Abstract:
:The United Republic of Tanzania is the first mainland sub-Saharan country to launch a national methadone programme as part of its battle to fight the twin epidemics of heroin addiction and HIV infection. Fumbuka Ng'wanakilala reports.
journal_name
Bull World Health Organjournal_title
Bulletin of the World Health Organizationauthors
doi
10.2471/BLT.13.030213subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2013-02-01 00:00:00pages
89-90issue
2eissn
0042-9686issn
1564-0604pii
BLT.13.030213journal_volume
91pub_type
新闻abstract::Some time ago the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization asked the National Institute for Medical Research, London, to consult with the WHO International Blood Group Reference Laboratory concerning the establishment of an international standard for albumin-potentiated anti-Rh(o) (anti-D) blood-typing serum...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1967-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tuberculin is known to be adsorbed to containers and syringes. In the present paper, the adsorption which takes place in the ampoules has been studied in relation to the diluent for the tuberculin.Adsorption was most evident in dilutions prepared with saline or with phosphate buffer containing dextran. The inclusion i...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1958-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::One of the hazards involved in the use of antibiotics in animal feeds is that it may lead to the development of bacterial drug-resistance. An analysis of the phenomenon shows that this possibility largely depends on the size of the bacterial populations involved and on the possibility of selective multiplication of th...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1963-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Toxorhynchites brevipalpis, a predator on larvae of Aedes aegypti and other mosquitos, was successfully colonized in the laboratory. At 25 degrees C, embryonic development was completed within 50 hours of oviposition, while larval and pupal development together took a further 27-41 days. The adult mosquitos mated in c...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1973-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::New global public health institutions are increasingly emphasizing transparency in decision-making, developing-country ownership of projects and programmes, and merit- and performance-based funding. Such principles imply an institutional response to the challenge of bridging the "know-do gap", by basing decisions expl...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/blt.05.028704
更新日期:2006-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Enzyme immunoassays represent in many cases the preferred procedure for the detection of antigens or corresponding antibodies. However, many of the current procedures are performed suboptimally. This article reviews the available designs, auxiliary recognition systems, production and purification of antibodies, conjug...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The serological identification of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in blood is the most widely used method to diagnose HIV infection. Recently, however, the use of oral fluid samples for the detection of antibodies to HIV has been suggested as an alternative. This review describes some basic informatio...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Described are the results of an international collaborative study to evaluate the use of whole blood samples spotted on filter-paper (BSP) for the detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). BSP samples were collected from 40 patients at risk for HIV-1 infection and tested blindly using com...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This literature review indicates that menstrual regulation during the fifth to seventh week of pregnancy is not always as free from risk as has sometimes been claimed. In particular, it has a higher failure rate, in terms of continued pregnancy, than has abortion by suction in later stages of pregnancy.Vacuum aspirati...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1979-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Two, 30-cluster, retrospective surveys of deaths from neonatal tetanus in Indonesia were conducted during 1982. The first survey, in the city of Jakarta, identified 16 deaths from neonatal tetanus among 2310 live births, giving a mortality rate of 6.9 per 1000 live births. The second survey covered 19 of Indonesia's 2...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The impact of visual loss has profound implications for the person affected and society as a whole. The majority of blind people live in developing countries, and generally, their blindness could have been avoided or cured. Given the current predictions that the number of blind people worldwide will roughly double by ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The author sees the task of industrial psychiatry as one of preventing emotional maladjustment and the more serious mental disorders in the industrial population, and of treating early cases of emotional disorders. He classifies the preventive functions as: giving "emotional" first-aid, holding psychiatric consultatio...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1955-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A possible method for genetic control of insect vector species involves the use of translocation heterozygotes. The potential of single and double heterozygotes already available in Aedes aegypti has been investigated with computer simulations of release strategies. Such simulations indicate a possible role for transl...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1971-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Despite major obstacles, activities to control sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) were initiated in Haiti in 1992 in collaboration with local nongovernmental organizations. The approaches included review of available local data, assessment of STD case management practices and constraints, and development of specific...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A number of drugs and drug combinations were tested both in vitro and in vivo against pathogens causing actinomycetoma and maduromycetoma. Of 144 patients with actinomycetoma treated, 63.2% were cured, 21.5% showed great improvement in their condition, and 11.1% showed some improvement. Treatment was successful even w...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1976-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The magnitude and duration of dengue viraemia were studied in 153 patients with naturally acquired dengue infection in Jakarta, Indonesia. The duration of viraemia ranged from 2 to 12 days, but most patients had detectable circulating virus for 4-5 days. Accurate measurement of peak virus titres was not possible for m...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1981-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess the effect of tobacco smoking on the outcome of tuberculosis treatment in Tbilisi, Georgia. METHODS:We conducted a prospective cohort study of adults with laboratory-confirmed tuberculosis from May 2011 to November 2013. History of tobacco smoking was collected using a standardized questionnaire ad...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.14.147439
