Abstract：
:Since the first attempt at vaccination more than 200 years ago, debate has been ongoing about the relative benefits and risks. However, debate was overshadowed by the threat of crippling illness and death. Over the years, vaccination programs succeeded in its goals: eradication of smallpox, near eradication of polio, and control of other disease. Hence, in the absence of perceptible disease threats, concerns about the risks of vaccines dominate renewed debate. While immunization coverage and surveys suggest that the majority of parents readily accept vaccines, allegations of risk have greater impact than before and are more challenging to address. In view of this, proven or unproven, real or perceived risks must therefore not only be examined in the light of the best scientific information obtainable but responsibly communicated. In September 1997, a gathering of experts drafted a declaration concerning effective ways to communicate drug safety and described five principles on the issue. Overall, it is noted that merging better public education on appreciating benefit and risk issues, with extra care in maintaining an honest and open discourse on benefit and risk, can protect against the misinterpretation of information about vaccination, as well as the acceptance of misinformation.
journal_name
Bull World Health Organjournal_title
Bulletin of the World Health Organizationauthors
Pless Rsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2000-01-01 00:00:00pages
219-21issue
2eissn
0042-9686issn
1564-0604journal_volume
78pub_type
评论,杂志文章abstract：:A taxonomic approach using cluster analysis and principal component analysis has grouped the countries of the world in eight clusters, in an initial attempt to propose a worldwide spatial classification based on the following health-related indicators: (a) those directly related to the health status of the population;...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To estimate the prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes in Bangladesh using national survey data and to identify risk factors. METHODS:Sociodemographic and anthropometric data and data on blood pressure and blood glucose levels were obtained for 7541 adults aged 35 years or more from the biomarker sample of t...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.2471/BLT.13.128371
更新日期：2014-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Representatives of the WHO influenza programme recently proposed a standard method of determining neuraminidase activity and neuraminidase inhibition (NI) antibody titres. Logit transformation of the data obtained with the WHO method for the NI assay permits a more efficient performance of the test and easy calculatio...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1975-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Immunity in meningococcal diseases has been inadequately studied and, until now, most attempts at serotherapy and immunization against meningococcal meningitis have been unsuccessful. To ascertain the status of immunity among children at greatest risk of contracting the disease, 267 serum specimens from healthy childr...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1977-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:With a view to developing a schedule for the ambulatory treatment of Schistosoma haematobium infection with sodium antimony dimercaptosuccinate (TWSb), a trial was conducted in Tanzania of the comparative effectiveness of daily and weekly injections of TWSb in schoolchildren. In-patients received five daily injections...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1965-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To characterize patent and proprietary medicine vendors and shops in Nigeria and to assess their ability to help improve access to high-quality, primary health-care services. METHODS:In 2013 and 2014, a census of patent and proprietary medicine shops in 16 states of Nigeria was carried out to determine: (i) ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.2471/BLT.15.154666
更新日期：2016-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The magnitude of antigenic change of the Hong Kong strains from the earlier influenza A2 strains was compared with previous antigenic changes among the type A viruses. Representative type A strains recovered from man during the years 1933 through 1969 were examined by reciprocal haemagglutination-inhibition, neutraliz...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1969-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To investigate the impact of violence against mothers on mortality risks for their offspring before 5 years of age in Nicaragua. METHODS:From a demographic database covering a random sample of urban and rural households in Le n, Nicaragua, we identified all live births among women aged 15-49 years. Cases wer...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Venereal diseases are known to occur most frequently in the age-groups of greatest sexual activity and more frequently among people in certain occupations (e.g., migrant labourers, military personnel and seafarers) than among the general population. The Brussels Agreement of 1924 and the great improvements in conditio...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1963-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Marion Koopmans tells Fiona Fleck why the world needs a publicly-funded network of hubs in all regions with local experts able to respond to infectious disease threats as they emerge. ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 传,历史文章,新闻
doi：10.2471/BLT.18.030218
更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To understand better the current regional situation and public health response to cervical cancer and female breast cancer in the Americas. METHODS:Data on cervical cancer and female breast cancers in 33 countries, for the period from 2000 to the last year with available data, were extracted from the Pan Ame...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.2471/BLT.12.116699
