Primary health care contributions to universal health coverage, Ethiopia.

Abstract:

:Many global health institutions, including the World Health Organization, consider primary health care as the path towards achieving universal health coverage (UHC). However, there remain concerns about the feasibility and effectiveness of this approach in low-resource countries. Ethiopia has been implementing the primary health-care approach since the mid-1970s, with primary health care at the core of the health system since 1993. Nevertheless, comprehensive and systemic evidence on the practice and role of primary health care towards UHC is lacking in Ethiopia. We made a document review of publicly available qualitative and quantitative data. Using the framework of the Primary Health Care Performance Initiative we describe and analyse the practice of primary health care and identify successes and challenges. Implementation of the primary health-care approach in Ethiopia has been possible through policies, strategies and programmes that are aligned with country priorities. There has been a diagonal approach to disease control programmes along with health-systems strengthening, community empowerment and multisectoral action. These strategies have enabled the country to increase health services coverage and improve the population's health status. However, key challenges remain to be addressed, including inadequate coverage of services, inequity of access, slow health-systems transition to provide services for noncommunicable diseases, inadequate quality of care, and high out-of-pocket expenditure. To resolve gaps in the health system and beyond, the country needs to improve its domestic financing for health and target disadvantaged locations and populations through a precision public health approach. These challenges need to be addressed through the whole sustainable development agenda. :De nombreux organismes sanitaires internationaux, dont l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé, considèrent que les soins de santé primaires représentent un jalon essentiel du cheminement vers une couverture maladie universelle (CMU). Néanmoins, des inquiétudes subsistent quant à la faisabilité et à l'efficacité de cette approche dans les pays à faible revenu. L'Éthiopie a adopté cette approche depuis le milieu des années 1970, et les soins de santé primaires figurent au cœur du système sanitaire depuis 1993. Pourtant, rares sont les preuves exhaustives et généralisées concernant la pratique et le rôle des soins de santé primaires dans l'évolution vers une CMU en Éthiopie. Nous avons donc procédé à un examen des documents contenant des données qualitatives et quantitatives accessibles au public. À l'aide du cadre instauré par l'initiative PHCPI (Primary Health Care Performance Initiative), nous avons décrit et analysé la pratique des soins de santé primaires; nous avons également identifié les réussites et les défis. C'est grâce à des politiques, stratégies et programmes en adéquation avec les priorités nationales que cette méthode axée sur les soins de santé primaires a pu être mise en œuvre en Éthiopie. Le pays a emprunté une approche diagonale vis-à-vis des programmes de contrôle des maladies, tout en renforçant les systèmes de santé, l'autonomie des communautés et l'action multisectorielle. Ces stratégies lui ont permis d'augmenter la prise en charge des services de santé et d'améliorer l'état de santé de la population. Il reste cependant d'importants défis à relever: couverture insuffisante des services, inégalités d'accès, lenteur de transition entre systèmes sanitaires pour la fourniture de prestations liées aux maladies non transmissibles, qualité médiocre des soins et frais non remboursables élevés. Afin de combler les lacunes au sein et en dehors du système de santé, le pays doit revoir le montant du financement octroyé aux soins de santé à la hausse, mais aussi cibler les régions et populations défavorisées par le biais d'une approche de précision en matière de santé publique. Ces défis doivent être abordés tout au long du programme de développement durable. :Varias instituciones sanitarias mundiales, incluida la Organización Mundial de la Salud, opinan que la atención primaria de salud es la vía hacia el logro de la cobertura sanitaria universal (CSU). Sin embargo, persisten las preocupaciones acerca de la viabilidad y la eficacia de este enfoque en los países de bajos recursos. Etiopía aplica el enfoque de la atención primaria de salud desde mediados del decenio de 1970, por lo que la atención primaria de salud es el núcleo del sistema de salud desde 1993. No obstante, Etiopía carece de pruebas integrales y generales sobre la práctica y la función de la atención primaria de salud orientada a la CSU. Se realizó un análisis documental de los datos cualitativos y cuantitativos a disposición del público. Se describe y analiza la práctica de la atención primaria de salud y se determinan los éxitos y los desafíos por medio del marco de la Iniciativa sobre el desempeño de la atención primaria de salud. La aplicación del enfoque de la atención primaria de salud en Etiopía fue posible gracias a las políticas, las estrategias y los programas que se adaptaron a las prioridades del país. Existe