Abstract：
:In developing countries, chronic respiratory diseases represent a challenge to public health because of their frequency, severity, projected trends, and economic impact. Health care planners, for example, are faced with a dramatic increase in tobacco use and must establish priorities for the allocation of limited resources. Nevertheless, smoking prevention and standardized management programmes for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease should be implemented in developing countries whenever possible. International measures will be required to reverse tobacco smoking trends, and international agencies could define essential drugs and equipment and encourage the use of generic drugs, particularly for corticosteroids inhaled at high dosages. For such programmes to be effective, producers of high-quality generics will need to be identified, and the medications added to national lists of essential drugs and included in procurement procedures. Other recommendations for alleviating the burden of chronic respiratory diseases in developing countries are: adapting guidelines to local contexts and ensuring their distribution; upgrading equipment at district level; purchasing high-quality drugs at low prices; routine training and supervision of health services personnel; and regular monitoring of performance. Social mobilization by professional societies, nongovernmental organizations, and the mass media will also increase government commitment to tobacco control and standardized case management.
journal_name
Bull World Health Organjournal_title
Bulletin of the World Health Organizationauthors
Aït-Khaled N,Enarson D,Bousquet Jsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2001-01-01 00:00:00pages
971-9issue
10eissn
0042-9686issn
1564-0604pii
S0042-96862001001000011journal_volume
79pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:The International Opacity Reference Preparation is a polydisperse suspension of glass particles, the size distribution of which it is hardly possible to reproduce. However, by mixing glass particles of different size distributions it seems practicable to prepare a suspension which is turbidimetrically almost identical...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1962-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Public and political awareness of emerging infectious diseases is growing, as animal and human health specialists work closer together to avert potential outbreaks. ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 新闻
doi：10.2471/BLT.11.031211
更新日期：2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:One of the hazards involved in the use of antibiotics in animal feeds is that it may lead to the development of bacterial drug-resistance. An analysis of the phenomenon shows that this possibility largely depends on the size of the bacterial populations involved and on the possibility of selective multiplication of th...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1963-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This account of the conduct of the Similium Control Scheme at Abuja, Northern Nigeria, over the period 1956-66 shows that, by larvicide treatment of some 160 km of rivers with DDT in the early wet season, the Simulium damnosum density has been reduced by about 90% of its precontrol level each year over an area of more...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1968-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Administration of live influenza vaccine produces an asymptomatic immunizing infection of the respiratory tract with the appearance of antibodies in the secretions of the respiratory passages.Because of natural variation in the antigenic and biological properties of the influenza virus, new vaccines must be developed ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1969-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Aortic and coronary atherosclerosis were studied in two groups, the "high atherosclerosis group" and the "low atherosclerosis group". The latter may be considered as showing basic levels of atherosclerosis in the different communities. The development of lesions in the two groups occurred in parallel, but earlier in t...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1976-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A trial was carried out of the efficacy of fenitrothion ultra-low-volume aerosol applied by vehicle-mounted cold aerosol generator for the control of Aedes aegypti. Five applications of fenitrothion at intervals of 11-49 days at dosages of 511-1 095 ml/ha gave sustained control for 4-5 months in an area of some 14 ha ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1973-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:Rubella vaccine is not included in the immunization schedule in Myanmar. Although surveillance for outbreaks of measles and rubella is conducted nationwide, there is no routine surveillance for congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Therefore, we organized a study to assess the burden of CRS. METHODS:From 1 Dece...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.2471/blt.05.022814
更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Termination of early pregnancy by vacuum aspiration is a well-established technique. The procedure is highly effective and has a low complication rate, particularly when performed during the first few weeks after missed menses. However, this parasurgical method requires skilled health care personnel, and attempts have...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In vitro studies have shown that exogenously supplied amino acids are transferred into the malaria-infected cell, where they are incorporated into proteins. Most amino acids appear to enter the cell by facilitated or simple diffusion; however, the high distribution ratios seen in Plasmodium knowlesi-infected cells are...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1977-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In a controlled study, it has been shown that the prior administration of cholera vaccine had no beneficial effect on the clinical course of cholera as measured by either the condition of the patient on admission to hospital or the subsequent course of the disease. In fact, the disease was, if anything, more severe in...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1969-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To determine whether integrating antiretroviral therapy (ART) into antenatal care (ANC) and maternal and child health (MCH) clinics could improve programmatic and patient outcomes. METHODS:The authors systematically searched PubMed, Embase, African Index Medicus and LiLACS for randomized controlled trials, p...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi：10.2471/BLT.12.107003
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To characterize patent and proprietary medicine vendors and shops in Nigeria and to assess their ability to help improve access to high-quality, primary health-care services. METHODS:In 2013 and 2014, a census of patent and proprietary medicine shops in 16 states of Nigeria was carried out to determine: (i) ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.2471/BLT.15.154666
