Betel quid use and mortality in Bangladesh: a cohort study.

Abstract:

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the potential effects of betel quid chewing on mortality. (A quid consists of betel nut, wrapped in betel leaves; tobacco is added to the quid by some users). METHODS:Prospective data were available on 20 033 individuals aged 18-75 years, living in Araihazar, Bangladesh. Demographic and exposure data were collected at baseline using a standardized questionnaire. Cause of death was defined by verbal autopsy questionnaires administered to next of kin. We estimated hazard ratios (HR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations between betel use and mortality from all causes and from specific causes, using Cox proportional hazards models. We adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, educational attainment and tobacco smoking history. FINDINGS:There were 1072 deaths during an average of 10 years of follow-up. Participants who had ever used betel were significantly more likely to die from all causes (HR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.09-1.44) and cancer (HR: 1.55; 95% CI: 1.09-2.22); but not cardiovascular disease (HR: 1.16; 95% CI: 0.93-1.43). These findings were robust to adjustment for potential confounders. There was a dose-response relationship between mortality from all causes and both the duration and the intensity of betel use. The population attributable fraction for betel use was 14.1% for deaths from all causes and 24.2% for cancer. CONCLUSION:Betel quid use was associated with mortality from all causes and from cancer in this cohort. OBJECTIF:Évaluer les effets potentiels de la consommation de chiques de bétel sur la mortalité. (Une chique se compose d'une noix de bétel enveloppée dans des feuilles de bétel; certains consommateurs lui ajoutent du tabac.). MÉTHODES:Des données prospectives étaient disponibles au sujet de 20 033 personnes âgées de 18 à 75 ans et vivant à Araihazar, au Bangladesh. Des données démographiques ainsi que des données sur l'exposition ont été recueillies au début de l'étude au moyen d'un questionnaire standardisé. Les causes de décès ont été définies à l'aide de questionnaires d'autopsie verbale auxquels ont répondu les proches. Nous avons estimé les ratios de risque (RR) et leur intervalle de confiance (IC) de 95% pour les associations entre la consommation de bétel et la mortalité, toutes causes confondues et due à des causes spécifiques, au moyen de modèles à risques proportionnels de Cox. Nous les avons ajustés en fonction de l'âge, du sexe, de l'indice de masse corporelle, du niveau d'instruction et des antécédents de tabagisme. RÉSULTATS:On a enregistré 1072 décès pendant une moyenne de 10 années de suivi. Les participants qui avaient consommé du bétel étaient sensiblement plus nombreux à mourir, de toutes causes (RR: 1,26; IC 95%: 1,09–1,44) et des suites d'un cancer (RR: 1,55; IC 95%: 1,09–2,22), mais pas de maladies cardiovasculaires (RR: 1,16; IC 95%: 0,93-1,43). Ces résultats sont restés identiques après ajustement en fonction d'éventuels facteurs de confusion. Une relation dose-effet a été observée entre la mortalité, toutes causes confondues, et la durée de la consommation de bétel ainsi que son intensité. La fraction attribuable dans la population concernant la consommation de bétel était de 14,1% pour les décès toutes causes confondues et de 24,2% pour les cancers. CONCLUSION:Dans cette cohorte, la consommation de chiques de bétel a été associée à la mortalité, toutes causes confondues et due au cancer. OBJETIVO:Evaluar los posibles efectos de mascar mascada de betel en la mortalidad. (Una mascada consiste de una nuez de betel envuelta en hojas de betel; algunos usuarios le añaden tabaco). MÉTODOS:Se disponía de datos prospectivos de 20.033 individuos de entre 18 y 75 años que habitaban en Araihazar, Bangladesh. Se recogieron datos demográficos y de exposiciones al inicio del estudio mediante un cuestionaros normalizado. Se definió la causa de mortalidad a través de cuestionarios de autopsia verbales administrados a los familiares. Se estimó el cociente de riesgos y su intervalo de confianza (IC) del 95% para asociaciones entre el uso de betel y la mortalidad por todas las causas, y las causas específicas mediante el uso de modelos de Cox de riesgos proporcionales. Se ajustó en cuanto a edad, sexo, peso medio, nivel educativo e historial de consumo de tabaco. RESULTADOS:Hubo 1.072 muertes en un periodo medio de seguimiento de 10 años. Los participantes que nunca habían utilizado betel tenían más posibilidades de morir por todas las causas (cociente de riesgos: 1,26; IC del 95%: 1,09–1,44) y cáncer (cociente de riesgos: 