Implementation research: towards universal health coverage with more doctors in Brazil.

Abstract:

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the implementation of a programme to provide primary care physicians for remote and deprived populations in Brazil. METHODS:The Mais Médicos (More Doctors) programme was launched in July 2013 with public calls to recruit physicians for priority areas. Other strategies were to increase primary care infrastructure investments and to provide more places at medical schools. We conducted a quasi-experimental, before-and-after evaluation of the implementation of the programme in 1708 municipalities with populations living in extreme poverty and in remote border areas. We compared physician density, primary care coverage and avoidable hospitalizations in municipalities enrolled (n = 1450) and not enrolled (n = 258) in the programme. Data extracted from health information systems and Ministry of Health publications were analysed. FINDINGS:By September 2015, 4917 physicians had been added to the 16 524 physicians already in place in municipalities with remote and deprived populations. The number of municipalities with ≥ 1.0 physician per 1000 inhabitants doubled from 163 in 2013 to 348 in 2015. Primary care coverage in enrolled municipalities (based on 3000 inhabitants per primary care team) increased from 77.9% in 2012 to 86.3% in 2015. Avoidable hospitalizations in enrolled municipalities decreased from 44.9% in 2012 to 41.2% in 2015, but remained unchanged in control municipalities. We also documented higher infrastructure investments in enrolled municipalities and an increase in the number of medical school places over the study period. CONCLUSION:Other countries having shortages of physicians could benefit from the lessons of Brazil's programme towards achieving universal right to health. OBJECTIF:Évaluer la mise en œuvre d'un programme destiné à renforcer la présence de médecins généralistes auprès des populations isolées et défavorisées du Brésil. MÉTHODES:Dans le cadre du programme Mais Médicos (plus de médecins), qui a débuté en juillet 2013, des appels publics ont été lancés afin de recruter des médecins dans les zones prioritaires. D'autres stratégies ont consisté à augmenter les investissements dans les infrastructures de soins primaires et à ouvrir plus de places dans les écoles de médecine. Nous avons réalisé une évaluation quasi-expérimentale, avant-après, de la mise en œuvre du programme dans 1708 municipalités dont certaines populations vivaient en situation d'extrême pauvreté ainsi que dans des zones frontalières reculées. Nous avons comparé la densité de praticiens, la couverture de soins primaires et le nombre d'hospitalisations évitables dans les municipalités qui participaient au programme (n = 1450) et celles qui n'y participaient pas (n = 258). Des données extraites de systèmes d'information sanitaire et de publications du ministère de la Santé ont été analysées. RÉSULTATS:Au mois de septembre 2015, 4917 médecins étaient venus s'ajouter aux 16 524 praticiens déjà en place dans des municipalités où vivaient des populations isolées ou défavorisées. Le nombre de municipalités comptant ≥ 1,0 médecin pour 1000 habitants avait doublé, passant de 163 en 2013 à 348 en 2015. La couverture de soins primaires dans les municipalités participantes (sur la base de 3000 habitants par équipe de soins primaires) était passée de 77,9% en 2012 à 86,3% en 2015. Le nombre d'hospitalisations évitables dans les municipalités participantes était passé de 44,9% en 2012 à 41,2% en 2015, mais était resté identique dans les municipalités témoins. Sur la période étudiée, nous avons également observé une hausse des investissements dans les infrastructures dans les municipalités participantes ainsi qu'une augmentation du nombre de places dans les écoles de médecine. CONCLUSION:D'autres pays qui souffrent d'une pénurie de médecins pourraient s'inspirer des leçons du programme brésilien pour garantir le droit de tous à la santé. OBJETIVO:Evaluar la implementación de un programa que ofrezca médicos de atención primaria para poblaciones remotas y desfavorecidas de Brasil. MÉTODOS:En julio de 2013 se lanzó el programa Mais Médicos (Más Médicos), el cual hizo un llamamiento público para contratar médicos para zonas prioritarias. Otras estrategias fueron aumentar las inversiones en infraestructuras de atención primaria y proporcionar más plazas en las escuelas de medicina. Se realizó una evaluación cuasiexperimental antes y después de la implementación del programa en 1 708 municipios con una población en extrema pobreza, así como en zonas fronterizas remotas. Se comparó la densidad de médicos, la cobertura de atención primaria y las hospitalizaciones evitables en los municipios inscritos (n = 1 450) y no inscritos (n = 258) en el programa. Se analizaron los datos recopilados de los sistemas de información sanitaria y de publicaciones del Ministerio de Sanidad. RESULTADOS:En septiembre de 2015, se sumaron 4 917 médicos a los 16 524 que ya se encontraban en municipios con poblaciones remotas y desfavorecidas. El número de municipios con ≥ 1,0 médico por cada 1 000 habitantes se duplicó, de 163 en 2013 a 348 en 2015. La