существенные ограничения для совершивших опасную поездку граждан, а именно требование предоставить медицинскую справку об отсутствии заболевания Эбола (n = 8), обязательный карантин (n = 6) или другие ограничения (n = 1). Вывод:В ответ на вспышку эпидемии Эбола в 2013–2016 годах страны в разной степени внедрили рекомендации в отношении международных поездок, предложенные в рамках ММСП 2005 года. Авторы установили, что 58 стран-участников (31,0%) вышли за рамки данных рекомендаций или вовсе проигнорировали их. Требуются дополнительные исследования, чтобы понять и минимизировать данные отклонения. исследования, чтобы понять и минимизировать данные отклонения.

authors

Rhymer W,Speare R

doi

10.2471/BLT.16.171579

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2017-01-01 00:00:00

pages

10-17

issue

1

eissn

0042-9686

issn

1564-0604

pii

BLT.16.171579

journal_volume

95

pub_type

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  • Ivermectin versus benzyl benzoate applied once or twice to treat human scabies in Dakar, Senegal: a randomized controlled trial.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To compare the effectiveness of oral ivermectin (IV) and two different modalities of topical benzyl benzoate (BB) for treating scabies in a community setting. METHODS:The trial included patients aged 5-65 years with scabies who attended the dermatology department at the Institut d'Hygiène Sociale in Dakar, S...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验

    doi:10.2471/blt.08.052308

    authors: Ly F,Caumes E,Ndaw CA,Ndiaye B,Mahé A

    更新日期:2009-06-01 00:00:00

  • Childhood malaria in the Lao People's Democratic Republic.

    abstract::The idea that malaria in South-East Asia is synonymous with adult malaria is questioned in this paper. In the Lao People's Democratic Republic, community-based malariometric data were collected in Savannakhet Province, which shares borders with Viet Nam in the east and Thailand in the west. The data indicate that ende...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究

    doi:

    authors: Anothay O,Pongvongsa T

    更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00

  • Research synthesis and dissemination as a bridge to knowledge management: the Cochrane Collaboration.

    abstract::In the current information age, research synthesis is a particularly useful tool for keeping track of scientific research and making sense of the large volumes of frequently conflicting data derived from primary studies. The Cochrane Collaboration is a global initiative "to help people make well-informed decisions abo...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:

    authors: Volmink J,Siegfried N,Robertson K,Gülmezoglu AM

    更新日期:2004-10-01 00:00:00

  • Hospital-provision of essential primary care in 56 countries: determinants and quality.

    abstract:Objective:To estimate the use of hospitals for four essential primary care services offered in health centres in low- and middle-income countries and to explore differences in quality between hospitals and health centres. Methods:We extracted data from all demographic and health surveys conducted since 2010 on the typ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/BLT.19.245563

    authors: Arsenault C,Kim MK,Aryal A,Faye A,Joseph JP,Kassa M,Degfie TT,Yahya T,Kruk ME

    更新日期:2020-11-01 00:00:00

  • Are skilled birth attendants really skilled? A measurement method, some disturbing results and a potential way forward.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:Delivery by a skilled birth attendant (SBA) serves as an indicator of progress towards reducing maternal mortality worldwide -- the fifth Millennium Development Goal. Though WHO tracks the proportion of women delivered by SBAs, we know little about their competence to manage common life-threatening obstetric ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/blt.06.038455

    authors: Harvey SA,Blandón YC,McCaw-Binns A,Sandino I,Urbina L,Rodríguez C,Gómez I,Ayabaca P,Djibrina S,Nicaraguan Maternal and Neonatal Health Quality Improvement Group.

    更新日期:2007-10-01 00:00:00

  • Lay health worker attrition: important but often ignored.

    abstract::Lay health workers are key to achieving universal health-care coverage, therefore measuring worker attrition and identifying its determinants should be an integral part of any lay health worker programme. Both published and unpublished research on lay health workers has largely focused on the types of interventions th...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/BLT.11.087825

    authors: Nkonki L,Cliff J,Sanders D

    更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00