Abstract:
:The health consequences of tobacco use are well known, but less recognized are the significant environmental impacts of tobacco production and use. The environmental impacts of tobacco include tobacco growing and curing; product manufacturing and distribution; product consumption; and post-consumption waste. The World Health Organization's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control addresses environmental concerns in Articles 17 and 18, which primarily apply to tobacco agriculture. Article 5.3 calls for protection from policy interference by the tobacco industry regarding the environmental harms of tobacco production and use. We detail the environmental impacts of the tobacco life-cycle and suggest policy responses. :Les conséquences du tabagisme sur la santé sont notoires. En revanche, les impacts environnementaux considérables de la production et de la consommation de tabac sont moins connus. Ces impacts environnementaux sont liés à la culture et au séchage du tabac, à la fabrication des produits du tabac et à leur distribution, au tabagisme et aux déchets générés après consommation. La Convention-cadre de l’OMS pour la lutte antitabac évoque ces problèmes environnementaux dans ses Articles 17 et 18, qui s'appliquent avant tout à la culture du tabac. L'Article 5.3 préconise de ne pas laisser l'industrie du tabac influencer les mesures politiques en ce qui concerne les effets négatifs de la production et de la consommation du tabac sur l'environnement. Nous détaillons dans ce dossier les impacts environnementaux sur tout le cycle de vie du tabac et formulons plusieurs suggestions en termes de réponse politique. :Las consecuencias sanitarias del consumo de tabaco son bien conocidas, pero no tanto los significativos efectos que el cultivo y consumo de tabaco tienen en el medio ambiente. Los efectos medioambientales del tabaco incluyen el crecimiento y la cura del tabaco, la producción y distribución del producto, el consumo del producto y los residuos resultantes de su consumo. El Convenio Marco de la OMS para el Control del Tabaco aborda las preocupaciones medioambientales en los Artículos 17 y 18, los cuales se aplican principalmente en el cultivo del tabaco. El Artículo 5.3 exige medidas cautelares respecto a las políticas de interferencia de la industria del tabaco en lo que se refiere a los daños medioambientales del cultivo y el consumo de tabaco. Se enumeran los efectos medioambientales del ciclo de vida del tabaco y se sugieren respuestas políticas. :إن الآثار الصحية لاستخدام التبغ معروفة جيدًا، ولكن المعرفة بالتأثيرات البيئية الكبرى لإنتاج التبغ واستخدامه ليست بذات القدر من الانتشار. وتشتمل الآثار البيئية للتبغ على زراعة التبغ ومعالجته؛ وصناعة المنتجات وتوزيعها واستهلاكها؛ والنفايات الناتجة بعد الاستهلاك. وتتناول الاتفاقية الإطارية لمنظمة الصحة العالمية المعنية بمكافحة التبغ المخاوف البيئية في المادتين 17 و18، واللتين تنطبقان بشكل أساسي على زراعة التبغ. وتدعو المادة 5-3 للحماية من التدخل في السياسات من جانب قطاع صناعة التبغ فيما يتعلق بالأضرار البيئية لإنتاج التبغ واستخدامه. ونحن نتناول بالتفصيل التأثيرات البيئية لدورة حياة التبغ كما نقترح الاستجابات السياسية. :使用烟草对健康造成的后果已经众所周知,但是生产和使用烟草对环境产生的重大影响却鲜为人知。烟草对环境的影响包括:烟草种植和烘焙、产品制造和分销、产品消费和消费后产生的垃圾。世界卫生组织发布的《烟草控制框架公约》第 17 条和第 18 条中强调的环境问题主要适用于烟草农业。关于烟草生产和使用对环境造成的伤害,第 5.3 款中呼吁烟草行业采取政策干预来保护环境。我们将会详细探讨烟草在其生命周期内对环境造成的影响,同时建议政策应对。. :Влияние табака на здоровье изучено хорошо, но куда менее известно значительное воздействие производства и потребления табака на окружающую среду. Воздействие табака на окружающую среду происходит во время выращивания и сушки табака, изготовления, распределения и потребления табачных изделий; также влияние на окружающую среду оказывают отходы потребления. В Рамочной конвенции Всемирной организации здравоохранения по борьбе против табака проблемам окружающей среды посвящены статьи 17 и 18, в которых внимание уделяется в основном сельскохозяйственному производству табака. В статье 5.3 отмечается необходимость защиты от вмешательства табачной промышленности в политику здравоохранения в плане причинения вреда окружающей среде в результате производства и потребления табачных изделий. Далее подробно описывается влияние жизненного цикла табачных изделий на окружающую среду и предлагаются ответные меры в области политики.