cobertura de atención primaria en municipios inscritos (basada en 3 000 habitantes por equipo de atención primaria) aumentó de un 77,9% en 2012 a un 86,3% en 2015. Las hospitalizaciones evitables en municipios inscritos se redujeron de un 44,9% en 2012 a un 41,2% en 2015, pero permanecieron sin cambios en los municipios de control. También se documentaron mayores inversiones en infraestructuras en los municipios inscritos y un aumento en el número de plazas de las escuelas de medicina durante el periodo de estudio. CONCLUSIÓN:Otros países con escasez de médicos podrían beneficiarse de las lecciones del programa brasileño para conseguir un derecho universal a la sanidad. :الغرض تقييم تنفيذ برنامج لتوفير الأطباء المقدمين لخدمات الرعاية الصحية الأولية للقطاعات السكانية المحرومة في المناطق النائية في البرازيل. الطريقة بدأ العمل ببرنامج Mais Médicos (المزيد من الأطباء) في تموز/يوليو 2013 بدعوات شعبية لتعيين أطباء في المناطق ذات الأولوية. وتمثلت الاستراتيجيات الأخرى في زيادة الاستثمارات في البنية التحتية المرتبطة بالرعاية الصحية الأولية وإتاحة المزيد من الأماكن في كليات الطب. وأجرينا تقييمًا شبه تجريبيًا قبليًا وبعديًا يتعلق بتنفيذ البرنامج، وذلك في 1708 إقليم يضم جماعات سكانية تحيا في فقر مدقع وتقطن في مناطق حدودية نائية. وقارنا بين الأقاليم المسجلة ضمن البرنامج (العدد = 1450) والأقاليم غير المسجلة بالبرنامج (العدد = 258) من حيث كثافة عدد الأطباء ومدى تغطية الرعاية الصحية الأولية وحالات العلاج بالمستشفيات الذي كان من الممكن تجنبه. وتم تحليل البيانات المستمدة من نظم المعلومات الصحية ومطبوعات وزارة الصحة. النتائج بحلول أيلول/سبتمبر 2015، تمت إضافة 4917 طبيب إلى الأطباء الذين بلغ عددهم 16,524 من الذين كانوا عاملين بالفعل في الأقاليم التي تضم جماعات سكانية محرومة بالمناطق النائية. وتضاعف عدد الأقاليم التي ضمت ما يزيد عن أو يساوي 1.0 طبيب لكل 1000 من السكان، حيث كان عدد الأطباء 163 طبيبًا في عام 2013 ووصل إلى 348 طبيبًا في عام 2015. وزاد مدى تغطية خدمات الرعاية الصحية الأولية في الأقاليم المسجلة بالبرنامج (القائمة على 3000 من السكان لكل فريق من فرق الرعاية الصحية الأولية) من 77.9‏% في عام 2012 ليصل إلى 86.3‏% في عام 2015. وانخفض عدد حالات العلاج بالمستشفيات الذي كان من الممكن تجنبه في الأقاليم المسجلة بالبرنامج من ‏44.9% في عام 2012 إلى ‏41.2% في عام 2015، ولكنه ظلت دون أي تغير في الأقاليم التي تمثل فئة الشاهد. كما سجلنا زيادةً في استثمارات البنية التحتية في الأقاليم المسجلة بالبرنامج وارتفاعًا في عدد الأماكن المتاحة في كليات الطب على مدى فترة الدراسة. الاستنتاج يمكن للبلدان الأخرى التي تعاني من نقص في عدد الأطباء الانتفاع من الدروس المستفادة من البرنامج الذي تم تطبيقه في البرازيل سعيًا لتوفير الحق في التمتع بالصحة. 目的:旨在评估一项为巴西偏远地区和贫困地区人群提供初级护理医师计划的实施情况。. 方法:伴随着公众为重点地区招募医师的呼声,Mais Médicos (扩大医生队伍)计划于 2013 年 7 月启动。 也采取了其他策略,以增加初级护理基础设施投资并扩大医学院招生计划。 我们对该计划在 1708 个地区的实施情况进行了准实验、前后对比评估,这些地区的居民生活在极端贫困的区域以及偏远边境区域。 我们对参与地区 (n = 1450) 和未参与地区 (n = 258) 的医师密度、初级护理覆盖率以及可避免住院率进行了比较。 我们对从卫生信息系统和卫生部出版物中提取的数据进行了分析。. 结果:截止 2015 年 9 月,在偏远和贫困地区,在原有的 16 524 名医师的基础上新增了 4917 名医师。 从 2013 年的 163 到 2015 年的 348,每 1000 名居民配有 1.0 医生的地区的数量增加了一倍。参与地区的初级护理覆盖率(基于每个初级护理团队 3000 名居民)从 2012 年的 77.9% 增至 2015 年的 86.3%。参与地区的可避免住院率从 2012 年的 44.9% 降至 2015 年的 41.2%,但对照地区的可避免住院率保持不变。 我们也证实,在调查期间,参与地区加大了基础设施投资且扩大了医学院招生计划。. 结论:其他存在医师短缺问题的国家可以学习巴西实现全民健康权利计划的经验并从中受益。. Цель:Оценить реализацию программы по направлению врачей общей практики для оказания первичной медико-санитарной помощи бедным группам населения и группам, живущим в отдаленных районах Бразилии. Методы:Программа Mais Médicos (Больше врачей) была начата в июле 2013 года с открытого конкурса для врачей в приоритетных областях. Другие стратегии включали увеличение объема инвестиций в инфраструктуру первичной медико-санитарной помощи и обеспечение большего количества мест в медицинских учебных заведениях. Мы провели квазиэкспериментальную оценку реализации программы перед началом и после ее окончания в 1708 муниципалитетах с населением, живущим в условиях крайней нищеты и в отдаленных приграничных районах. Мы сравнили плотность врачей, охват первичной медико-санитарной помощью и количество предотвратимых случаев госпитализации в муниципальных образованиях, включенных (n = 1450) и не включенных (n = 258) в программу. Были проанализированы данные, извлеченные из информационных систем здравоохранения и публикаций Министерства здравоохранения. Результаты:По состоянию на сентябрь 2015 года к 16 524 врачам, уже работающим в муниципалитетах с бедными группами населения и группами, живущими в отдаленных районах, добавилось 4917 врачей. Число муниципалитетов с ≥1,0 врачей на 1000 жителей увеличилось в два раза: с 163 в 2013 году до 348 в 2015 году. Охват первичной медико-санитарной помощью во включенных муниципальных образованиях (3000 жителей на команду по оказанию первичной медицинской помощи) увеличился с 77,9% в 2012 году до 86,3% в 2015 году. Количество предотвратимых случаев госпитализации во включенных муниципалитетах снизилось с 44,9% в 2012 году до 41,2% в 2015 году, но осталось неизменным в муниципалитетах сравнения. Мы также зарегистрировали более высокие инвестиции в инфраструктуру во включенных муниципалитетах и увеличение мест в медицинских учебных заведениях в течение периода исследования. Вывод:Другие страны, страдающие от дефицита врачей, могут извлечь пользу из программы Бразилии на пути к обеспечению всеобщего права на охрану здоровья.

