Integrating antiretroviral therapy into antenatal care and maternal and child health settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Abstract:

OBJECTIVE:To determine whether integrating antiretroviral therapy (ART) into antenatal care (ANC) and maternal and child health (MCH) clinics could improve programmatic and patient outcomes. METHODS:The authors systematically searched PubMed, Embase, African Index Medicus and LiLACS for randomized controlled trials, prospective cohort studies, or retrospective cohort studies comparing outcomes in ANC or MCH clinics that had and had not integrated ART. The outcomes of interest were ART coverage, ART enrolment, ART retention, mortality and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). FINDINGS:Four studies met the inclusion criteria. All were conducted in ANC clinics. Increased enrolment of pregnant women in ART was observed in ANC clinics that had integrated ART (relative risk, RR: 2.09; 95% confidence interval, CI; 1.78-2.46; I(2): 15%). Increased ART coverage was also noted in such clinics (RR: 1.37; 95% CI: 1.05-1.79; I(2): 83%). Sensitivity analyses revealed a trend for the national prevalence of HIV infection to explain the heterogeneity in the size of the effect of ART integration on ART coverage (P = 0.13). Retention in ART was similar in ANC clinics with and without ART integration. CONCLUSION:Although few data were available, ART integration in ANC clinics appears to lead to higher rates of ART enrolment and ART coverage. Rates of retention in ART remain similar to those observed in referral-based models. :Résumé OBJECTIF: Déterminer si l'intégration de la thérapie antirétrovirale (TAR) dans les établissements de soins prénataux (ESP) et de santé maternelle et infantile (SMI) pourrait améliorer les résultats du programme et la santé du patient. MÉTHODES: Les auteurs ont systématiquement recherché via PubMed, Embase, African Index Medicus et LILACS des essais contrôlés randomisés, des études de cohorte prospectives et des études de cohorte rétrospectives comparant les résultats des cliniques ESP ou SMI ayant ou n'ayant pas intégré la TAR. Les résultats pris en compte comprenaient la couverture, la participation et la rétention de la TAR, ainsi que la mortalité et la transmission du virus d'immunodéficience humaine (VIH). RÉSULTATS: Quatre études répondaient aux critères d'inclusion. Toutes ont été menées dans des cliniques ESP. Une participation accrue des femmes enceintes à la TAR a été observée dans les cliniques ESP qui l’avaient intégrée (risque relatif, RR: 2,09; intervalle de confiance IC à 95%: 1,78 à 2,46; I: 15%). Une couverture plus importante de la TAR a également été notée dans ces cliniques (RR: 1,37; IC à 95%: 1,05 à 1,79; I: 83%). Les analyses de sensibilité ont révélé une tendance à la prévalence nationale de l'infection par le VIH pour expliquer l'hétérogénéité de la taille de l'effet de l'intégration de la TAR sur sa couverture (P = 0,13). La rétention de la TAR était similaire dans les cliniques ESP avec ou sans intégration de la TAR. CONCLUSION: Bien que peu de données aient été disponibles, l'intégration de la TAR dans les cliniques ESP semblait entraîner une augmentation des taux de participation et de couverture de la TAR. Les taux de rétention de la TAR restent semblables à ceux qui sont observés dans les modèles de référence. :Resumen OBJETIVO: Determinar si la integración del tratamiento antirretroviral (TAR) en la atención prenatal (APN) y la salud materno-infantil (SMI) podría mejorar los resultados programáticos y del paciente. MÉTODOS: Partiendo de las bases de datos PubMed, Embase, Index Medicus de la Región de África y LiLACS, los autores realizaron búsquedas sistemáticas de ensayos controlados aleatorizados, estudios de cohortes prospectivos o estudios de cohortes retrospectivos en los que se compararon los resultados en clínicas de APN o SMI que habían y que no habían integrado el TAR. Los resultados de interés fueron la cobertura del TAR, la inclusión en el TAR, la retención en el TAR, la mortalidad y la transmisión del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). RESULTADOS: Cuatro estudios cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Todos ellos se realizaron en clínicas de APN. Se observó un aumento de la inclusión de mujeres embarazadas en el TAR en aquellas clínicas de APN que se habían integrado el TAR (riesgo relativo, RR: 2,09, intervalo de confianza del 95%, IC; 1,78-2,46; I: 15%). En estas clínicas también se observó un aumento de la cobertura del TAR (RR: 1,37; IC del 95%: 1,05–1,79; I: 83%). Los análisis de sensibilidad revelaron una