Identifying high-risk areas for sporadic measles outbreaks: lessons from South Africa.

Abstract:

OBJECTIVE:To develop a model for identifying areas at high risk for sporadic measles outbreaks based on an analysis of factors associated with a national outbreak in South Africa between 2009 and 2011. METHODS:Data on cases occurring before and during the national outbreak were obtained from the South African measles surveillance programme, and data on measles immunization and population size, from the District Health Information System. A Bayesian hierarchical Poisson model was used to investigate the association between the risk of measles in infants in a district and first-dose vaccination coverage, population density, background prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and expected failure of seroconversion. Model projections were used to identify emerging high-risk areas in 2012. FINDINGS:A clear spatial pattern of high-risk areas was noted, with many interconnected (i.e. neighbouring) areas. An increased risk of measles outbreak was significantly associated with both the preceding build-up of a susceptible population and population density. The risk was also elevated when more than 20% of infants in a populous area had missed a first vaccine dose. The model was able to identify areas at high risk of experiencing a measles outbreak in 2012 and where additional preventive measures could be undertaken. CONCLUSION:The South African measles outbreak was associated with the build-up of a susceptible population (owing to poor vaccine coverage), high prevalence of HIV infection and high population density. The predictive model developed could be applied to other settings susceptible to sporadic outbreaks of measles and other vaccine-preventable diseases. OBJECTIF:Mettre au point un modèle permettant d'identifier les zones à haut risque d'épidémies sporadiques de rougeole, sur la base d'une analyse des facteurs associés à une épidémie nationale en Afrique du Sud, entre 2009 et 2011. MÉTHODES:Les données sur les cas survenus avant et pendant l'épidémie nationale ont été obtenues auprès du programme sud-africain de surveillance de la rougeole, et les données sur la vaccination contre la rougeole et la taille de la population auprès du système d'informations sanitaires des districts. Un modèle hiérarchique bayésien de Poisson a été utilisé pour étudier l'association entre le risque de rougeole chez les nourrissons dans un district et la couverture vaccinale pour la première dose, la densité de population, la prévalence sous-jacente de l'infection par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH) et l'échec attendu de la séroconversion. Les projections du modèle ont été utilisées pour identifier les nouvelles zones à haut risque en 2012. RÉSULTAT:Un schéma spatial clair des zones à haut risque a été observé, avec de nombreuses zones interconnectées (c'est-à-dire voisines). Un risque accru d'épidémie de rougeole a été significativement associé à la constitution préalable d'une population vulnérable ainsi qu'à la densité de population. Le risque était aussi élevé lorsque plus de 20% des nourrissons dans une zone fortement peuplée n'avaient pas reçu une première dose du vaccin. Le modèle a été en mesure d'identifier les zones à haut risque d’épidémie de rougeole en 2012, ainsi que là où des mesures préventives supplémentaires pourraient être prises. CONCLUSION:L'épidémie de rougeole en Afrique du Sud a été associée à la constitution d'une population vulnérable (en raison d'une couverture vaccinale médiocre), à la prévalence élevée de l'infection par le VIH et à une forte densité de population. Le modèle prédictif développé pourrait être appliqué à d'autres contextes sensibles aux épidémies sporadiques de rougeole et à d'autres maladies qui peuvent être prévenues par la vaccination. OBJETIVO:Desarrollar un modelo para identificar las áreas con riesgo alto de sufrir brotes esporádicos de sarampión en base a un análisis de los factores asociados a un brote nacional en Sudáfrica entre los años 2009 y 2011. MÉTODOS:Los datos de los casos ocurridos antes y durante el brote nacional se obtuvieron del programa de vigilancia del sarampión de Sudáfrica, y la información acerca de la vacunación contra el sarampión y el tamaño de la población, del sistema de información sanitaria por distritos. Se empleó un modelo de Poisson jerárquico bayesiano para investigar la relación entre el riesgo de sarampión en niños de un distrito con la cobertura de la primera dosis de la vacuna, la densidad de población, el historial de prevalencia de la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) y el fracaso previsto de la seroconversión. Las proyecciones del modelo se utilizaron para identificar áreas de alto riesgo nuevas