Abstract:
:The association between the period elapsed since weaning and the risk of shigellosis was assessed between 1 November 1987 and 30 November 1989 for a cohort of 1085 Bangladeshi children aged < 3 years. The children were followed for 1 month after exposure to Shigella spp. in their residential neighbourhoods, and the 268 who developed microbiologically confirmed (n = 118) or clinically presumptive (n = 150) shigellosis were compared with the 817 control children who did not develop either syndrome. No increase in risk was noted among breast-fed infants who received food supplements within the previous 3 months compared with those who had received supplements for longer (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.2; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.4-3.0). However, compared with breast-fed children, non-breast-fed children had an increased risk (adjusted OR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.3-2.9; P < 0.001), which was largely attributable to a substantially increased risk in the 3 months after stopping breast-feeding (adjusted OR = 6.6; 95% CI = 2.9-14.6; P < 0.001). The early post-cessation risk was equivalent for confirmed and presumptive shigellosis, but was particularly pronounced among the severely malnourished (adjusted OR = 10.2; 95% CI = 3.1-33.3; P < 0.001). This complex temporal pattern of risk highlights the need for precise definitions of weaning to facilitate identification of children at high risk for invasive diarrhoeal syndromes. :Between November 1987 and November 1989, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, (ICDDR,B) scientists followed for 1 month 1085 children, younger than 3 years old, who lived in the Matlab. They compared data on the 268 children who developed microbiologically confirmed on clinically presumptive shigellosis during the 30-day period with data on 817 children who did not develop symptoms of shigellosis. Children who were not breast fed were at greater risk of shigellosis than those who were breast fed (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2; p .001). This risk of shigellosis was much higher during the 1st 3 months after a child stopped breast feeding (AOR = 6.6; p .001) than it was 3 months after cessation of breast feeding (AOR = 1.4). Children who suffered from severe malnutrition were at an especially high post-cessation risk of shigellosis (AOR= 10.2; p .001). These findings show a complex evolution of risk with different stages of weaning, which emphasizes the need for a precise definition of weaning in epidemiologic studies. The limited period of high risk for shigellosis (i.e., the 1st 3 months after breast feeding cessation) and the wide range in ages at which children cease breast feeding elevates the complexity of executing successful vaccination programs against shigellosis, especially live oral vaccines. The vaccines must be administered early in life, before cessation of breast feeding, in order for them to protect against shigellosis. Yet, ingestion of breast milk may reduce the immunogenicity of the vaccines.
journal_name
Bull World Health Organjournal_title
Bulletin of the World Health Organizationauthors
Ahmed F,Clemens JD,Rao MR,Khan MR,Haque Esubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1993-01-01 00:00:00pages
571-8issue
5eissn
0042-9686issn
1564-0604journal_volume
71pub_type
杂志文章abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess the effectiveness of treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in low- and middle-income countries and identify factors associated with successful outcomes. METHODS:We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies of HCV treatment programmes in low- and middle-income countries. T...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.2471/BLT.11.097147
更新日期:2012-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To review the quality of the coding of the cause of death (COD) statistics and assess the mortality information needs of the City of Cape Town. METHODS:Using an action research approach, a study was set up to investigate the quality of COD information, the accuracy of COD coding and consistency of coding pra...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/blt.05.028589
更新日期:2006-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::A two-year study was undertaken to establish the incidence and possible viral etiology of acute respiratory diseases among the child population of a shanty town in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The results demonstrated that nearly half of all the illnesses seen were respiratory infections, 10% of them affecting the lower re...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1983-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The results of antigenic studies of the viruses received at the World Influenza Centre from the 1952-3 influenza epidemic are described. As in 1950-1, two main antigenic groups of influenza A viruses could be distinguished. One group, called Liverpool, contained strains closely related to 1950-1 Liverpool strains. The...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1954-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Simultaneously with the development of vaccines against diphtheria, the authors and their colleagues have studied the biological properties of the causative agent, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, and its role in the development of epidemics. This study has been made possible by the development of a lysotyping scheme for ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1966-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Lyophilized cells for the passive (formerly indirect) haemagglutination test for malaria were tested in a small field trial. A comparison was made with results obtained with samples from the same persons by another method in another laboratory (Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA, USA). The use of lyophilized cell...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1975-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Experimental investigations have been carried out in 32 children on the therapeutic effect of griseofulvin in favus caused by Trichophyton schoenleinii and to determine the optimal treatment schedule.It was found that, while daily doses of 3.12 mg, 6.25 mg or 12.50 mg griseofulvin per kg of body-weight did bring about...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1965-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In vitro studies have shown that exogenously supplied amino acids are transferred into the malaria-infected cell, where they are incorporated into proteins. Most amino acids appear to enter the cell by facilitated or simple diffusion; however, the high distribution ratios seen in Plasmodium knowlesi-infected cells are...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1977-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Described is a computer software package, EPIZOO, which has been developed specifically for undergraduate and postgraduate education, self-training, problem-solving, and simulation studies in veterinary epidemiology. The program is based on action-oriented animal population health/disease analyses and programming. EPI...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A form of endemic syphilis exists in the Bakwena Reserve of the Bechuanaland Protectorate known by the local name of "dichuchwa". It is similar to bejel, njovera and the endemic syphilis reported elsewhere in the world. The Government of the Protectorate, with the assistance of WHO and UNICEF, began in November 1953 a...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1956-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Contributions made by five groups of investigators to the knowledge of the stability of different iodine compounds in salt, and of the extent of the losses of iodine which may occur when iodized salt is exposed to different conditions of storage and use, are discussed by the author.STABILITY OF THE IODINE COMPONENT IN...