un enfoque diagonal de los programas de control de enfermedades sumado al fortalecimiento de los sistemas sanitarios, a la participación de la comunidad y a las medidas multisectoriales. Gracias a estas estrategias, el país ha logrado aumentar la cobertura de los servicios sanitarios y mejorar el estado de salud de la población. Sin embargo, aún quedan por resolver algunos desafíos fundamentales, como la cobertura insuficiente de los servicios, la falta de equidad en el acceso, la lentitud de la transición de los sistemas sanitarios para prestar los servicios correspondientes a las enfermedades no transmisibles, la calidad deficiente de la atención y los elevados gastos de bolsillo. Para resolver las deficiencias del sistema sanitario y otros aspectos, el país debe mejorar su financiamiento nacional para la salud y centrarse en los lugares y las poblaciones desfavorecidos a través de un enfoque preciso de la salud pública. Se debe abordar estos desafíos en todo el programa de desarrollo sostenible. :إن العديد من المؤسسات الصحية العالمية، بما في ذلك منظمة الصحة العالمية، تعتبر الرعاية الصحية الأولية بمثابة الطريق نحو تحقيق التغطية الصحية الشاملة (UHC). وعلى الرغم مع ذلك، لا تزال هناك مخاوف بشأن جدوى وفعالية هذا الأسلوب في البلدان منخفضة الموارد. استمرت إثيوبيا في تنفيذ أسلوب الرعاية الصحية الأولية منذ منتصف السبعينيات، مع وضع الرعاية الصحية الأولية في صميم النظام الصحي منذ عام 1993. وعلى الرغم من ذلك، يفتقر الأمر لوجود أدلة شاملة ومنهجية على ممارسة الرعاية الصحية الأولية ودورها تجاه التغطية الصحية الشاملة (UHC). لقد قمنا بإجراء مراجعة لوثائق البيانات النوعية والكمية المتاحة للجمهور. باستخدام إطار عمل مبادرة أداء الرعاية الصحية الأولية، نقوم بوصف ممارسة الرعاية الصحية الأولية وتحليلها، مع تحديد النجاحات والتحديات. أصبح تنفيذ أسلوب الرعاية الصحية الأولية في إثيوبيا ممكناً من خلال السياسات والاستراتيجيات والبرامج التي تتماشى مع أولويات الدولة. كان هناك أسلوب قُطري لبرامج مكافحة الأمراض، إلى جانب تعزيز النظم الصحية، وتمكين المجتمع والعمل متعدد القطاعات. أدت هذه الاستراتيجيات إلى تمكين الدولة من زيادة تغطية الخدمات الصحية، وتحسين الوضع الصحي للسكان. ومع ذلك، فلا تزال هناك تحديات رئيسية يجب التعامل معها، بما في ذلك التغطية غير الكافية للخدمات، وعدم المساواة في الحصول على هذه الخدمات، والتحول البطيء للنظم الصحية لتقدم خدمات للأمراض غير المعدية، وسوء جودة الرعاية، وارتفاع الإنفاق الشخصي. ولسد الثغرات في النظام الصحي وما عداه، تحتاج الدولة إلى تحسين تمويلها المحلي للصحة، واستهداف المواقع المضارة والسكان المحرومين من خلال أسلوب دقيق للصحة العامة. تحتاج هذه التحديات للمواجهة من خلال جدول أعمال كامل للتنمية المستدامة. :包括世界卫生组织在内的众多全球卫生机构都认为,初级卫生保健是实现全民健康覆盖 (UHC) 的途径。然而,在资源匮乏国家这种方式的可行性和有效性仍备受关注。埃塞俄比亚自上世纪 70 年代中期以来一直推行初级卫生保健,且从 1993 年开始,初级卫生保健就成为其卫生系统的核心。但埃塞俄比亚缺乏其推行初级卫生保健及初级卫生保健对实现 UHC 作用的全面和系统依据。我们对公开发布的定性和定量数据进行了文件审查。使用初级卫生保健实施方案的框架,我们描述并分析初级卫生保健的推行方法,从而确定其成功经验及面临的挑战。通过与国家优先事项一致的政策、战略和计划,埃塞尔比亚实施推行初级卫生保健。在强化卫生系统、社区授权和跨部门合作的同时,还可以对疾病防控计划采取对角线方法。国家可通过这些战略增加卫生服务覆盖面并改善国民健康状况。但仍面临着一些关键挑战,如服务覆盖面不足、获取服务机会不平等、卫生系统转型速度慢不足以提供非传染性疾病医疗服务、医疗质量不到位以及自费部分费用高昂。为解决卫生系统及其他方面的不足之处,国家需要改善国内卫生融资,并通过精确的公共卫生方式精准定位弱势地区和群体。这些挑战需凭借可持续发展整体议程逐一击破。. :Множество глобальных учреждений здравоохранения, включая Всемирную организацию здравоохранения, рассматривают первичную медико-санитарную помощь как основную составляющую обеспечения всеобщего охвата услугами здравоохранения (ВОУЗ). Однако сохраняются опасения относительно осуществимости и эффективности такого подхода в странах с низким уровнем ресурсов. Эфиопия применяет подход внедрения первичной медико-санитарной помощи с середины 1970-х годов, при этом первичная медико-санитарная помощь занимает центральное место в системе здравоохранения с 1993 года. Тем не менее в Эфиопии отсутствуют исчерпывающие и системные данные о практике и роли первичной медико-санитарной помощи в обеспечении всеобщего охвата услугами здравоохранения. Авторы подготовили документальный обзор общедоступных качественных и количественных данных. Используя структуру Инициативы по эффективной первичной медико-санитарной помощи, авторы описывают и анализируют практику первичной медико-санитарной помощи, а также определяют успехи и проблемы этого процесса. Внедрение подхода первичной медико-санитарной помощи в Эфиопии стало возможным благодаря политике, стратегиям и программам, согласующимся с приоритетами страны. К программам борьбы с болезнями применялся диагональный подход наряду с укреплением систем здравоохранения, расширением прав и возможностей сообществ и многосекторальными действиями. Эти стратегии позволили стране расширить охват услугами здравоохранения и улучшить состояние здоровья населения. Тем не менее ключевые проблемы еще предстоит решить, включая недостаточный охват услугами, неравенство в доступе к медицинской помощи, медленный переход систем здравоохранения к оказанию услуг по лечению неинфекционных заболеваний, ненадлежащее качество медицинской помощи и высокий уровень расходов из собственных средств населения. Для устранения пробелов в системе здравоохранения и за ее пределами стране необходимо улучшить внутреннее финансирование здравоохранения и сосредоточить внимание на неблагополучных районах и группах населения посредством прицельного подхода к общественному здравоохранению. Эти проблемы необходимо решать в рамках повестки дня в области обеспечения устойчивого развития в целом.

