Abstract:
Problem:If universal health coverage (UHC) is to be achieved globally, it needs sustained promotion and political awareness and support. Approach:During its presidency of the Group of Seven (G7) industrialized nations in 2016, Japan aimed to raise the issue of UHC to the top of the global health agenda. Local setting:Japan has promoted a health agenda at all of the G7 summits since 2000 that it has hosted. Human security has been the core foundation of Japan's foreign diplomacy for several decades and, consequently, there was no apparent opposition within Japan to the inclusion of UHC on the agenda of the summit in 2016. Other G7 governments appeared keen to promote such coverage. Relevant changes:Since the 2016 summit, UHC has remained a central agenda item for the United Nations and World Health Organization, even though the leaders of both these global organizations have changed. In 2017, Japan hosted the UHC Forum in Tokyo. The participants, who were the heads of United Nations agencies, politicians and other decision-makers from all over the world, showed their continued commitment towards UHC. Lessons learnt:In the raising of awareness of an item on the global health agenda, high-level champions are critical. Although they may be very diverse, all relevant stakeholders need to be connected and allowed to discuss policies with each other. Having too many allies can, however, lead to policy fragmentation, especially when there is commitment from the highest echelons within each country. Problème:Une promotion durable ainsi qu'une prise de conscience et un soutien politiques sont indispensables pour parvenir à une couverture sanitaire universelle à l'échelle mondiale. Approche:En 2016, dans le cadre de sa présidence du Groupe des sept pays les plus industrialisés (G7), le Japon s'est proposé de mettre la question de la couverture sanitaire universelle au premier plan du programme mondial d'action sanitaire. Environnement local:Depuis 2000, le Japon assure la promotion d'un programme d'action sanitaire lors de chacun des sommets du G7 qu'il accueille. La sécurité humaine constituant le principal fondement de la diplomatie internationale du Japon depuis plusieurs décennies, il n'y eu aucune opposition apparente au sein du pays à l'égard de l'inclusion de la question de la couverture sanitaire universelle dans l'ordre du jour du sommet de 2016. D'autres gouvernements de pays membres du G7 se sont montrés désireux de promouvoir cette question. Changements significatifs:Depuis le sommet de 2016, la couverture sanitaire universelle est un point central de l'ordre du jour pour l'Organisation des Nations Unies et l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé, malgré un changement de dirigeants au sein de ces deux organisations mondiales. En 2017, le Japon a accueilli le Forum de la couverture sanitaire universelle à Tokyo. Les participants, à savoir les responsables d'organismes des Nations Unies, des responsables politiques et d'autres décideurs du monde entier, ont affirmé leur engagement durable à l'égard de la couverture sanitaire universelle. Leçons tirées:Des défenseurs de haut vol sont essentiels pour sensibiliser à l’importance d’une question du programme mondial d'action sanitaire. Malgré leurs éventuelles différences, il est fondamental que toutes les parties prenantes soient liées et puissent discuter ensemble de la politique à mener. Un nombre trop important de défenseurs peut néanmoins entraîner une fragmentation politique, en particulier lorsque l'engagement provient des échelons les plus élevés au sein de chaque pays. Situación:Si se pretende lograr una cobertura sanitaria universal (CSU) en el mundo, se necesitan la promoción sostenida, y la conciencia y el apoyo políticos. Enfoque:Durante su presidencia en 2016 del Grupo de los Siete (G7) formado por las 7 naciones industrializadas, Japón se propuso elevar el tema de la CSU hasta el primer puesto de la agenda global de salud. Marco regional:Japón ha promovido una agenda de salud en todas las cumbres del G7 que ha celebrado desde el año 2000. La seguridad humana ha sido el fundamento de la diplomacia internacional de Japón desde hace ya varias décadas y, en consecuencia, no hubo oposición aparente dentro de Japón para la inclusión de la CSU en la agenda de la cumbre de 2016. Otros estados miembros del G7 parecieron entusiastas para promover esta cobertura. Cambios importantes:Desde la cumbre de 2016, la CSU ha permanecido como un punto central de la agenda para las Naciones Unidas y la Organización Mundial de la Salud, incluso después del cambio de los líderes de estas dos organizaciones. En 2017, Japón fue sede del Foro de CSU en Tokio. Los participantes, integrados por jefes de las