en 2012. RESULTADOS:Se observó un patrón espacial claro de las áreas de alto riesgo con muchas zonas conectadas (esto es, colindantes). El riesgo superior de sufrir un brote de sarampión se asoció de modo significativo tanto con el crecimiento previo de un grupo de población vulnerable como con la densidad de población, y también fue elevado cuando más del 20% de los niños en un área populosa no había recibido la primera dosis de la vacuna. El modelo fue capaz de identificar las áreas con riesgo alto de sufrir un brote de sarampión en 2012 y donde podrían emprenderse medidas de prevención adicionales. CONCLUSIÓN:El brote de sarampión en Sudáfrica estuvo asociado con el aumento de un grupo de población vulnerable (debido a una cobertura de vacunación insuficiente), una prevalencia elevada de la infección por VIH y una densidad de población alta. El modelo predictivo desarrollado podría aplicarse a otros lugares susceptibles de sufrir brotes esporádicos de sarampión y otras enfermedades inmunoprevenibles. الغرض:وضع نموذج لتحديد المناطق شديدة التعرض لمخاطر فاشيات الحصبة الفرادية بالاستناد إلى تحليل للعوامل المرتبطة بفاشية وطنية في جنوب أفريقيا في الفترة من 2009 إلى 2011. الطريقة:تم الحصول على بيانات حول الحالات الواقعة قبل الفاشية الوطنية وأثناءها من برنامج ترصد الحصبة في جنوب أفريقيا، وبيانات حول التمنيع ضد الحصبة وحجم السكان من نظام المعلومات الصحية للمناطق. وتم استخدام نموذج بواسون الهرمي وفق نظرية بايز لتحري الارتباط بين مخاطر الحصبة لدى الرضع في تغطية التطعيم بالجرعة الأولى من لقاح الحصبة على مستوى المقاطعة والكثافة السكانية ومدى الانتشار الأساسي لعدوى فيروس العوز المناعي البشري والفشل المتوقع في انقلاب تفاعلية المصل. وتم استخدام استقراءات النموذج لتحديد المناطق شديدة التعرض للمخاطر المستجدة في عام 2012. النتائج:لوحظ وجود نمط مكاني واضح للمناطق شديدة التعرض للمخاطر مع وجود العديد من المناطق المتداخلة (أي المتجاورة). وارتبط ازدياد مخاطر فاشية الحصبة إلى حد كبير بكل من التراكم السابق للسكان سريعي التأثر والكثافة السكانية. وازدادت كذلك المخاطر عندما فوت 20 % من الرضع في منطقة مكتظة بالسكان الجرعة الأولى من اللقاح. واستطاع النموذج تحديد المناطق شديدة التعرض لمخاطر الإصابة بفاشية الحصبة في عام 2012 والمناطق التي يمكن اتخاذ تدابير وقائية إضافية فيها. الاستنتاج:ارتبطت فاشية الحصبة في جنوب أفريقيا بتراكم السكان سريعي التأثر (نظراً لضعف التغطية باللقاح) وارتفاع نسبة انتشار عدوى فيروس العوز المناعي البشري وزيادة الكثافة السكانية. ويمكن تطبيق النموذج التنبؤي الموضوع على البيئات الأخرى الحساسة لفاشيات الحصبة الفرادية وغيرها من الأمراض التي يمكن توقيها باللقاح. 目的:基于2009 年和2011 年之间南非全国疫情相关的因素分析,建立一种用以识别麻疹疫情点状爆发高风险地区的模型。 方法:从南非麻疹监测项目获取全国疫情之前和期间的病例数据,从区域卫生信息系统获取有关麻疹免疫和人口规模的数据。使用贝叶斯分层泊松模型研究一个地区婴儿麻疹风险和第一剂疫苗接种覆盖率、人口密度、艾滋病毒(HIV)感染背景患病率和预期血清转化失败之间的关系。使用模型预测识别2012 年新出现的高风险地区。 结果:指出一个明确的高风险地区空间形态,其具有多个相互关联的(即相邻)地区。麻疹爆发的风险增加与先前易感人群累积和人口密度显著相关。如果一个人口稠密的地区有超过20%的婴儿错过第一剂疫苗接种,则风险还会提高。该模型能够识别2012 年爆发麻疹疫情的高风险地区以及可以采取额外预防措施的地区。 结论:南非麻疹爆发与易感人群(由于较差的疫苗覆盖率)累积、HIV感染的高发生率和高人口密度相关。所建立的预测模型可以应用于其他易受麻疹和其他疫苗可预防疾病点状爆发影响的背景。 Цель:Разработать модель определения районов повышенного риска возникновения спорадических вспышек кори на основе анализа факторов, связанных со вспышкой кори национального масштаба в Южной Африке в период с 2009 по 2011 гг. Методы:Были получены данные по случаям заболевания корью Южноафриканской программы эпидемиологического надзора за корью, зафиксированным до и во время национальной вспышки, а также данные по противокоревой иммунизации и численности населения Окружной медицинской информационной системы. Для исследования связи риска возникновения кори у детей в округе с охватом первой дозы вакцины, плотностью населения, сопутствующим преобладанием инфекции вируса иммунодефицита человека (ВИЧ) и ожидаемым отсутствием сероконверсии использовалась байесовская иерархическая модель Пуассона. Проекции модели использовались для определения новых районов повышенного риска в 2012 году. Результаты:Отмечена четкая пространственная картина районов повышенного риска со многими взаимосвязанными (т.е. соседними) районами. Повышенный риск возникновения вспышек кори в значительной степени был связан как с предшествующим ростом уязвимых слоев населения, так и с его плотностью. Риск возникновения вспышки также повышался, когда более 20% детей в густонаселенном районе пропускали первую дозу вакцины. Данная модель позволила определить районы повышенного риска возникновения вспышки кори в 2012 году, и районы, где могли быть предприняты профилактические меры. Вывод:Вспышка кори в Южной Африке была связана с ростом уязвимых слоев населения (по причине недостаточного охвата населения прививкой), высоким уровнем заболеваемости ВИЧ-инфекцией и высокой плотностью населения. Разработанная модель прогнозированиямогла бы применяться в других условиях, подверженных спорадическим вспышкам кори и другим инфекциям, контролируемым методами вакцинопрофилактики.