tendencia en la prevalencia nacional de la infección por el VIH para explicar la heterogeneidad en la magnitud del efecto de la integración del TAR sobre la cobertura del TAR (P=0,13). La retención en el TAR fue similar en las clínicas de APN con y sin integración del TAR. CONCLUSIÓN: A pesar de la escasez de los datos disponibles, la integración del TAR en las clínicas de APN parece traducirse en mayores tasas de inclusión en el TAR y de cobertura del TAR. Las tasas de retención en el TAR siguen siendo similares a las observadas en los modelos basados en derivaciones médicas. :ملخص الغرض : تحديد ما إذا كان دمج العلاج بمضادات الفيروسات القهقرية في عيادات الرعاية السابقة للولادة وصحة الأم والطفل سيؤدي إلى تحسين الحصائل البرمجية وحصائل المرضى. الطريقة : قام المؤلفون بإجراء بحث منهجي في قواعد بيانات PubMed وEmbase وAfrican Index Medicus وLiLACS بخصوص التجارب العشوائية التي أُجريت في بيئة مراقبة أو الدراسات الأترابية الاستطلاعية أو الدراسات الأترابية الاستعادية لمقارنة الحصائل في عيادات الرعاية السابقة للولادة أو صحة الأم والطفل التي دمجت ولم تدمج العلاج بمضادات الفيروسات القهقرية. وكانت الحصائل المهمة هي تغطية العلاج بمضادات الفيروسات القهقرية والتسجيل في العلاج بمضادات الفيروسات القهقرية وإبقاء العلاج بمضادات الفيروسات القهقرية ومعدل الوفيات وانتقال فيروس العوز المناعي البشري (HIV). النتائج حققت أربع دراسات معايير الإدراج. وقد أجريت جميعها في عيادات الرعاية السابقة للولادة. ولوحظت زيادة في تسجيل السيدات الحوامل في العلاج بمضادات الفيروسات القهقرية في عيادات الرعاية السابقة للولادة التي دمجت العلاج بمضادات الفيروسات القهقرية (الاختطار النسبي: 2.09؛ فاصل الثقة 95 %: من 1.78 إلى 2.46؛ إحصاء I : 15 %). ولوحظت أيضاً زيادة في تغطية العلاج بمضادات الفيروسات القهقرية في هذه العيادات (الاختطار النسبي: 1.37؛ فاصل الثقة 95 %: من 1.05 إلى 1.79؛ إحصاء I : 83 %). وأظهرت تحليلات الحساسية اتجاهاً لانتشار عدوى فيروس العوز المناعي البشري على الصعيد الوطني بُغية توضيح التغايرية في حجم تأثير دمج العلاج بمضادات الفيروسات القهقرية على تغطية العلاج بمضادات الفيروسات القهقرية ( الاحتمال =0.13). وتشابه الإبقاء في العلاج بمضادات الفيروسات القهقرية في عيادات الرعاية السابقة للولادة التي دمجت أو لم تدمج العلاج بمضادات الفيروسات القهقرية. الاستنتاج : على الرغم من قلة البيانات المتاحة، يبدو أن دمج العلاج بمضادات الفيروسات القهقرية في عيادات الرعاية السابقة للولادة سيؤدي إلى ارتفاع معدلات التسجيل في العلاج بمضادات الفيروسات القهقرية وتغطيته. وتظل معدلات الإبقاء في العلاج بمضادات الفيروسات القهقرية مشابهة لتلك التي لوحظت في النماذج المستندة على الإحالة. :摘要 目的: 确定将抗逆转录病毒疗法(ART)纳入产前护理(ANC)和母婴保健(MCH)诊所是否可以改善规范化患者治疗效果。 方法: 作者系统检索PubMed、Embase、非洲医学引文索引和LiLACS进行随机对照试验、前瞻性队列研究或者回顾性队列研究,比较纳入ART和没有纳入ART的ANC或MCH诊所的效果。关注的效果是ART覆盖范围、ART招募、ART保持、艾滋病毒(HIV)的死亡率和传播。 结果: 有四项研究符合纳入标准。所有研究都在ANC诊所执行。在纳入ART的ANC诊所内观察到孕妇ART入组增加(相对风险,RR:2.09;95% 置信区间,CI;1.78-2.46;I:15%)。这些诊所中还注意到ART覆盖范围的增加(RR:1.37;95% CI:1.05-1.79;I:83%)。敏感性分析显示出艾滋病毒感染患病率的全国趋势,解释了在ART覆盖范围方面ART整合效果的大小的异质性(P = 0.13)。纳入和不纳入ART的ANC诊所在ART保持方面相似。 结论: 虽然可用的数据很少,在ANC诊所中纳入ART仍显示出会产生更高的ART入组和ART覆盖率。在基于转介的模型中观察到的ART保持相似。 :Резюме Цель: Определить, может ли интеграция антиретровирусной терапии (АРТ) в клиниках дородовой помощи (ДРП) и клиниках охраны здоровья матери и ребенка (ОЗМиР) содействовать достижению программных целей и улучшить результаты лечения пациентов. Методы: Авторы выполняли систематический поиск в базах данных PubMed, Embase, African Index Medicus и LiLACS результатов рандомизированных контролируемых испытаний, проспективных и ретроспективных когортных исследований, сравнивая результаты в клиниках ДРП или ОЗМиР, в которых проводилась и не проводилась интеграция АРТ. К числу результатов, представляющих интерес, относился охват АРТ, прием на АРТ, ретенция АРТ, смертность и передача вируса иммунодефицита человека (ВИЧ). Результаты: Четыре исследования соответствовали критериям включения. Все они были проведены в клиниках ДРП. Увеличение числа беременных женщин, вовлеченных в АРТ, наблюдается в клиниках ДРП, которые осуществили интеграцию АРТ (относительный риск, ОР: 2,09; 95% доверительный интервал (ДИ) – 1,78-2,46; I: 15%). Увеличение охвата АРТ было также отмечено в данных клиниках (ОР: 1,37; 95% ДИ: 1,05–1,79; I: 83%). Анализы чувствительности показали, что тенденцию к распространению на национальном уровне ВИЧ-инфекции объясняет неоднородность влияния эффекта интеграции АРТ на охват АРТ (P = 0,13). Ретенция АРТ была одинаковой в клиниках ДРП как с интегрированной АРТ, так и без нее. Вывод: Хотя количество имеющихся данных было невелико, интеграция АРТ в клиниках ДРП, похоже, ведет к росту числа приемов на АРТ и охвата АРТ. Темпы ретенции АРТ остаются аналогичными тем, которые наблюдаются в моделях, в которых используется направление к врачу-специалисту.