1,55; IC del 95%: 1,09–2,22); pero no enfermedades cardiovasculares (cociente de riesgos: 1,16; IC del 95%: 0,93–1,43). Estos resultados fueron sólidos para un ajuste de los factores potenciales de confusión. Hubo una relación de respuesta a la dosis entre la mortalidad de todas las causas y la duración e intensidad del uso de betel. La fracción atribuible de la población por el uso de betel fue del 14,1% de las muertes por todas las causas y del 24,2% por cáncer. CONCLUSIÓN:El uso de mascada de betel estaba asociado a la mortalidad por todas las causas y por cáncer en este cohorte. الغرض:تقييم التأثيرات المحتملة لمضغ نبات التنبول على نسبة الوفيات. (تحتوي المُضغة على بذرة التنبول، الملفوفة في أوراق التنبول؛ وتتم إضافة مادة التبغ إلى المُضغة من جانب بعض المتعاطين). الطريقة:توفرت المعطيات الاستباقية عن 20033 شخصًا تتراوح أعمارهم ما بين 18 إلى 75 سنة ويعيشون في مدينة أرايهازار في بنغلاديش. ولقد تم جمع معطيات ديموغرافية ومعطيات التعرض عند خط الأساس باستخدام استبيان معياري. تم تحديد سبب الوفاة عن طريق استبيانات تشريح الجثة السردي التي تم تقديمها إلى الأقارب. وقد قمنا بتقدير نسب الخطورة (HR) ونسب أرجحيتها (CI) بمقدار 95% لعلاقات الاقتران بين تعاطي التنبول ونسب الوفيات الناتجة عن جميع الأسباب، أو الناتجة عن أسباب معينة، وذلك باستخدام نماذج المخاطر التناسبية لكوكس (Cox proportional hazards models). ولقد قمنا بالتعديل بحسب العمر، والجنس، ومؤشر كتلة الجسم، والتحصيل التعليمي، والتاريخ السابق لتدخين التبغ. النتائج:وقعت 1072 حالة وفاة خلال فترة متابعة تبلغ في المتوسط 10 سنوات. وكان المشاركون الذين تعاطوا التنبول من قبل أكثر عرضة للوفاة من جميع الأسباب بشكل ملحوظ (نسبة الخطورة: 1.26؛ بنسبة أرجحية مقدارها 95%: 1.09–1.44) وجراء الإصابة بمرض السرطان (نسبة الخطورة: 1.55؛ بنسبة أرجحية مقدارها 95%: 1.09–2.22)؛ ولكن ليس جراء الإصابة بمرض القلب الوعائي (نسبة الخطورة: 1.16؛ بنسبة أرجحية مقدارها 95%: 0.93–1.43). كانت هذه النتائج صامدة أمام التعديل للعوامل المحيّرة (Confounders) المحتملة. لقد كانت هناك علاقة بين الجرعة والاستجابة بين الوفيات الناتجة عن جميع الأسباب وكلاً من المدة الزمنية ودرجة شدة تعاطي التنبول. وبلغت النسبة المنسوبة إلى الشريحة السكانية من متعاطي التنبول 14.1% لحالات الوفاة الناتجة عن جميع الأسباب و24% من مرض السرطان. الاستنتاج:لقد كان تعاطي مُضغة التنبول مرتبطًا بالوفيات الناتجة عن جميع الأسباب وعن مرض السرطان في هذه المجموعة. 目的:旨在评估嚼食槟榔对死亡率的潜在影响。 (槟榔嚼块由槟榔子组成,包裹在槟榔叶中,某些食用者会在槟榔嚼块中添加烟叶。). 方法:分析居住在孟加拉国 Araihazar 18 岁到 75 岁的 20 033 个人的前瞻性数据。 使用标准化的调查问卷收集基线人口和接触数据。 通过向近亲进行死因推断问卷调查来确定死亡原因。 我们使用考克斯比例风险模型,评估食用槟榔与各种原因和特殊原因导致死亡率之间的危害比 (HR),并且置信区间 (CI) 为 95%。 我们根据年龄、性别、身体质量指数、受教育程度和吸烟史调整群组。. 结果:在平均十年的随访病例中,有 1072 例死亡。 食用过槟榔嚼块的参与者明显更有可能死于各种原因 (HR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.09–1.44) 和癌症 (HR: 1.55; 95% CI: 1.09–2.22);而非心血管疾病 (HR: 1.16; 95% CI: 0.93–1.43)。这些结果强有力地支持潜在混杂因素的调整。 在各种原因导致的死亡率和槟郎食用的持续时间与强度之间存在剂量反应关系。 食用槟榔的人群归因分值中,各种原因导致的死亡占 14.1%,癌症导致的死亡占 24.2%。. 结论:在这个群组中,食用槟榔和各种原因以及癌症导致的死亡率有关。. Цель:Оценить потенциальное воздействие жевания бетеля на смертность. Бетелевая жвачка состоит из ядра семени пальмы арека, завернутого в листья бетеля. Также к нему может добавляться табак. Методы:Были изучены проспективные данные 20 033 лиц в возрасте от 18 до 75 лет, проживающих в г. Араихазар, Бангладеш. Базовые демографические данные и сведения об употреблении бетеля были получены из стандартизированной анкеты. Причина смерти определялась с помощью анкетирования, основанного на вербальной аутопсии, вопросы из которого предъявлялись ближайшим родственникам покойного. Нами были оценены относительные риски (ОР) и их доверительные интервалы (ДИ) в 95%. Это позволило выявить взаимосвязь между жеванием бетеля и смертностью по любым причинам и по конкретным причинам. Для оценки использовалась пропорциональная модель рисков Кокса. Результаты были откорректированы с учетом возраста, пола, индекса массы тела (ИМТ), уровня образования и наличия табакокурения в анамнезе. Результаты:На протяжении 10 лет наблюдения умерли 1072 участника исследования. Участники, жевавшие бетель или хотя бы пробовавшие его, имели значительно более высокую вероятность умереть по какой-либо причине (ОР: 1,26; 95% ДИ: 1,09–1,44), в том числе от рака (ОР: 1,55; 95% ДИ: 1,09–2,22), но не от сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний (ОР: 1,16; 95% ДИ: 0,93–1,43). Эти выводы оказались устойчивыми к корректировке по всем потенциальным искажающим факторам. Между смертностью по какой-либо причине и длительностью, а также интенсивностью употребления бетеля наблюдалась зависимость «доза-эффект». Доля представителей населения, употребляющих бетель, составила 14,1% для смертей по всех остальным причинам и 24,2% для смертей от рака. Вывод:В данном когортном исследовании употребление бетелевой жвачки ассоциируется со смертностью от рака и по всем остальным причинам.