更新日期：2013-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It remains unclear why there is such marked variation in the severity of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic between African countries. The prevalence of HIV infection has reached high levels in many parts of southern Africa but in most countries of West Africa the levels are much lower. Although there is ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The relationship between cardiovascular characteristics and mortality was investigated in an epidemiological study of heart disease in a representative adult rural community in Jamaica. Of 449 men and 469 women followed up for 5 years, 36 men and 28 women died and the data concerning their status as regards arterial p...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1972-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Contributions made by five groups of investigators to the knowledge of the stability of different iodine compounds in salt, and of the extent of the losses of iodine which may occur when iodized salt is exposed to different conditions of storage and use, are discussed by the author.STABILITY OF THE IODINE COMPONENT IN...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1953-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The QBC (quantitative buffy coat) technique was compared with that of the Giemsa-stained thick blood film (GTF) under field conditions in Junlian and Mingshan counties, Sichuan, China, for rapid diagnosis of vivax malaria. Blood samples were collected from 364 volunteer villagers, and each sample was examined with bot...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Advancing the public health insurance system is one of the key strategies of the Senegalese government for achieving universal health coverage. In 2013, the government launched a universal health financial protection programme, la Couverture Maladie Universelle. One of the programme's aims was to establish a community...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.2471/BLT.19.239665
更新日期：2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To estimate out-of-pocket costs and the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure in people admitted to hospital with acute coronary syndromes in Asia. METHODS:Participants were enrolled between June 2011 and May 2012 into this observational study in China, India, Malaysia, Republic of Korea, Singapore, T...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.2471/BLT.15.158303
更新日期：2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Sera were collected from 320 shearwaters (Puffinus pacificus chlororhynchus) nesting on two islands off the east coast of northern Australia in December 1969. About 10% of these sera specifically inhibited the neuraminidase of the 1957 strain of human influenza (A2/Asian/57), some to high titre.The neuraminidase of A2...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1970-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：PROBLEM:Acute diarrhoeal diseases and acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are the most common causes of child mortality worldwide. Safe, effective and inexpensive solutions are available for prevention and control, but they do not reach needy communities. APPROACH:Interventions based on research were designed to train...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.2471/BLT.09.065649
更新日期：2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To describe the epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in a developing country. METHODS:The work was carried out in three hospitals for primary cases and in the community for secondary cases in the western region of the Gambia, West Africa. RSV infection was diagnosed by immunofluorescen...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To estimate the validity (sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values) of a clinical algorithm as used by community health workers (CHWs) to detect and classify neonatal illness during routine household visits in rural Bangladesh. METHODS:CHWs evaluated breastfeeding and symptoms an...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.2471/blt.07.050666
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The impact of visual loss has profound implications for the person affected and society as a whole. The majority of blind people live in developing countries, and generally, their blindness could have been avoided or cured. Given the current predictions that the number of blind people worldwide will roughly double by ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cardiovascular diseases are often found to be associated with certain physicochemical characteristics of the environment-namely, the hardness of the water and the types of rock and soil underlying the area. Areas supplied with soft water usually have higher cardiovascular death rates than do areas supplied with hard w...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1972-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This paper reviews recent experimental evidence in support of inoculation with antirabies serum, the value of which, as a prophylactic measure, is compared with that of vaccine treatment alone. The author concludes that the chief advantages of combined antiserum-vaccine prophylaxis lie in the rapid treatment of cases ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1954-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Three diphtheria toxoid preparations, fractionated at various concentrations of ammonium sulfate, having various grades of purity, and showing striking differences in immunizing potency when compared at the same Lf dose, were examined for similarity of the effective constituents in the fractions. No evidence of deviat...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1954-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The presence of non-specific inhibitors in immune influenza sera may falsify the antibody pattern as shown by the haemagglutination-inhibition test, and it is consequently often necessary to pre-treat sera in order to inactivate these inhibitors. A number of different methods are in use for this purpose. It was theref...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1960-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hepatic damage caused by chronic exposure to arsenic has been frequently described. Here we report on 13 patients from West Bengal, India, who consumed large amounts of arsenic in drinking water. An epidemiological investigation of the study area showed evidence of chronic arsenical dermatosis and hepatomegaly in 62 (...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:To implement and evaluate a public-private partnership to deliver the internationally recommended strategy DOTS for the control of tuberculosis (TB) in Lalitpur municipality, Nepal, where it is estimated that 50% of patients with TB are managed in the private sector. METHODS:A local working group developed ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2004-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A two-year study was undertaken to establish the incidence and possible viral etiology of acute respiratory diseases among the child population of a shanty town in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The results demonstrated that nearly half of all the illnesses seen were respiratory infections, 10% of them affecting the lower re...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1983-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This article provides a framework for the design of future eradication programmes so that the greatest benefit accrues to health systems development from the implementation of such programmes. The framework focuses on weak and fragile health systems and assumes that eradication leads to the cessation of the interventi...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00