journal_name
Bull World Health Organjournal_title
Bulletin of the World Health Organizationauthors
Novotny TE,Bialous SA,Burt L,Curtis C,da Costa VL,Iqtidar SU,Liu Y,Pujari S,Tursan d'Espaignet Edoi
10.2471/BLT.15.152744subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2015-12-01 00:00:00pages
877-80issue
12eissn
0042-9686issn
1564-0604pii
BLT.15.152744journal_volume
93pub_type
杂志文章abstract::An extensive outbreak of Hong Kong influenza occurred in the USA during the autumn and early winter of 1968-69. Introduction and seeding of the virus occurred in September and early October as individuals returned from the Far East. Civilian outbreaks did not develop until late October and November. By 28 December, al...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1969-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A test procedure involving simply-constructed, portable test-equipment has been developed for detecting resistance to DDT residual applications by adult mosquitos. The procedure involves timed exposures of adult female mosquitos to DDT residues in chambers made of paper and screen wire, and the determination of the su...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1953-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:In 2000, a referral hospital in the Gambia accepted a donation of oxygen concentrators to help maintain oxygen supplies. The concentrators broke down and were put into storage. A case study was done to find the reasons for the problem and to draw lessons to help improve both oxygen supplies and the success of...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/blt.07.042994
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Lyophilized cells for the passive (formerly indirect) haemagglutination test for malaria were tested in a small field trial. A comparison was made with results obtained with samples from the same persons by another method in another laboratory (Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA, USA). The use of lyophilized cell...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1975-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess the consistent availability of basic surgical resources at selected facilities in seven countries. METHODS:In 2010-2014, we used a situational analysis tool to collect data at district and regional hospitals in Bangladesh (n = 14), the Plurinational State of Bolivia (n = 18), Ethiopia (n = 19), Gua...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.16.175885
更新日期:2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To compare sentinel and population-based surveillance of the effect of seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7), introduced in 2000, on the hospitalization of children aged under 5 years with invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in the United States of America. METHODS:Population surveillance data w...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.11.098178
更新日期:2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Asian influenza appears to have reached India via Madras in May 1957. The main pandemic wave swept through the subcontinent within the next 12 weeks; cases occurring thereafter represent the permanent infiltration of the new virus into the population. Between 19 May 1957 and 8 February 1958 there were reported 4 451 7...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1959-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The United Republic of Tanzania is the first mainland sub-Saharan country to launch a national methadone programme as part of its battle to fight the twin epidemics of heroin addiction and HIV infection. Fumbuka Ng'wanakilala reports. ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 新闻
doi:10.2471/BLT.13.030213
更新日期:2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Since the development of insecticide-resistance and the consequent partial failure of the chemical approach to the control of disease vectors, interest in the biological approach has re-awakened. An aspect of the latter approach that is of great current interest is "autocidal control"-that is, the use of insects for t...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1963-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Few experiments have been reported on immunity to reinfection in domestic stock. The degree of resistance to reinfection with S. mattheei was studied in cattle and sheep. On the basis of the results, the only evidence of acquired immunity in calves and sheep is a reduction in the length of adult worms. ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1974-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The author examines in detail the symptomatology, diagnosis, and treatment of plague, and outlines the problem of the length of the incubation period.The clinical features commonly met with in all severely-affected plague patients, regardless of the primary localization of the infection, are described. The author then...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1953-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The immunizing potency of liquid BCG vaccine prepared by the Tween 80 method was compared with that of control vaccine prepared by the usual grinding method. The former vaccine revealed higher immunizing properties than the latter although its inoculation dose was only one-fifth as great.With sodium glutamate as adjuv...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1957-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:PROBLEM:In 2010, dengue virus (DENV) serotype-4 was detected during a dengue outbreak in the Amazonian city of Boa Vista. At that time Brazil was already endemic for DENV-1, DENV-2 and DENV-3. This was the first time DENV-4 was observed in the country after it was initially detected and eliminated in 1981. APPROACH:To...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.13.119081
更新日期:2014-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The author sees the task of industrial psychiatry as one of preventing emotional maladjustment and the more serious mental disorders in the industrial population, and of treating early cases of emotional disorders. He classifies the preventive functions as: giving "emotional" first-aid, holding psychiatric consultatio...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1955-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine the fraction of individuals with high total serum cholesterol who get diagnosed and effectively treated in eight high- and middle-income countries. METHODS:Using data from nationally representative health examination surveys conducted in 1998-2007, we studied a probability sample of 79 039 adult...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.10.079947