authors

Assefa Y,Hill PS,Gilks CF,Admassu M,Tesfaye D,Van Damme W

doi

10.2471/BLT.19.248328

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2020-12-01 00:00:00

pages

894-905A

issue

12

eissn

0042-9686

issn

1564-0604

pii

BLT.19.248328

journal_volume

98

pub_type

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    更新日期:1985-01-01 00:00:00

  • Reaching the global tuberculosis control targets in the Western Pacific Region.

    abstract:PROBLEM:In 1999, a tuberculosis (TB) crisis was declared in the Western Pacific Region. APPROACH:In response, WHO established the Stop TB Special Project, which sought to halve 2000 levels of TB prevalence and mortality by 2010 through first reaching the global 2005 TB targets. LOCAL SETTING:Particular issues in the ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/blt.06.038521

    authors: van Maaren P,Tomas B,Glaziou P,Kasai T,Ahn D

    更新日期:2007-05-01 00:00:00

  • Laboratory confirmation of measles in elimination settings: experience from the Republic of the Marshall Islands, 2003.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To highlight the complications involved in interpreting laboratory tests of measles immunoglobulin M (IgM) for confirmation of infection during a measles outbreak in a highly vaccinated population after conducting a mass immunization campaign as a control measure. METHODS:This case study was undertaken in th...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/blt.07.045484

    authors: Hyde TB,Nandy R,Hickman CJ,Langidrik JR,Strebel PM,Papania MJ,Seward JF,Bellini WJ

