Inequities in postnatal care in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Abstract:

OBJECTIVE:To assess the socioeconomic, geographical and demographic inequities in the use of postnatal health-care services in low- and middle-income countries. METHODS:We searched Medline, Embase and Cochrane Central databases and grey literature for experimental, quasi-experimental and observational studies that had been conducted in low- and middle-income countries. We summarized the relevant studies qualitatively and performed meta-analyses of the use of postnatal care services according to selected indicators of socioeconomic status and residence in an urban or rural setting. FINDINGS:A total of 36 studies were included in the narrative synthesis and 10 of them were used for the meta-analyses. Compared with women in the lowest quintile of socioeconomic status, the pooled odds ratios for use of postnatal care by women in the second, third, fourth and fifth quintiles were: 1.14 (95% confidence interval, CI : 0.96-1.34), 1.32 (95% CI: 1.12-1.55), 1.60 (95% CI: 1.30-1.98) and 2.27 (95% CI: 1.75-2.93) respectively. Compared to women living in rural settings, the pooled odds ratio for the use of postnatal care by women living in urban settings was 1.36 (95% CI: 1.01-1.81). A qualitative assessment of the relevant published data also indicated that use of postnatal care services increased with increasing level of education. CONCLUSION:In low- and middle-income countries, use of postnatal care services remains highly inequitable and varies markedly with socioeconomic status and between urban and rural residents. الغرض:تقييم حالات الإجحاف الاجتماعية والاقتصادية والجغرافية والديمغرافية في الاستفادة من خدمات الرعاية الصحية بعد الولادة في البلدان المنخفضة الدخل والبلدان المتوسطة الدخل. الطريقة:أجرينا بحثاً في قواعد بيانات Medline وEmbase وكوكرين المركزية والمؤلفات غير الرسمية عن الدراسات التجريبية وشبه التجريبية والدراسات القائمة على الملاحظة التي تم إجراؤها في البلدان المنخفضة الدخل والبلدان المتوسطة الدخل. وقمنا بتلخيص الدراسات ذات الصلة من حيث النوع وأجرينا تحليلات وصفية للاستفادة من خدمات رعاية ما بعد الولادة وفقاً للمؤشرات المحددة للوضع الاجتماعي والاقتصادي والإقامة في بيئة حضرية أو ريفية. النتائج:تم إدراج ما مجموعه 36 دراسة في الملخص السردي وتم استخدام 10 منها لإجراء التحليلات الوصفية. ومقارنة بالنساء في الفئة الخميسية الأدنى للوضع الاجتماعي والاقتصادي، كانت نسب الاحتمال المجمعة لاستفادة النساء في الفئات الخميسية الثانية والثالثة والرابعة والخامسة من رعاية ما بعد الولادة على النحو التالي: 1.14 (فاصل الثقة 95 %، فاصل الثقة: من 0.96 إلى 1.34) و1.32 (فاصل الثقة: 95 %، فاصل الثقة: من 1.12 إلى 1.55) و1.60 (فاصل الثقة: 95 %، فاصل الثقة: من 1.30 إلى 1.98) و2.27 (فاصل الثقة: 95 %، فاصل الثقة: من 1.75 إلى 2.93)، على التوالي. ومقارنة بالنساء اللاتي يعشن في المناطق الريفية، كانت نسبة الاحتمال المجمعة لاستفادة النساء اللاتي يعشن في المناطق الحضرية من رعاية ما بعد الولادة 1.36 (فاصل الثقة: 95 %، فاصل الثقة: من 1.01 إلى 1.81). وأشار تقييم نوعي للبيانات المنشورة ذات الصلة كذلك إلى ازدياد الاستفادة من خدمات رعاية ما بعد الولادة بازدياد مستوى التثقيف. الاستنتاج:مازال هناك إجحاف كبير في البلدان المنخفضة الدخل والبلدان المتوسطة الدخل في الاستفادة من خدمات رعاية ما بعد الولادة، ويتباين ذلك بتباين الوضع الاجتماعي والاقتصادي وبين سكان المناطق الحضرية والريفية. 