agencias de las Naciones Unidas, políticos y otros tomadores de decisiones de todo el mundo, mostraron su compromiso ininterrumpido con la CSU. Lecciones aprendidas:Para elevar la conciencia de un punto de la agenda global de salud, son fundamentales los defensores de alto nivel. Aunque pueden ser muy diversas, todas las partes interesadas importantes necesitan estar vinculadas y autorizadas para debatir políticas entre ellas. Sin embargo, tener demasiados aliados puede conducir a la fragmentación de la política, especialmente cuando existe el compromiso de los rangos más altos de cada país. المشكلة:إذا كان لابد من تحقيق التغطية الصحية الشاملة، فالأمر بحاجة إلى الترويج المستدام بالإضافة إلى الدعم والوعي السياسي. الأسلوب:خلال رئاسة اليابان لمجموعة الدول الصناعية السبع سنة 2016، فقد عمدت إلى طرح قضية التغطية الصحية الشاملة على قمة جدول أعمال الصحة العالمية. المواقع المحلية:عملت اليابان على الترويج لجدول الأعمال الصحية في جميع مؤتمرات قمة الدول السبعة التي استضافتها منذ عام 2000. وبحكم تركيز اليابان على الأمن البشري كدعامة أساسية لدبلوماسيتها الخارجية على مدار العديد من العقود، فلم تكن هناك معارضة بادية من قبل اليابان لتضمين التغطية الصحية الشاملة في مؤتمر القمة سنة 2016. وعلى الجانب الآخر، بدت حكومات مجموعة الدول السبع الأخرى حريصة على تعزيز مثل تلك التغطية. التغيرات ذات الصلة:منذ انعقاد مؤتمر القمة سنة 2016، ظلت التغطية الصحية الشاملة بندًا رئيسًا في جدول أعمال الأمم المتحدة ومنظمة الصحة العالمية، حتى مع التغييرات التي طرأت على رئاسة هاتين المنظمتين العالميتين. وفي 2017، استضافت اليابان منتدى التغطية الصحية الشاملة في طوكيو. أبدى المشاركون – من رؤساء وكالات الأمم المتحدة والسياسيين وغيرهم من صانعي القرار من جميع أنحاء العالم – التزامهم المستمر نحو التغطية الصحية الشاملة. الدروس المستفادة:في إطار جهود رفع الوعي بأحد بنود جدول الأعمال الصحة العالمية، فمن الحتمي اكتساب التأكيد من جانب جهات رفيعة المستوى. وعلى الرغم من التباين الكبير بين الجهات المعنية، فهناك ضرورة للتواصل بين جميع تلك الجهات، والسماح لها بمناقشة السياسات مع بعضها البعض. ولكن وجود العديد من الجهات المؤيدة قد يؤدي إلى تجزؤ السياسات، وخاصةً عند وجود التزام من المستويات العليا داخل كل دولة. 问题:如果要在全球范围内实现全民健康覆盖 (UHC),需持续推进工作、提高政治意识,并获得政策支持。. 方法:在 2016 年担任七国集团轮值主席国期间,日本致力于将全民健康覆盖 (UHC) 问题提到全球医疗卫生发展议程的首要位置。. 当地状况:自 2000 年以来,日本在历届七国集团 (G7) 峰会期间均提出了医疗卫生议程。数十年来,人类安全问题一直是日本外交政策的核心基石。因此,将全民健康覆盖 (UHC) 列入 2016 年七国集团峰会议程时,日本国内并未出现明显的反对声音。其他七国集团 (G7) 成员国也积极促进此项事业的发展。. 相关变化:自 2016 年七国集团峰会以来,尽管联合国和世界卫生组织的领导者不断更迭,但全民健康覆盖 (UHC) 始终是这两大全球性组织的核心议程。2017 年,日本在东京举办了全民健康覆盖 (UHC) 论坛。来自世界各地的与会者(联合国有关机构领导者、政客以及其他决策制定者)展现了愿意继续致力于全民健康覆盖 (UHC) 事业发展的决心。. 经验教训:高水准捍卫者对提高全球医疗卫生议程的认识至关重要。尽管捍卫者的组织形式可能不尽相同,但所有的利益相关者都需要联合起来、彼此交流、协商策略。但是,成员过多也可能会造成政策分裂,尤其在各国最高阶层参与的情况下. Проблема:Для обеспечения всеобщего охвата медико-санитарными услугами на глобальном уровне необходимо постоянное содействие, политическая осведомленность и поддержка. Подход:В период своего председательства в группе промышленно развитых стран «Большой семерки» (G7) в 2016 году Япония поставила перед собой задачу поднять вопрос о всеобщем охвате медико-санитарными услугами на первое место в глобальной повестке дня в области здравоохранения. Местные условия:Япония продвигала повестку дня в области здравоохранения на всех саммитах «Большой семерки», которые она проводила c 2000 года. В течение нескольких десятилетий безопасность человека была основой внешней политики и дипломатии Японии, и, следовательно, в Японии не было явного противодействия включению всеобщего охвата медико-санитарными услугами в повестку дня саммита в 2016 году. Другие правительства стран «Большой семерки» оказались также заинтересованы в содействии такому охвату. Осуществленные перемены:Начиная с саммита 2016 года всеобщий охват медико-санитарными услугами остается центральным пунктом повестки дня для Организации Объединенных Наций и Всемирной организации здравоохранения, несмотря на то что сменились лидеры обеих этих глобальных организаций. В 2017 году Япония провела в Токио Форум по вопросам всеобщего охвата медико-санитарными услугами. Участники, будучи руководителями представительств Организации Объединенных Наций, политиками и другими ответственными лицами, принимающими решения, со всего мира, продемонстрировали свою неизменную приверженность вопросам всеобщего охвата медико-санитарными услугами. Выводы:В повышении осведомленности о пункте глобальной повестки дня в области здравоохранения важнейшее значение имеют лидеры высокого уровня. Все соответствующие заинтересованные стороны должны быть объединены в этом вопросе, несмотря на различие мнений, и должны иметь возможность обсуждать политику друг с другом. Тем не менее слишком большое количество союзников может привести к разрозненности мнений в политике, особенно когда в каждой стране прослеживается вовлеченность высших эшелонов в решение глобальных вопросов.