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1953-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Village-wide use of permethrin-impregnated bed nets, compared with placebo-treated nets, has reduced clinical attacks of malaria by 63% in the Gambia. Costs were calculated for nets made by local tailors and for their treatment with insecticide in the villages, as well as for targeted chemoprophylaxis and back-up trea...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The gene for dieldrin resistance has been artificially male-linked so that females can be selectively killed with dieldrin. By intercrossing different sibling species of the Anopheles gambiae complex, batches consisting of sterile males only can be reared. This seems to have potential for use in genetic control operat...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1978-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine the demographic and health impact of deploying health service nurses and volunteers to village locations with a view to scaling up results. METHODS:A four-celled plausibility trial was used for testing the impact of aligning community health services with the traditional social institutions that...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/blt.06.030064
更新日期:2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The nature of psychiatric disorders in tropical regions is affected much more by the effect on the patient of certain environmental and cultural factors than by any specific features of tropical diseases. In places where the standards of health care and health education are not yet fully developed, abnormalities of ph...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1979-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium are widely distributed throughout East Africa, each being transmitted by several intermediate hosts. It is feared that the increased use of irrigation, which is proposed in Tanganyika to expand agricultural productivity, will also increase the incidence and intensity of ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1965-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent studies with the indirect haemagglutination test for malaria are reviewed. Aspects of methodology, reproducibility, specificity, and sensitivity are discussed. A procedure is presented for application in the field, which indicates some progress towards developing a simple field method for the epidemiological su...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1974-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The systematic position of the so-called "species" of Leishmania is examined and an attempt made to determine their phylogenetic relationships. The morphology of the organisms as seen by light- and electron-microscopy is described; neither method provides useful criteria for the determination of species. The behaviour...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1971-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Despite major obstacles, activities to control sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) were initiated in Haiti in 1992 in collaboration with local nongovernmental organizations. The approaches included review of available local data, assessment of STD case management practices and constraints, and development of specific...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the course of WHO/UNICEF-assisted tuberculosis surveys carried out in a number of African territories, sputa were microscopically examined for the presence of acid-fast bacilli. Since adequate facilities for performing cultures to confirm the diagnosis of tuberculosis and other mycobacterial infections were not ava...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1960-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To compare the effectiveness of oral ivermectin (IV) and two different modalities of topical benzyl benzoate (BB) for treating scabies in a community setting. METHODS:The trial included patients aged 5-65 years with scabies who attended the dermatology department at the Institut d'Hygiène Sociale in Dakar, S...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.2471/blt.08.052308
更新日期:2009-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article surveys the attitudes and perceptions of a random sample of the elderly population in three regions of Italy on the use and efficacy of influenza vaccine. The data were collected by direct interviews using a standard questionnaire. The results show that vaccination coverage against influenza is inadequate...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:PROBLEM:In 2010, dengue virus (DENV) serotype-4 was detected during a dengue outbreak in the Amazonian city of Boa Vista. At that time Brazil was already endemic for DENV-1, DENV-2 and DENV-3. This was the first time DENV-4 was observed in the country after it was initially detected and eliminated in 1981. APPROACH:To...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.13.119081
更新日期:2014-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The occurrence of three deaths and substantial morbidity among members of a "package tour" who stayed at the same hotel in Benidorm, Spain, during the summer of 1973 provided an opportunity to study the experiences of persons undertaking this type of holiday and some of the factors that might affect their health. Of 2...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1978-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Four cases of Plasmodium ovale malaria are reported among US servicemen stationed in Viet-Nam between January 1966 and March 1969. Taken together with other cases cited by the authors, these provide strong evidence of the existence (sometimes disputed) of this Plasmodium in continental South-East Asia.None of the men ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1970-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cancer of the uterine cervix is a global problem. It is the most common cancer in women in developing countries and is the second most common cancer in women worldwide, with approximately half a million new cases each year. It is strongly linked with an early onset of sexual activity and multiple sexual partners; rece...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Enzyme immunoassays represent in many cases the preferred procedure for the detection of antigens or corresponding antibodies. However, many of the current procedures are performed suboptimally. This article reviews the available designs, auxiliary recognition systems, production and purification of antibodies, conjug...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This report presents the results of a six-month survey of the nature and extent of venereal diseases in Turkey which was undertaken by the author, on behalf of WHO, at the request of the Turkish Government. The first part of the report outlines the present venereal-disease-control system and includes descriptions of t...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1954-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To develop a Bayesian hierarchical model for human onchocerciasis with which to explore the factors that influence prevalence of microfilariae in the Amazonian focus of onchocerciasis and predict the probability of any community being at least mesoendemic (>20% prevalence of microfilariae), and thus in need o...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::WHO's reference protocol for post-exposure rabies vaccination advises five intramuscular injections on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 30; in addition, rabies immunoglobulins (RIG) must be given to serious cases of exposure (grade III severity). Some studies indicate that these immunoglobulins suppress the immunogenicity of rab...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00