Abstract：
:The results of comparative assays have revealed considerable variation in the potencies of tetanus toxoids produced in different laboratories. Some manufacturers are able consistently to produce toxoids high in potency; others are not able to do so. While further work is required in order to correlate the animal assay with results in man, these results once more stress the inadequacies of minimum requirement tests used in most countries for controlling products of this type and the need for more precise methods of control.
journal_name
Bull World Health Organjournal_title
Bulletin of the World Health Organizationauthors
GREENBERG Lsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1955-01-01 00:00:00pages
761-8issue
5eissn
0042-9686issn
1564-0604journal_volume
12pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:In China, alcohol consumption is increasing faster than anywhere else in the world. A steady increase in alcohol production has also been observed in the country, together with a rise in alcohol-related harm. Despite these trends, China's policies on the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages are weak compared wi...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.2471/BLT.12.107318
更新日期：2013-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Smallpox vaccinations were performed in a well-vaccinated prison population by multiple-pressure technique and by intradermal jet injection using serial dilutions of vaccine. A total of 140 subjects were divided into groups, and each group was vaccinated by the multiple-pressure technique or by jet injection using 1 o...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1969-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) include bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), which was first described in 1986 in the United Kingdom but has occurred subsequently in several other countries. This Memorandum reviews the existing state of knowledge on all the known spongiform encephalopathies, and...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The intrinsic qualities of influenza virus particles may be studied at the biological level from two points of view:(1) The surface structures associated with adsorption to the surface of the susceptible cell and entry into its substance are regarded as essentially somatic in character. Infection is possible only when...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1953-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Investigators using questionnaires are usually confronted with an enormous number of different responses whose significance with respect to a particular characteristic is not immediately clear. This paper presents a simple computational technique for determining the relative merits of each question and a score for eac...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1972-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The International Consortium in Psychiatric Epidemiology (ICPE) was established in 1998 by WHO to carry out cross-national comparative studies of the prevalences and correlates of mental disorders. This article describes the findings of ICPE surveys in seven countries in North America (Canada and USA), Latin America (...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To characterize the epidemiology of dysentery (defined as bloody diarrhoea) in Burundi, we reviewed national surveillance data and conducted a household cluster survey including two case--control studies: one at the household, the other at the individual level. We estimated that community incidences for dysentery (per...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The concentrations of chloroquine and desethylchloroquine in the blood of 10 healthy adult Swedish volunteers who had been taking 310 mg chloroquine base once a week for at least 8 months for malaria prophylaxis were measured. Samples of capillary whole blood from the volunteers were dried on filter-paper and the drug...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Since the development of insecticide-resistance and the consequent partial failure of the chemical approach to the control of disease vectors, interest in the biological approach has re-awakened. An aspect of the latter approach that is of great current interest is "autocidal control"-that is, the use of insects for t...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1963-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The immunizing potency of liquid BCG vaccine prepared by the Tween 80 method was compared with that of control vaccine prepared by the usual grinding method. The former vaccine revealed higher immunizing properties than the latter although its inoculation dose was only one-fifth as great.With sodium glutamate as adjuv...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1957-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Presented is an assessment of the cost-effectiveness of cataract surgery using cost and services data from the Lumbini Zonal Eye Care Programme in Nepal. The analysis suggests that cataract surgery may be even more cost-effective than previously reported. Under a "best estimate" scenario, cataract surgery had a cost o...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Chikungunya (CHIK) virus, harvested from infected BHK-21 cell cultures and highly purified by a method combining zinc acetate precipitation, Sephadex-Sepharose column chromatography, and sucrose density gradient centrifugation, was subjected to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and treatment with formalin. Inactivation of ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1973-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To characterize patent and proprietary medicine vendors and shops in Nigeria and to assess their ability to help improve access to high-quality, primary health-care services. METHODS:In 2013 and 2014, a census of patent and proprietary medicine shops in 16 states of Nigeria was carried out to determine: (i) ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.2471/BLT.15.154666