journal_name
Bull World Health Organjournal_title
Bulletin of the World Health Organizationauthors
Sakamoto H,Ezoe S,Hara K,Hinoshita E,Sekitani Y,Abe K,Inada H,Kato T,Komada K,Miyakawa M,Yamaya H,Yamamoto N,Abe SK,Shibuya Kdoi
10.2471/BLT.17.200402subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2018-05-01 00:00:00pages
355-359issue
5eissn
0042-9686issn
1564-0604pii
BLT.17.200402journal_volume
96pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Eighteen patients with Plasmodium falciparum infection were studied in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, to monitor the response of the malaria parasite to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. In all infections the parasitaemia was cleared rapidly following treatment with standard dose of the drug combination; no recrudescence was observe...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bladder cancer is the twelfth most common cancer globally, with approximately 170 000 new cases each year; a third of these cases are in the developing countries. There are two major etiological types. The first is more common in the industrialized countries and is associated with exposure to certain occupational and ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In Iran, microscopic examination of skin scrapings from 2202 individuals with clinically diagnosed cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) lesions revealed the presence of amastigotes in 1123 cases (51.0%). Bacteriological examinations of the lesions indicated that 788 individuals (35.7%) were also infected with one or more path...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Examination of large numbers of strains of meningococci associated with systemic disease in US Army personnel over a 7-year period has shown a changing pattern of sero-group prevalence and an increasing proportion of sulfadiazine-resistant organisms. These findings underline the failure of sulfadiazine prophylaxis and...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1971-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The concentrations of chloroquine and desethylchloroquine in the blood of 10 healthy adult Swedish volunteers who had been taking 310 mg chloroquine base once a week for at least 8 months for malaria prophylaxis were measured. Samples of capillary whole blood from the volunteers were dried on filter-paper and the drug...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Described are the results of an international collaborative study to evaluate the use of whole blood samples spotted on filter-paper (BSP) for the detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). BSP samples were collected from 40 patients at risk for HIV-1 infection and tested blindly using com...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To document the inclusion of key medicines for children in national essential medicines lists (EMLs) and standard treatment guidelines, and to assess the availability and cost of these medicines in 14 countries in central Africa. METHODS:Surveys were conducted in 12 public and private sector medicine outlets...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/blt.08.053645
更新日期:2009-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The spot hybridization assay for the detection of Plasmodium falciparum reported here uses as probe a repetitive DNA sequence from this species and exhibits a high degree of species specificity. Isolates from African, Asian, and South American patients were positive in the assay and gametocytes could be detected at th...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Public and political awareness of emerging infectious diseases is growing, as animal and human health specialists work closer together to avert potential outbreaks. ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 新闻
doi:10.2471/BLT.11.031211
更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::This report concerns the host's reactions to the presence of the parasite both in the course of the natural disease and during drug treatment. The various stages of Onchocerca volvulus are discussed in terms of the type of tissue reaction seen. The discussion then turns to basic hypotheses concerning the etiology of t...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1979-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The results of comparative assays have revealed considerable variation in the potencies of tetanus toxoids produced in different laboratories. Some manufacturers are able consistently to produce toxoids high in potency; others are not able to do so. While further work is required in order to correlate the animal assay...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1955-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Lay health workers are key to achieving universal health-care coverage, therefore measuring worker attrition and identifying its determinants should be an integral part of any lay health worker programme. Both published and unpublished research on lay health workers has largely focused on the types of interventions th...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.11.087825
更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:Objective:To analyse and improve the Namibian maternity care system by implementing maternal near-miss surveillance during 1 October 2018 and 31 March 2019, and identifying the challenges and benefits of such data collection. Methods:From the results of an initial feasibility study, we adapted the World Health Organiz...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.20.251371