authors

Suthar AB,Hoos D,Beqiri A,Lorenz-Dehne K,McClure C,Duncombe C

doi

10.2471/BLT.12.107003

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2013-01-01 00:00:00

pages

46-56

issue

1

eissn

0042-9686

issn

1564-0604

pii

BLT.12.107003

journal_volume

91

pub_type

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    更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00

  • Impacts of e-health on the outcomes of care in low- and middle-income countries: where do we go from here?

    abstract::E-health encompasses a diverse set of informatics tools that have been designed to improve public health and health care. Little information is available on the impacts of e-health programmes, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. We therefore conducted a scoping review of the published and non-published l...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2471/BLT.11.099069

    authors: Piette JD,Lun KC,Moura LA Jr,Fraser HS,Mechael PN,Powell J,Khoja SR

    更新日期:2012-05-01 00:00:00

  • Prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes and their risk factors among Bangladeshi adults: a nationwide survey.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To estimate the prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes in Bangladesh using national survey data and to identify risk factors. METHODS:Sociodemographic and anthropometric data and data on blood pressure and blood glucose levels were obtained for 7541 adults aged 35 years or more from the biomarker sample of t...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/BLT.13.128371

    authors: Akter S,Rahman MM,Abe SK,Sultana P

    更新日期:2014-03-01 00:00:00

  • Concentrations of propoxur in air following repeated indoor applications.

    abstract::The insecticide propoxur was applied as 2 non-overlapping bands approximately 1 m wide to the interior of houses in El Salvador once every 35 days for a period of 9 months. Air samples were collected from the interior of the houses once every seventh day during the entire period. In the study area, air temperatures re...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Miller CW,Shafik TM

    更新日期:1974-01-01 00:00:00

  • Scientists embrace the "One World" approach.

    abstract::Public and political awareness of emerging infectious diseases is growing, as animal and human health specialists work closer together to avert potential outbreaks. ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 新闻

    doi:10.2471/BLT.11.031211

    authors: Fleck F,Braine T

    更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00

  • Three basic convictions: a recipe for preventing child injuries.

    abstract::This paper represents a personal reflection on what is needed worldwide to prevent child injuries. It repeats messages that have been frequently delivered in the past. The main points are: first, the need for everyone to accept the view that, ultimately, injuries are a health problem and health departments must view t...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/blt.08.058024

    authors: Pless IB

    更新日期:2009-05-01 00:00:00

  • Attempts to increase the yield of influenza virus from stored infected allantoic fluids.

    abstract::The deposit or precipitate formed after storage at -20 degrees C of allantoic fluids infected with influenza virus contains a considerable amount of the virus. It has been found that by treatment of this material, after thawing, with sodium chloride and subsequent purification of the treated fluid, all the virus origi...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: VEERARAGHAVAN N,SREEVALSAN T

    更新日期:1961-01-01 00:00:00

  • Allergen nomenclature.

    abstract::This article presents a nomenclature system for allergens which has been officially recommended by the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS). The nomenclature is based on proposals of the IUIS Sub-Committee for Allergen Nomenclature and is applicable to highly purified, well-characterized allergens and...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Marsh DG,Goodfriend L,King TP,Lowenstein H,Platts-Mills TA

    更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00