authors

Santos LM,Oliveira A,Trindade JS,Barreto IC,Palmeira PA,Comes Y,Santos FO,Santos W,Oliveira JP,Pessoa VM,Shimizu HE

doi

10.2471/BLT.16.178236

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2017-02-01 00:00:00

pages

103-112

issue

2

eissn

0042-9686

issn

1564-0604

pii

BLT.16.178236

journal_volume

95

pub_type

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    更新日期:2011-09-01 00:00:00

  • Field trial of applicability of lot quality assurance sampling survey method for rapid assessment of prevalence of active trachoma.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To test the applicability of lot quality assurance sampling (LQAS) for the rapid assessment of the prevalence of active trachoma. METHODS:Prevalence of active trachoma in six communities was found by examining all children aged 2-5 years. Trial surveys were conducted in these communities. A sampling plan app...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Myatt M,Limburg H,Minassian D,Katyola D

    更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00

  • Experimental smallpox in chimpanzees.

    abstract::In an attempt to prepare highly specific antiserum to variola virus, a chimpanzee was inoculated with a virulent human strain of this virus. Three uninoculated chimpanzees were housed in the same room; two of these developed clinical disease with seroconversion, while the third developed no evidence of infection and n...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Kalter SS,Rodríguez AR,Cummins LB,Heberling RL,Foster SO