authors

Wu F,Parvez F,Islam T,Ahmed A,Rakibuz-Zaman M,Hasan R,Argos M,Levy D,Sarwar G,Ahsan H,Chen Y

doi

10.2471/BLT.14.149484

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2015-10-01 00:00:00

pages

684-692

issue

10

eissn

0042-9686

issn

1564-0604

pii

BLT.14.149484

journal_volume

93

pub_type

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    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: DUNN HL

    更新日期:1954-01-01 00:00:00

  • Experimental studies on organomercury poisoning in chickens in Iraq.

    abstract::For 164 days mature chickens received a daily diet containing 40 g of wheat treated with organomercurial fungicide and 80 g of untreated diet. A control group received 120 g of normal diet daily. The experimental group was then split - half receiving the same diet for a further 155 days, by which time all had been kil...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Al-Falluji N,Makkawi TA,Abou-el-azm IM,Sokkar IM,Darraji M

    更新日期:1976-01-01 00:00:00

  • [The viruses of the 1952-3 influenza epidemic].

    abstract::The results of antigenic studies of the viruses received at the World Influenza Centre from the 1952-3 influenza epidemic are described. As in 1950-1, two main antigenic groups of influenza A viruses could be distinguished. One group, called Liverpool, contained strains closely related to 1950-1 Liverpool strains. The...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: ISAACS A,DEPOUX R,FISET P

    更新日期:1954-01-01 00:00:00

  • A comparison of cardiovascular measurements in the Gambia, Jamaica, and the United Republic of Tanzania.

    abstract::Epidemiological studies of the cardiovascular characteristics of three typically rural communities in the Gambia, Jamaica, and the United Republic of Tanzania were carried out by means of standardized methodology. This paper reports comparisons of arterial blood pressure distribution and electrocardiographic findings ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Vaughan JP,Miall WE

    更新日期:1979-01-01 00:00:00

  • OBSERVATIONS ON THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF BCG VACCINATION IN A SOUTH INDIAN RURAL POPULATION.

    abstract::Doubts have been raised on theoretical grounds concerning the effect of BCG in tropical countries, where in most places a large proportion of the population have a naturally acquired tuberculin allergy of low strength and unknown (but almost certainly non-specific) origin. Furthermore, vaccinations in the tropics may ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: FRIMODT-MOLLER J,THOMAS J,PARTHASARATHY R

    更新日期:1964-01-01 00:00:00

  • Entry and exit screening of airline travellers during the A(H1N1) 2009 pandemic: a retrospective evaluation.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the screening measures that would have been required to assess all travellers at risk of transporting A(H1N1)pdm09 out of Mexico by air at the start of the 2009 pandemic. METHODS:Data from flight itineraries for travellers who flew from Mexico were used to estimate the number of international air...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/BLT.12.114777

    authors: Khan K,Eckhardt R,Brownstein JS,Naqvi R,Hu W,Kossowsky D,Scales D,Arino J,MacDonald M,Wang J,Sears J,Cetron MS

    更新日期:2013-05-01 00:00:00

  • Chapter 8. Findings.

    abstract::This chapter presents the findings arrived at by applying the resource allocation model to tuberculosis control in the Republic of Korea. Optimum subprogrammes are obtained for the four objectives of the programme: reduction of disability, impairment, excess mortality, and economic loss. These subprogrammes are discus...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors:

    更新日期:1973-01-01 00:00:00