Catastrophic health expenditure on acute coronary events in Asia: a prospective study.

Abstract:

OBJECTIVE:To estimate out-of-pocket costs and the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure in people admitted to hospital with acute coronary syndromes in Asia. METHODS:Participants were enrolled between June 2011 and May 2012 into this observational study in China, India, Malaysia, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam. Sites were required to enrol a minimum of 10 consecutive participants who had been hospitalized for an acute coronary syndrome. Catastrophic health expenditure was defined as out-of-pocket costs of initial hospitalization > 30% of annual baseline household income, and it was assessed six weeks after discharge. We assessed associations between health expenditure and age, sex, diagnosis of the index coronary event and health insurance status of the participant, using logistic regression models. FINDINGS:Of 12,922 participants, 9370 (73%) had complete data on expenditure. The mean out-of-pocket cost was 3237 United States dollars. Catastrophic health expenditure was reported by 66% (1984/3007) of those without insurance versus 52% (3296/6366) of those with health insurance (P < 0.05). The occurrence of catastrophic expenditure ranged from 80% (1055/1327) in uninsured and 56% (3212/5692) of insured participants in China, to 0% (0/41) in Malaysia. CONCLUSION:Large variation exists across Asia in catastrophic health expenditure resulting from hospitalization for acute coronary syndromes. While insurance offers some protection, substantial numbers of people with health insurance still incur financial catastrophe. OBJECTIF:Estimer les coûts directs ainsi que l'incidence des dépenses de santé catastrophiques pour les personnes admises à l'hôpital avec un syndrome coronarien aigu en Asie. Les participants ont été inscrits à cette étude par observation entre juin 2011 et mai 2012 en Chine, en Inde, en Malaisie, en République de Corée, à Singapour, en Thaïlande et au Viet Nam. Les sites devaient recruter au minimum 10 participants consécutifs ayant été hospitalisés pour un syndrome coronarien aigu. Les dépenses de santé catastrophiques ont été définies comme les coûts directs d'hospitalisation initiale > 30% du revenu annuel de référence des ménages, et ont été estimées six semaines après la sortie de l'hôpital. Nous avons évalué les associations entre les dépenses de santé et l'âge, le sexe, le diagnostic de l'affection coronarienne en question et la couverture d'assurance maladie des participants, à l'aide de modèles de régression logistique. Sur les 12 922 participants, 9370 (73%) disposaient de données complètes sur les dépenses. Les coûts directs moyens s'élevaient à 3237 dollars des États-Unis. Des dépenses de santé catastrophiques ont été rapportées par 66% (1984/3007) des personnes sans assurance contre 52% (3296/6366) des personnes ayant une assurance maladie (P < 0,05). L'occurrence de dépenses de santé catastrophiques allait de 80% (1055/1327) des participants non assurés et 56% (3212/5692) des participants assurés en Chine, à 0% (0/41) en Malaisie. CONCLUSION:Les pays d'Asie présentent de gros écarts en matière de dépenses de santé catastrophiques suite à une hospitalisation pour des syndromes coronariens aigus. Si le fait d'être assuré offre une certaine protection, un grand nombre de personnes ayant une assurance maladie font encore face à des catastrophes financières. OBJETIVO:Estimar los costes directos y la incidencia del gasto sanitario catastrófico en las personas admitidas en hospitales que sufren síndromes coronarios agudos en Asia. MÉTODOS:Los participantes se inscribieron entre junio de 2011 y mayo de 2012 en este estudio de observación en China, India, Malasia, la República de Corea, Singapur, Tailandia y Vietnam. Se solicitó a cada país que inscribiera un mínimo de 10 participantes consecutivos que hubieran sido hospitalizados por un síndrome coronario agudo. El gasto sanitario catastrófico se definió como costes directos de hospitalización inicial > 30% de los ingresos familiares anuales de referencia, y se evaluó seis semanas después de recibir el alta hospitalaria. Se evaluó la relación entre el gasto sanitario y la edad, el sexo, el diagnóstico del caso coronario y la situación del seguro sanitario del participante, mediante modelos de regresión