更新日期:2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The paper presents clinical observations on 1 233 persons with smallpox who were admitted to the Infectious Diseases Hospital, Calcutta, in 1973. The disease was of the modified type in 53 patients (4.3%), the ordinary type in 717 (58.2%), the flat type in 249 (20.2%), and the haemorrhagic type in 214 (17.3%). The fat...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1975-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The systematic position of the so-called "species" of Leishmania is examined and an attempt made to determine their phylogenetic relationships. The morphology of the organisms as seen by light- and electron-microscopy is described; neither method provides useful criteria for the determination of species. The behaviour...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1971-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A simple grading system for trachoma, based on the presence or absence of five selected "key" signs, has been developed. The method was tested in the field and showed good observer agreement, the most critical point being the identification of severe cases of the disease. It is expected that the system will facilitate...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This report from the Tuberculosis Chemotherapy Centre, Madras, summarizes the progress over a 5-year period of 193 patients with newly diagnosed, sputum-positive pulmonary tuberculosis who were admitted to a concurrent comparison of home and sanatorium treatment for one year with isoniazid plus PAS. Previous reports h...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:
更新日期:1966-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The health consequences of tobacco use are well known, but less recognized are the significant environmental impacts of tobacco production and use. The environmental impacts of tobacco include tobacco growing and curing; product manufacturing and distribution; product consumption; and post-consumption waste. The World...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.15.152744
更新日期:2015-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The large epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the United Kingdom has been in decline since 1992, but has spread to other countries. The extensive control measures that have been put in place across the European Union and also in Switzerland should have brought the transmission of BSE under control in...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Low back pain is the leading cause of years lived with disability globally. In 2018, an international working group called on the World Health Organization to increase attention on the burden of low back pain and the need to avoid excessively medical solutions. Indeed, major international clinical guidelines now recog...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.18.226050
更新日期:2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in Pakistan. The National ARI Control Programme was launched in 1989 in order to reduce the mortality attributed to pneumonia, and rationalize the use of drugs in the management of patients with ARI. WHO's standard ARI case man...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The objective of the study reported was to investigate the hypothesis that a diet low in protein would affect ability to detoxify pesticides. If this were so, the results would have application to use of pesticides in areas of the world where the diet is normally low in protein. To test the hypothesis, weanling albino...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1968-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To develop a Bayesian hierarchical model for human onchocerciasis with which to explore the factors that influence prevalence of microfilariae in the Amazonian focus of onchocerciasis and predict the probability of any community being at least mesoendemic (>20% prevalence of microfilariae), and thus in need o...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A survey of the sandfly population of Iran was conducted in the interests of providing further knowledge of the biology of these vectors of leishmaniasis, sandfly fever and kalaazar. The search for specimens was carried out in the Tabriz, Sarab, Caspian Sea, Teheran and Kazerun areas, both inside buildings and in natu...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1961-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess maternal and neonatal health services in 49 developing countries. METHODS:The services were rated on a scale of 0 to 100 by 10 - 25 experts in each country. The ratings covered emergency and routine services, including family planning, at health centres and district hospitals, access to these servi...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article describes the essential components of oral health information systems for the analysis of trends in oral disease and the evaluation of oral health programmes at the country, regional and global levels. Standard methodology for the collection of epidemiological data on oral health has been designed by WHO ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:/S0042-96862005000900014
更新日期:2005-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The distribution and epidemiology of parasitic diseases in both urban and periurban areas of endemic countries have been changing as development progresses. The following different scenarios involving Chagas disease, lymphatic filariasis, leishmaniasis and schistosomiasis are discussed: (1) infected persons entering n...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the early summer of 1993, an outbreak of Rift Valley fever (RVF) was reported among both humans and animals in Aswan Governorate, Upper Egypt. To determine whether RVF infection had spread to the Nile delta region of the country, we carried out a cross-sectional survey of 1181 occupationally exposed abattoir worker...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Based on studies carried out by the author and his associates in areas of Japan and South Asia where malayan and bancroftian filariasis is endemic, this paper recommends methods for use in microfilaria surveys and in the analysis of data obtained in such surveys. The author recommends the use of measured blood samples...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1967-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Using a sexually transmitted diseases simulation model (STDSIM), we made projections of HIV spread for four profiles of sexual behaviour reflecting patterns encountered across the developing world: 1) much commercial sex, no short relationships; 2) commercial sex, concurrent short relationships; 3) concurrent relation...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00