目的:评估中低收入国家在使用产后卫生保健服务的社会经济学、地理学与人口学方面的不平等现象。. 方法:我们搜索了Medline、Embase、Cochrane Central数据库及灰色文献,查找在中低收入国家执行的试验、类试验和观察性研究。我们定性地总结了相关研究,并根据社会经济地位以及城市或农村居住等选定指标进行产后护理服务使用的综合分析。. 结果:总共36项研究被列入叙述合成,其中10项被用作荟萃分析。与社会经济地位五等分位数最低等的女性相比,排在第二、三、四、五等分位数的女性使用产后护理的合并优势比分别是:1.14(95%置信区间,CI:0.96-1.34)、1.32(95% CI:1.12-1.55)、1.60(95% CI:1.30-1.98)和2.27(95% CI:1.75-2.93)。与居住在农村环境的女性相比,居住在城市的女性使用产后护理的合并优势比是1.36(95% CI:1.01-1.81)。对相关公布数据的定性评估同样表明,产后护理服务使用的增加与教育程度成正比。. 结论:在中低收入国家,产后护理服务的使用依然处于极度不平等的阶段,因社会经济地位与城乡居民间的差异,产后护理的使用也明显不同。. OBJECTIF:Évaluer les inégalités socio-économiques, géographiques et démographiques en matière d'utilisation des soins de santé postnatals dans les pays à revenu faible et à revenu intermédiaire. MÉTHODES:Nous avons effectué une recherche bibliographique dans les bases de données Medline, Embase et Cochrane Central, ainsi que dans la littérature grise, pour trouver les études expérimentales, quasi-expérimentales et observationnelles qui ont été menées dans les pays à revenu faible et à revenu intermédiaire. Nous avons fait la synthèse qualitative des études pertinentes et effectué des méta-analyses de l'utilisation des services de soins postnatals en fonction des indicateurs choisis pour le statut socio-économique et la résidence dans les zones urbaines ou rurales. RÉSULTATS:Un total de 36 études ont été incluses dans la synthèse narrative et 10 d'entre elles ont été utilisées pour les méta-analyses. Par rapport aux femmes du quintile de statut socio-économique le plus bas, les rapports des cotes regroupés pour l'utilisation des soins postnatals par les femmes dans le deuxième, troisième quatrième et cinquième quintiles étaient de: 1,14 (intervalle de confiance à 95%, IC: 0,96-1,34) et 1,32 (IC à 95%: 1,12-1,55) et 1,60 (IC à 95%: 1,30-1,98) et 2,27 (IC à 95%: 1,75-2,93), respectivement. Par rapport aux femmes vivant en zones rurales, le rapport des cotes regroupé pour l'utilisation des soins postnatals par les femmes vivant en zones urbaines était de 1,36 (IC à 95%: 1,01-1,81). Une évaluation qualitative des données publiées pertinentes a également indiqué que l'utilisation des services de soins postnatals augmentait avec l’augmentation du niveau d'éducation. CONCLUSION:Dans les pays à revenu faible et à revenu intermédiaire, l'utilisation de services de soins postnatals reste très inéquitable et varie manifestement avec le statut socio-économique et entre les résidents urbains et ruraux. Цель:Оценить социально-экономическое, географическое и демографическое неравенство в получении услуг по уходу в постнатальном периоде в странах с низким и средним уровнем доходов. Методы:Мы изучили базы данных Medline, Embase и Cochrane Central, а также не индексированную в медицинских базах данных литературу, посвященную экспериментальным, квазиэкспериментальным и обсервационным исследованиям, которые проводились в странах с низким и средним уровнем доходов. Мы обобщили качественные результаты соответствующих исследований и выполнили метаанализ использования услуг по уходу в постнатальном периоде в соответствии с отобранными показателями социально-экономического статуса и проживания в городской или сельской местности. Результаты:В нарративный синтез было включено в общей сложности 36 исследований; 10 из них использовались для метаанализа. Сравнив показатели женщин, входящих в нижний квинтиль социально-экономического статуса, мы получили следующие обобщенные отношения шансов на получение услуг по уходу в постнатальном периоде для женщин, входящих во второй, третий, четвертый и пятый квинтили: 1,14 (доверительный интервал (ДИ) 95%: 0,96–1,34), 1,32 (ДИ 95%: 1,12–1,55), 1,60 (ДИ 95%: 1,30–1,98) и 2,27 (ДИ 95%: 1,75–2,93) соответственно. По сравнению с женщинами, проживающими в сельской местности, обобщенные отношения шансов на получение услуг по уходу в постнатальном периоде для женщин, проживающих в городской местности, составили 1,36 (ДИ 95%: 1,01–1,81). Результаты качественной оценки соответствующих опубликованных данных также свидетельствуют о том, частота использования услуг по уходу в постнатальном периоде уменьшается с понижением уровня образования. Вывод:В странах с низким и средним уровнем доходов сохраняется существенное неравенство в получении услуг по уходу в постнатальном периоде, которое зависит главным образом от социально-экономического статуса и отличается среди городских и сельских жителей. OBJETIVO:Evaluar las desigualdades socioeconómicas, geográficas y demográficas en el uso de los servicios de salud de atención posnatal en países de ingresos bajos y medianos. MÉTODOS:Se buscaron estudios experimentales, cuasiexperimentales y observacionales que se habían llevado a cabo en países de ingresos bajos y medianos en las bases de datos Medline, Embase y Cochrane Central, así como en la literatura gris. Se resumieron los estudios relevantes cualitativamente y se realizaron metaanálisis sobre el uso de los servicios de atención posnatal según indicadores seleccionados del nivel socioeconómico y residencia en un entorno urbano o rural. RESULTADOS:Se incluyó un total de 36 estudios en la síntesis narrativa, 10 de los cuales se utilizaron para los metaanálisis. En comparación con las mujeres del quintil más bajo del nivel socioeconómico, las razones de posibilidades agrupadas del uso de atención posnatal de las mujeres en el segundo, tercer, cuarto y quinto quintiles fueron: 1,14 (intervalo de confianza del 95 %, IC: 0,96–1,34), 1,32 (IC del 95 %: 1,12–1,55), 1,60 (IC del 95 %: 1,30–1,98) y 2,27 (IC del 95 %: 1,75–2,93), respectivamente. En comparación con las mujeres que viven en entornos rurales, la razón de posibilidades agrupada del uso de atención posnatal por mujeres que viven en entornos urbanos fue 1,36 (IC del 95 %: 1,01–1,81). Una evaluación cualitativa de los datos relevantes publicados indicó además que el uso de servicios de atención posnatal ha aumentado mediante el aumento del nivel de educación. CONCLUSIÓN:En los países de ingresos bajos y medianos, el uso de servicios de atención posnatal sigue siendo muy desigual y varía notablemente con el nivel socioeconómico y entre los residentes urbanos y rurales.