authors

Sartorius B,Cohen C,Chirwa T,Ntshoe G,Puren A,Hofman K

doi

10.2471/BLT.12.110726

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2013-03-01 00:00:00

pages

174-83

issue

3

eissn

0042-9686

issn

1564-0604

pii

BLT.12.110726

journal_volume

91

pub_type

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    更新日期:1966-01-01 00:00:00

  • Protection of breastfeeding in Papua New Guinea.

    abstract::In Papua New Guinea the bottle-feeding of babies has been increasing, predominantly among unemployed women of low educational status. Many women are unaware of their legal right to have breaks at work for the purpose of breastfeeding, and a high proportion of workplaces have no facilities for mothers who wish to breas...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Friesen H,Vince J,Boas P,Danaya R

    更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00

  • Assessment of nutritional status: effects of different methods to determine age on the classification of undernutrition.

    abstract::The evaluation of nutritional status using anthropometry has been widely employed in field studies and nutritional surveillance programmes. Two of the primary indicators used, weight-for-age and height-for-age, require accurate age information for proper assessments to be made. Three data sets on nutritional status we...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Gorstein J

    更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00

  • Safety of immunization injections in Africa: not simply a problem of logistics.

    abstract::In 1995, the WHO Regional Office for Africa launched a logistics project to address the four main areas of immunization logistics: the cold chain, transport, vaccine supply and quality, and the safety of injections in the countries of the region. The impact of this logistic approach on immunization injection safety wa...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Dicko M,Oni AQ,Ganivet S,Kone S,Pierre L,Jacquet B

    更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00

  • Illness associated with "package tours": a combined Spanish-Scottish study.

    abstract::The occurrence of three deaths and substantial morbidity among members of a "package tour" who stayed at the same hotel in Benidorm, Spain, during the summer of 1973 provided an opportunity to study the experiences of persons undertaking this type of holiday and some of the factors that might affect their health. Of 2...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Reid D,Grist NR,Nájera R

    更新日期:1978-01-01 00:00:00

  • Vaccination with the CHAT strain of type 1 attenuated poliomyelities virus in Leopoldville, Belgian Congo. 1. Description of the city, its history of poliomyelitis, and the plan of the vaccination campaign.

    abstract::A trial of the CHAT, type 1, attenuated poliovirus strain of Koprowski was begun in August 1958 in Léopoldville, a city of 350 000 people, and possessing modern medical facilities, including an institute of public health.Paralytic poliomyelitis is endemic in the city; since 1951 there has been an average annual incide...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: LEBRUN A,CERF J,GELFAND HM,COURTOIS G,PLOTKIN SA,KOPROWSKI H

    更新日期:1960-01-01 00:00:00

  • A cross-sectional community study of post-traumatic stress disorder and social support in Lao People's Democratic Republic.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To estimate post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in those injured and not injured by landmines or unexploded ordnance (UXO) in rural Lao People's Democratic Republic and to determine whether the perception of social support was associated with PTSD symptom severity. METHODS:A community survey was c...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/BLT.12.115311

    authors: Southivong B,Ichikawa M,Nakahara S,Southivong C

    更新日期:2013-10-01 00:00:00

  • Mortality from neonatal tetanus in Indonesia: results of two surveys.

    abstract::Two, 30-cluster, retrospective surveys of deaths from neonatal tetanus in Indonesia were conducted during 1982. The first survey, in the city of Jakarta, identified 16 deaths from neonatal tetanus among 2310 live births, giving a mortality rate of 6.9 per 1000 live births. The second survey covered 19 of Indonesia's 2...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Arnold RB,Soewarso TI,Karyadi A

    更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00

  • OBSERVATIONS ON THE TRANSMISSION OF SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM AND SCHISTOSOMA BOVIS IN THE LAKE REGION OF TANGANYIKA.

    abstract::Previous investigations have shown that in the Lake Region of Sukumaland, Tanganyika, where Schistosoma haematobium is highly endemic, Bulinus (Physopsis) nasutus is responsible for the transmission of that schistosome in small, temporary rain pools. This area is one of low rainfall, and large artificial reservoirs ar...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: KINOTI G

    更新日期:1964-01-01 00:00:00