更新日期：2016-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Twenty-five strains of poliomyelitis virus isolated from paralytic cases in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany were classified either by testing resistance of immunized monkeys, or by neutralization. Seventeen strains (68%) were classified as type 1, 7 (28%) as type 2, and 1 (4%) as type 3. Strains of type 2 are pr...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1953-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Surveillance-containment units were established in 1969 in four States of Brazil as part of the national smallpox eradication programme. Their responsibilities included both the investigation of reported cases and the control of outbreaks, and the further extension and development of the reporting network. Altogether,...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1972-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A field trial was carried out with a vaccine containing 300x10(9) killed S. typhi (strain Ty58) per tablet. A total of 12 564 children aged 1-15 years were given 3 tablets of the vaccine or a placebo at the rate of one tablet on each of 3 consecutive days. The results indicated that the vaccine, in its present form an...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1973-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In March 1990 a study was carried out in the village of Kicheba, United Republic of Tanzania, in which the pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin was sprayed on all the internal surfaces of houses and other shelters at a coverage of about 25 mg of active ingredient per m2. Every day for 6 days, 12 spraymen and 3 sq...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The biological and molecular properties of both virulent and vaccine types of influenza virus strains are reviewed, including their analysis in laboratory animals and in organ tissue cultures, as well as studies of their genome peculiarities. Methods are discussed for obtaining attenuated donor strains of influenza vi...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Division of Brucella strains into three species has long been based on differences in growth characteristics on certain dye-agar media and on variations in H(2)S production on liver agar slants. But certain workers believe these differences to be merely quantitative, such as are found between varieties of one species....
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1961-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To explore factors associated with household coping behaviours in the face of health expenditures in 15 African countries and provide evidence for policy-makers in designing financial health protection mechanisms. METHODS:A series of logit regressions were performed to explore factors correlating with a grea...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.2471/blt.07.049403
更新日期：2008-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The frequency of radiological examinations in a country is an important indicator of the general scope of such services in that setting. Frequency data obtained from surveys provide health planners with valuable information that can form an objective basis for resource allocation. Also, from the point of view of radia...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the early summer of 1993, an outbreak of Rift Valley fever (RVF) was reported among both humans and animals in Aswan Governorate, Upper Egypt. To determine whether RVF infection had spread to the Nile delta region of the country, we carried out a cross-sectional survey of 1181 occupationally exposed abattoir worker...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A trial of the CHAT, type 1, attenuated poliovirus strain of Koprowski was begun in August 1958 in Léopoldville, a city of 350 000 people, and possessing modern medical facilities, including an institute of public health.Paralytic poliomyelitis is endemic in the city; since 1951 there has been an average annual incide...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1960-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The objective of the study reported was to investigate the hypothesis that a diet low in protein would affect ability to detoxify pesticides. If this were so, the results would have application to use of pesticides in areas of the world where the diet is normally low in protein. To test the hypothesis, weanling albino...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1968-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the potential effects of betel quid chewing on mortality. (A quid consists of betel nut, wrapped in betel leaves; tobacco is added to the quid by some users). METHODS:Prospective data were available on 20 033 individuals aged 18-75 years, living in Araihazar, Bangladesh. Demographic and exposure ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.2471/BLT.14.149484
更新日期：2015-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:When mice are immunized with radiation-attenuated sporozoites they are solidly protected against sporozoite challenge by an immune response that has been shown to require CD8+ lymphocytes in several strains of mice. The target of this CD8+ T-cell-dependent immunity has not been established. Immune BALB/c mice were sho...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The reaction that occurs on direct radioelectrocomplexing (REC) between hepatitis B antibody (HB Ab) and (125)I-labelled HB Ag can be inhibited by unlabelled HB Ag. Inhibition of REC provides a rapid, sensitive method for the detection of HB Ag. ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1973-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To review the quality of the coding of the cause of death (COD) statistics and assess the mortality information needs of the City of Cape Town. METHODS:Using an action research approach, a study was set up to investigate the quality of COD information, the accuracy of COD coding and consistency of coding pra...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.2471/blt.05.028589
更新日期：2006-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It is often impossible to measure the reference standard of cardiorespiratory fitness (the maximum oxygen intake) directly, and there is thus a need for subsidiary standard procedures based on body responses to submaximal exercise. In order to reach agreement on such procedures, a recent international working party ha...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1968-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The recommended procedures and criteria for T-cell receptor (TCR) designations are described. The officially adopted designations are for the TCR A, B, D and G loci and for V, D, J and C segments. ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00