authors

Langlois ÉV,Miszkurka M,Zunzunegui MV,Ghaffar A,Ziegler D,Karp I

doi

10.2471/BLT.14.140996

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2015-04-01 00:00:00

pages

259-270G

issue

4

eissn

0042-9686

issn

1564-0604

pii

BLT.14.140996

journal_volume

93

pub_type

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    authors: Kobari K,Takakura I,Nakatomi M,Sogame S,Uylangco C

    更新日期:1970-01-01 00:00:00

  • Antibodies to influenza viruses (including the human A2-Asian-57 strain) in sera from Australian shearwaters (Puffinus pacificus).

    abstract::Sera were collected from 320 shearwaters (Puffinus pacificus chlororhynchus) nesting on two islands off the east coast of northern Australia in December 1969. About 10% of these sera specifically inhibited the neuraminidase of the 1957 strain of human influenza (A2/Asian/57), some to high titre.The neuraminidase of A2...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Dasen CA,Laver WG

    更新日期:1970-01-01 00:00:00

  • Chronic respiratory diseases in developing countries: the burden and strategies for prevention and management.

    abstract::In developing countries, chronic respiratory diseases represent a challenge to public health because of their frequency, severity, projected trends, and economic impact. Health care planners, for example, are faced with a dramatic increase in tobacco use and must establish priorities for the allocation of limited reso...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Aït-Khaled N,Enarson D,Bousquet J

    更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00

  • Bladder cancer: approaches to prevention and control.

    abstract::Bladder cancer is the twelfth most common cancer globally, with approximately 170 000 new cases each year; a third of these cases are in the developing countries. There are two major etiological types. The first is more common in the industrialized countries and is associated with exposure to certain occupational and ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:

    authors: Koroltchouk V,Stanley K,Stjernswärd J,Mott K

    更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00

  • The hosts and trypanosome infection rates of Glossina pallidipes in the Lambwe and Roo valleys.

    abstract::Several thousand Glossina pallidipes flies were dissected to determine trypanosome infection rates in the Lambwe Valley and to collect information on the hosts of this tsetse. A total of 1 450 (19.3%) flies had mature trypanosome infections but the rate varied between 9.6% and 30.9% in the Lambwe Valley. In the Roo Va...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: England EC,Baldry DA

    更新日期:1972-01-01 00:00:00

  • Disease eradication and health systems development.

    abstract::This article provides a framework for the design of future eradication programmes so that the greatest benefit accrues to health systems development from the implementation of such programmes. The framework focuses on weak and fragile health systems and assumes that eradication leads to the cessation of the interventi...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Melgaard B,Creese A,Aylward B,Olivé JM,Maher C,Okwo-Bele JM,Lee JW

    更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00

  • Signs in the fundus oculi and arterial hypertension: unconventional assessment and significance.

    abstract::Signs in the fundus oculi, long regarded as prognostic in hypertensive disease, have been shown to be subject to gross observer error and bias when assessed in conventional ways. The authors describe unconventional ways of assessing diminution of vascularity in a population sample of men aged 50 and also in a group of...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Kagan A,Aurell E,Tibblin G

    更新日期:1967-01-01 00:00:00

  • Early and rapid diagnosis of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis with tear specimens.

    abstract::Picornavirus particles and serotype-specific neutralizing antibody were demonstrated in tears collected during early onset of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis. Virus particles deposited from tears by airfuge ultracentrifugation and stained with potassium phosphotungstate were easily recognized by electron microscopy....

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Yin-Murphy M,Abdul Rahim N,Phoon MC,Baharuddin-Ishak,Howe J

    更新日期:1985-01-01 00:00:00

  • GRADING ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN AORTA AND CORONARY ARTERIES OBTAINED AT AUTOPSY: APPLICATION OF A TESTED METHOD.

    abstract::A method of assessing "atherosclerosis", if used according to certain rules, was shown in an earlier study to be capable of discriminating between groups of aortas or coronary arteries according to the quantity of certain defined lesions. It would not measure absolute amounts, but would show whether one group of speci...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: UEMURA K,STERNBY N,VANECEK R,VIHERT A,KAGAN A

    更新日期:1964-01-01 00:00:00

  • Reduction of neonatal tetanus by mass immunization of non-pregnant women: duration of protection provided by one or two doses of aluminium-adsorbed tetanus toxoid.

    abstract::Immunization of non-pregnant women in rural Bangladesh with two doses of aluminium-adsorbed tetanus-diphtheria toxoids reduced neonatal mortality by one-third during a period of 9-32 months after vaccination. The reduction in mortality rate was attributable almost entirely to a 75% lower mortality rate among 4-14-day-...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Black RE,Huber DH,Curlin GT

    更新日期:1980-01-01 00:00:00