    更新日期:1979-01-01 00:00:00

  • Development of a WHO Child Care Facility Schedule (CCFS): a pilot collaborative study.

    abstract::This paper describes the research conducted by a WHO collaborative study group for the development of a questionnaire method for the assessment of quality in child-care settings. The results of an inter-rater reliability study undertaken in Greece and Nigeria suggest that the Child Care Facility Schedule (CCFS), compo...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Tsiantis J,Caldwell B,Dragonas T,Jegede RO,Lambidi A,Banaag C,Orley J

    更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00

  • BCG vaccination of children against leprosy. Preliminary findings of the WHO-controlled trial in Burma.

    abstract::The use of BCG vaccine in the prevention of leprosy has been one of the most important subjects of investigation in the field of leprology in the last 25 years. The action of the vaccine was for many years investigated by determining its effect on the lepromin reaction. Field studies were later considered essential to...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Bechelli LM,Garbajosa G,Uemura K,Engler V,Martínez Domínguez V,Paredes L,Sundaresan T,Koch G,Matejka M

    更新日期:1970-01-01 00:00:00

  • Schistosoma haematobium infection in the opossum (Didelphis marsupialis): involvement of the urogenital system.

    abstract::Investigations of experimental schistosomiasis haematobia have suffered for want of satisfactory mammals in which schistosome infections would establish host-parasite situations more or less comparable with those seen in man. As a consequence, mammals representing different major groups have been exposed to infection ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Kuntz RE,Myers BJ,Cheever AW

    更新日期:1971-01-01 00:00:00

  • Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses strategy: compliance with referral and follow-up recommendations in Gezira State, Sudan.

    abstract:OBJECTIVES:To determine the extent to which families follow referral and follow-up recommendations given in accordance with the Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI) strategy and the factors that influence families' responses to such recommendations. METHODS:Children aged 2 months-5 years who presented t...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: al Fadil SM,Alrahman SH,Cousens S,Bustreo F,Shadoul A,Farhoud S,el Hassan SM

    更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00

  • Absence of association between Plasmodium falciparum malaria and human immunodeficiency virus infection in children in Kinshasa, Zaire.

    abstract::The possible associations between Plasmodium falciparum malaria and HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) seropositivity were investigated in 1986 at the Mama Yemo Hospital in Kinshasa, Zaire. No significant difference was found in the HIV seropositivity rate of 164 children presenting with P. falciparum malaria (1.2%) a...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Nguyen-Dinh P,Greenberg AE,Mann JM,Kabote N,Francis H,Colebunders RL,Huong AY,Quinn TC,Davachi F,Lyamba B

    更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00

  • Testing of Plasmodium vivax CS proteins in Saimiri monkeys.

    abstract::Recombinant proteins directed against the circumsporozoite (CS) protein of Plasmodium vivax were tested for safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy in Saimiri sciureus boliviensis monkeys. The monkeys were immunized 3 times with either alum or muramyl tripeptide as adjuvant, and were challenged with 10,000 sporozoites (P...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Collins WE

    更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00

  • Implications of adopting new WHO guidelines for antiretroviral therapy initiation in Ethiopia.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess the implications of implementing the World Health Organization (WHO) 2010 guidelines for antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation in adults and adolescents with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, which recommend initiating ART at a CD4+ T lymphocyte (CD4+) threshold of ≤ 350 cells/mm(3) in...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究

    doi:10.2471/BLT.11.089599

    authors: Konings E,Ambaw Y,Dilley K,Gichangi P,Arega T,Crandall B

    更新日期:2012-09-01 00:00:00

  • Prevalence of anti-Rift-Valley-fever IgM antibody in abattoir workers in the Nile delta during the 1993 outbreak in Egypt.

    abstract::In the early summer of 1993, an outbreak of Rift Valley fever (RVF) was reported among both humans and animals in Aswan Governorate, Upper Egypt. To determine whether RVF infection had spread to the Nile delta region of the country, we carried out a cross-sectional survey of 1181 occupationally exposed abattoir worker...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Abu-Elyazeed R,el-Sharkawy S,Olson J,Botros B,Soliman A,Salib A,Cummings C,Arthur R

    更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00

  • Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in developing countries.

    abstract::Studies on the prevalence and other epidemiological features of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease and pilot prophylactic programmes have been carried out in India for the past 12 years or more. The results of these, together with data from other developing countries, have been taken into account in discussin...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Padmavati S

    更新日期:1978-01-01 00:00:00