更新日期：2016-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To examine if economic development in China correlates with physical growth among Chinese children and adolescents. METHODS:The height, body weight and physical activity level of children and adolescents aged 18 years and under, as well as dietary data, were obtained from seven large surveys conducted in Chi...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.2471/BLT.13.126243
更新日期：2014-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent research carried out on kwashiorkor in Kampala, Uganda, is discussed. The first essential in both the treatment and the prevention of this disease being a diet rich in protein (preferably animal protein, to ensure an adequate intake of vitamin B(12) and a satisfactory mixture of amino-acids), methods of incorpo...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1953-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Paula Radcliffe tells Gary Humphreys about her journey from athlete to clean air advocate and her hopes for a clean air initiative launched by the International Association of Athletics Federation. ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 面试,新闻
doi：10.2471/BLT.19.030319
更新日期：2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:While relapses following clinical cure of American cutaneous leishmaniasis are frequent, no test has been described until now to predict such relapses. A cohort of 318 American cutaneous leishmaniasis patients was followed up for two years after treatment with meglumine antimoniate, during which time 32 relapses occur...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Three methods were used to measure the level of transmission of infections of Schistosoma mansoni on an irrigated sugar estate in northern Tanzania. The studies were carried out over a period of 3 years, during a programme for the control of the host snail Biomphalaria pfeifferi. During the second and third years a ma...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1972-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Many countries in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) are currently reforming their national health sectors and also implementing a comprehensive approach to reproductive health care. Three regional workshops to explore how health sector reform could improve reproductive health services have revealed the inherently ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Twenty-five strains of poliomyelitis virus isolated from paralytic cases in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany were classified either by testing resistance of immunized monkeys, or by neutralization. Seventeen strains (68%) were classified as type 1, 7 (28%) as type 2, and 1 (4%) as type 3. Strains of type 2 are pr...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1953-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This article describes the essential components of oral health information systems for the analysis of trends in oral disease and the evaluation of oral health programmes at the country, regional and global levels. Standard methodology for the collection of epidemiological data on oral health has been designed by WHO ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：/S0042-96862005000900014
更新日期：2005-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Post-vaccination tuberculin sensitivity is being used to evaluate the immediate effects of the extensive WHO/UNICEF mass BCG vaccination programmes currently in progress. During the past five years the Tuberculosis Research Office has been studying the tuberculin sensitivity produced by BCG vaccination, and the presen...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1955-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Studies were made on the host-feeding patterns and behaviour of 4 Culex species in China (Province of Taiwan) to further assess their importance as vectors of Japanese encephalitis. A relatively unbiased, non-attractant technique (vacuum sweep-net) was used for collecting mosquitos resting outdoors on rural premises; ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1973-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In vitro studies on primaquine have been carried out to examine its ability to stimulate the oxidative pathway of glucose metabolism in human erythrocytes and in vivo studies were carried out after ingestion of the drug to determine plasma levels and to investigate the formation of metabolites and the effects of the d...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1981-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The authors describe some experiments carried out to determine the effect of moisture, temperature, and pressure on the suspensibility of DDT water-dispersible powders.It was found that the removal of moisture brought about a slight increase in suspensibility; that heating for one hour at temperatures below 70 degrees...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1959-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The acute toxicity of most of the commonly used organophosphorus insecticides is essentially the same. A few compounds with low toxicity, such as malathion, have been developed but further efforts in that direction are needed. Most of the organophosphorus insecticides exert a generalized cholinergic action by inhibiti...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1971-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Since 1970, WHO has conducted a collaborative study on the use of "excess mortality" from respiratory diseases (that is, the number of deaths actually recorded in excess of the number expected on the basis of past seasonal experience) in order to assess in 13 different countries the severity of influenza epidemics. Th...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1973-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A total of 100 male Zambian patients with symptomatic falciparum malaria were treated with either two tablets of mefloquine plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (Fansimef) or three tablets of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (Fansidar) as a single dose. The patients were kept under observation from day 0 (day of treatment) to day ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：
更新日期：1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It remains unclear why there is such marked variation in the severity of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic between African countries. The prevalence of HIV infection has reached high levels in many parts of southern Africa but in most countries of West Africa the levels are much lower. Although there is ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The administration of rabies-immune serum in addition to regular vaccination has been recommended as routine treatment in man after severe exposure to rabies virus. The inhibitory effect of passive antibody on active immunity induced against rabies by vaccination was investigated in rabbits. It was demonstrated that a...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1971-01-01 00:00:00