更新日期:2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Overall mortality rates are higher among cigarette smokers than non-smokers. However, very little is known about the health effects of other forms of tobacco use widely prevalent in India, such as bidi smoking and various forms of smokeless tobacco (e.g. chewing betel-quid). We therefore carried out a coho...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Epidemics of presumed arthropod-borne virus infections have occurred over the years in the Australasian region but as yet little is known about the identity, distribution and frequency of occurrence of the viruses present. Therefore, beginning with specimens collected in 1956, a systematic sero-epidemiological study w...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1964-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tumours of the pancreas occur most commonly in dogs and cats and only rarely in other domestic species. The incidence of neoplasms, both exocrine and endocrine, increases with age. Exocrine adenocarcinomas are the most common malignant tumours and have three fairly distinct morphological patterns: small tubular, large...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1976-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A study spanning 10 years indicates that the erythrocytic stages of malarial parasites can be stored indefinitely in the vapour phase of liquid nitrogen without significant loss of infectivity. The results also suggest that loss due to the recovery procedures exceeds any loss that may have occurred during freezing and...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1977-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the course of WHO/UNICEF-assisted tuberculosis surveys carried out in a number of African territories, sputa were microscopically examined for the presence of acid-fast bacilli. Since adequate facilities for performing cultures to confirm the diagnosis of tuberculosis and other mycobacterial infections were not ava...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1960-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent investigations have revealed that monkeypox virus infections occur with a high prevalence in several species of squirrels belonging to the genus Funisciurus, less frequently in squirrels of the genus Heliosciurus, and rarely in forest-dwelling primates. These squirrels commonly inhabit the secondary forests aro...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine the impact of user fees on the utilization of health services in a community-based cost-sharing scheme in Kabarole District, western Uganda. METHODS:Of the 38 government health units that had introduced user-fee financing schemes, 11 were included in the study. Outpatient utilization was assesse...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Density gradients with metrizamide, a tri-iodinated benzamido derivative of glucose, have been used to separate erythrocytes infected with three species of murine plasmodia. Uninfected erythrocytes separated well from erythrocytes containing parasites in different developmental stages. With metrizamide solutions, the ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1979-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Now that the global eradication of wild poliovirus is almost within sight, planning for the post-certification era is becoming a priority issue. It is agreed that a stockpile of appropriate polio vaccines will need to be established, and a surveillance and response capacity will need to be maintained, in order to prot...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The impact of visual loss has profound implications for the person affected and society as a whole. The majority of blind people live in developing countries, and generally, their blindness could have been avoided or cured. Given the current predictions that the number of blind people worldwide will roughly double by ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Villages associated with the Lesotho Highlands Development Agency were randomized with a bias in favour of larger villages, and children < 5 years of age from cluster-randomized households in these villages were chosen for the assessment of antibiotic resistance in pneumococci. Children of the same age group attending...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To investigate physical activity during leisure time and commuting among persons aged 15-69 years in the urban population of Tianjin, China, and to assess its associations with demographic and health-related characteristics. METHODS:In 1996 a cross-sectional survey of 2002 males and 1974 females provided inf...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Some time ago the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization asked the National Institute for Medical Research, London, to consult with the WHO International Blood Group Reference Laboratory concerning the establishment of an international standard for albumin-potentiated anti-Rh(o) (anti-D) blood-typing serum...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1967-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The treatment of cholera with bacteriophage has, in the past, been unsuccessful, owing to the fact that the phages prepared by the usual method (multiplication on cholera vibrios in broth) proved incapable of parasitizing cholera vibrios in vivo. In this paper, the author presents the results of therapeutic and prophy...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1963-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::As a basis for considering the forms and patterns of national committees on vital and health statistics in the future, the author first discusses the six main objectives of national systems of those statistics. Turning then to the aims of the national committees themselves, he observes that such is the variety of stat...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1954-01-01 00:00:00