更新日期:2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:Objective:To compare estimated losses from international corporate tax avoidance in individual countries and domestic government health expenditure, with reference to the annual threshold of 86 United States dollars (US$) per capita required to achieve universal health coverage. Methods:I obtained and compared estimat...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.18.220897
更新日期:2019-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Venereal diseases are known to occur most frequently in the age-groups of greatest sexual activity and more frequently among people in certain occupations (e.g., migrant labourers, military personnel and seafarers) than among the general population. The Brussels Agreement of 1924 and the great improvements in conditio...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1963-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::User fees are used to recover costs and discourage unnecessary attendance at primary care clinics in many developing countries. In South Africa, user fees for children aged under 6 years and pregnant women were removed in 1994, and in 1997 all user fees at all primary health care clinics were abolished. The intention ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::At the request of the Ministry of Health of the USSR, a controlled field trial of a polyvaccine containing typhoid, paratyphoid and dysentery antigens and a purified tetanus toxoid was undertaken in 1958. The main object of this trial, which was carried out over a 10-month period simultaneously in four localities, was...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1962-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine paediatric blood sample volume limits that are consistent with physiological "minimal risk." METHODS:A literature review was performed to search for evidence concerning the adverse effects of blood sampling in children and for guidelines on sampling volume in paediatric research. The search incl...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2471/BLT.10.080010
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::To obviate the foreign protein reactions experienced with the use of hyperimmune serum in rabies-exposed individuals, an attempt was made to produce a rabies antiserum of human origin.Five doses of an inactivated rabies virus duck-egg vaccine were administered to 34 volunteers at 4-day intervals (i.e., on days 0, 4, 8...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1959-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:Problem:If universal health coverage (UHC) is to be achieved globally, it needs sustained promotion and political awareness and support. Approach:During its presidency of the Group of Seven (G7) industrialized nations in 2016, Japan aimed to raise the issue of UHC to the top of the global health agenda. Local setting...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.17.200402
更新日期:2018-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine if educating caregivers in providing zinc supplements to infants < 6 months old with acute diarrhoea is effective in treating diarrhoea and preventing acute lower respiratory infections (ALRIs), and whether it leads to a decrease in the use of oral rehydration salts (ORS). METHODS:In this retros...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.2471/BLT.10.075986
更新日期:2010-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The biological effects of tuberculin in an organism infected with tubercle bacilli are due to an unknown number of different substances, which are present in varying concentrations in different tuberculin preparations. Consequently, the response to tuberculin tests with various products is likely to vary with the biol...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1964-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::An attempt was made to assess the protective influence of killed intranasal influenza B vaccine against a homologous virus challenge. Two types of trial were performed. In the first of these, the vaccine was compared with an inert placebo and, in the second, with conventional homologous and heterologous parenteral vac...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1969-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Since the appearance of DDT-resistance in houseflies in 1947, over 30 mosquito species have developed resistance to this and other commonly used insecticides. Much knowledge has been gained concerning the mechanism of resistance in insects but, in general, this phenomenon cannot be explained in terms of a single facto...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1967-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Since the first attempt at vaccination more than 200 years ago, debate has been ongoing about the relative benefits and risks. However, debate was overshadowed by the threat of crippling illness and death. Over the years, vaccination programs succeeded in its goals: eradication of smallpox, near eradication of polio,...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A double-blind, randomized phase I clinical trial was carried out to compare mefloquine with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for safety and tolerance. Twenty adult male Brazilian subjects from areas endemic for malaria were studied for a period of 66 days, which included 2 days of basal studies and a 63-day follow-up after ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:
更新日期:1983-01-01 00:00:00