    更新日期:2009-02-01 00:00:00

  • Immunogenicity of oral poliovirus vaccine administered in mass campaigns versus routine immunization programmes.

    abstract::Reported are the results of a study to investigate the immunogenicity of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) when administered in mass campaigns compared with that following routine immunization programmes. For this purpose, paired sera were collected from a cohort of children before and after a mass vaccination with OPV in...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Richardson G,Linkins RW,Eames MA,Wood DJ,Campbell PJ,Ankers E,Deniel M,Kabbaj A,Magrath DI,Minor PD

    更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00

  • High total serum cholesterol, medication coverage and therapeutic control: an analysis of national health examination survey data from eight countries.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine the fraction of individuals with high total serum cholesterol who get diagnosed and effectively treated in eight high- and middle-income countries. METHODS:Using data from nationally representative health examination surveys conducted in 1998-2007, we studied a probability sample of 79 039 adult...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/BLT.10.079947

    authors: Roth GA,Fihn SD,Mokdad AH,Aekplakorn W,Hasegawa T,Lim SS

    更新日期:2011-02-01 00:00:00

  • Trends in caesarean delivery by country and wealth quintile: cross-sectional surveys in southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To examine temporal trends in caesarean delivery rates in southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, by country and wealth quintile. METHODS:Cross-sectional data were extracted from the results of 80 Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 26 countries in southern Asia or sub-Saharan Africa. Caesarean deliver...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/BLT.13.117598

    authors: Cavallaro FL,Cresswell JA,França GV,Victora CG,Barros AJ,Ronsmans C

    更新日期:2013-12-01 00:00:00

  • Ten-year health service use outcomes in a population-based cohort of 21,000 injured adults: the Manitoba injury outcome study.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To quantify long-term health service use (HSU) following non-fatal injury in adults. METHODS:A retrospective, population-based, matched cohort study identified an inception cohort (1988-91) of injured people who had been hospitalized (ICD-9-CM 800-995) aged 18-64 years (n = 21 032) and a matched non-injured ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/blt.06.030833

    authors: Cameron CM,Purdie DM,Kliewer EV,McClure RJ

    更新日期:2006-10-01 00:00:00

  • Maternal near-miss surveillance, Namibia.

    abstract:Objective:To analyse and improve the Namibian maternity care system by implementing maternal near-miss surveillance during 1 October 2018 and 31 March 2019, and identifying the challenges and benefits of such data collection. Methods:From the results of an initial feasibility study, we adapted the World Health Organiz...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/BLT.20.251371

    authors: Heemelaar S,Josef M,Diener Z,Chipeio M,Stekelenburg J,van den Akker T,Mackenzie S

    更新日期:2020-08-01 00:00:00

  • Ineffectiveness of an oral killed typhoid vaccine in a field trial.

    abstract::A field trial was carried out with a vaccine containing 300x10(9) killed S. typhi (strain Ty58) per tablet. A total of 12 564 children aged 1-15 years were given 3 tablets of the vaccine or a placebo at the rate of one tablet on each of 3 consecutive days. The results indicated that the vaccine, in its present form an...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Chuttani CS,Prakash K,Vergese A,Gupta P,Chawla RK,Grover V,Agarwal DS

    更新日期:1973-06-01 00:00:00

  • Can pharmacogenomics improve malaria drug policy?

    abstract::Coordinated global efforts to prevent and control malaria have been a tour-de-force for public health, but success appears to have reached a plateau in many parts of the world. While this is a multifaceted problem, policy strategies have largely ignored genetic variations in humans as a factor that influences both sel...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2471/BLT.11.087320

    authors: Roederer MW,McLeod H,Juliano JJ

    更新日期:2011-11-01 00:00:00