logística. RESULTADOS:De 12 922 participantes, 9 370 (73%) tenían datos completos sobre el gasto. El coste directo medio fue de 3 237 dólares estadounidenses. El gasto sanitario catastrófico se registró en un 66% (1 984/3 007) de aquellos pacientes que no contaban con seguro, frente a un 52% (3 296/6 366) de los que contaban con seguro (P < 0,05). La aparición de gastos catastróficos variaba de un 80% (1 055/1 327) de participantes sin seguro y un 56% (3 212/5 692) de participantes asegurados en China a un 0% (0/41) en Malasia. CONCLUSIÓN:Existe una gran variación en Asia en lo referente al gasto sanitario catastrófico derivado de la hospitalización por síndromes coronarios agudos. Aunque los seguros ofrecen cierta protección, existe un gran número de personas con seguro sanitario que aún incurren en catástrofe financiera. الغرض:تقدير التكاليف المدفوعة من جانب المريض وأسرته ووقوع حالات من الإنفاق الصحي الباهظ للأشخاص الذين يدخلون المستشفى لإصابتهم بمتلازمات الشريان التاجي الحادة في آسيا. الطريقة:تم تسجيل المشاركين في الفترة من يونيو/حزيران عام 2011 ومايو/أيار عام 2012 في هذه الدراسة الرصدية في الصين والهند وماليزيا وجمهورية كوريا وسنغافورة وتايلند وفييت نام. وكانت المواقع ملزمة بتسجيل ما لا يقل عن 10 مشاركين عولجوا على التوالي بالمستشفى لإصابتهم بمتلازمة الشريان التاجي الحادة. وقد تم تعريف النفقات الصحية الباهظة بأنها التكاليف المدفوعة من جانب المريض وأسرته عند الدخول إلى المستشفى لتلقي العلاج أول مرة > 30% من الدخل السنوي للأسرة عند خط الأساس، وتم تقييم هذه النفقات بمرور ستة أسابيع بعد الخروج من المستشفى. قمنا بتقييم علاقات الاقتران بين النفقات الصحية والعمر والجنس وتشخيص مؤشر حالة الشريان التاجي ووضع التأمين الصحي للمشارك، وذلك باستخدام نماذج التحوف اللوجيستي. النتائج:من بين 12,922 مشاركًا، كان لدى 9370 مشاركًا (بنسبة 73%) البيانات الكاملة عن النفقات. بلغ متوسط النفقات المدفوعة من جانب المريض أو أسرته 3237 دولارًا أمريكيًا. وتم الإبلاغ عن النفقات الصحية الباهظة من جانب الأشخاص الذين لا يغطيهم التأمين الصحي بنسبة 66% (1984/3007) في مقابل أولئك الأشخاص الذين يغطيهم التأمين الصحي بنسبة 52% (3296/6366) (الاحتمال < 0.05). تراوح معدل حدوث النفقات الباهظة بنسبة تبلغ 80% (1055/1327) عند الأشخاص غير المؤمن عليهم وبنسبة 56% (3212/5692) عند المشاركين المؤمن عليهم في الصين، إلى 0% (0/41) في ماليزيا. النتائج:من بين 12,922 مشاركًا، كان لدى 9370 مشاركًا (بنسبة 73%) البيانات الكاملة عن النفقات. بلغ متوسط النفقات المدفوعة من جانب المريض أو أسرته 3237 دولارًا أمريكيًا. وتم الإبلاغ عن النفقات الصحية الباهظة من جانب الأشخاص الذين لا يغطيهم التأمين الصحي بنسبة 66% (1984/3007) في مقابل أولئك الأشخاص الذين يغطيهم التأمين الصحي بنسبة 52% (3296/6366) (الاحتمال < 0.05). تراوح معدل حدوث النفقات الباهظة بنسبة تبلغ 80% (1055/1327) عند الأشخاص غير المؤمن عليهم وبنسبة 56% (3212/5692) عند المشاركين المؤمن عليهم في الصين، إلى 0% (0/41) في ماليزيا. 目的:旨在评估亚洲急性冠心病住院病人灾难性卫生支出的自费费用和发生率。. 方法:2011 年 6 月至 2012 年 5 月间,受访者报名参加本次在韩国、马来西亚、泰国、新加坡、越南、印度和中国开展的观察性调查。每个调查地至少需 10 名可连续参与的受访者,且其曾因急性冠心病入院治疗。灾难性卫生支出指初次住院治疗的自费部分超出家庭年收入基准的 30%,且其在费用报销六个星期后予以评估。我们通过逻辑回归模型,评估了卫生支出与年龄、性别、冠心病诊断指标和受访者医疗保险状态之间的联系。. 结果:12 922 名受访者中,9370 (73%) 具备完整的支出数据。自费平均费用为 3237 美元。其中,未参保的受访者中,66% (1984/3007) 报告称发生灾难性卫生支出,而参加医疗保险的受访者中,52% (3296/6366) 报告称发生灾难性卫生支出 (P < 0.05)。灾难性支出发生率从中国未参保的 80% (1055/1327) 和参保的 56% (3212/5692) 到马来西亚的 0% (0/41)。. 结论:急性冠心病治疗引起的灾难性卫生支出在亚洲地区存在很大差异。尽管保险提供某种保障,但大批参加医疗保险的人群仍旧会出现重大财务问题。. Цель:Подсчитать выплаты из собственных средств пациентов и долю катастрофических расходов на здравоохранение среди людей, госпитализированных с острым коронарным синдромом, в Азии. Методы:Участники были включены в обсервационное исследование в период с июня 2011 г. по май 2012 г. во Вьетнаме, Индии, Китае, Малайзии, Республике Корея, Сингапуре и Таиланде. Для исследования как минимум 10 участников подряд, госпитализированных по причине острого коронарного синдрома, понадобились специальные центры. Катастрофические расходы на здравоохранение составили выплаты из собственных средств пациентов при первоначальной госпитализации, превышающие 30% базового уровня годового дохода семьи. При этом оценка проводилась через 6 недель после выписки из стационара. Была проведена оценка взаимосвязи между расходами на здравоохранение и возрастом, полом, показателями диагностирования индексного коронарного синдрома и наличием медицинской страховки пациента с помощью моделей логистической регрессии. Результаты:Из 12 922 участников 9 370 (73%) предоставили полные данные о расходах. В среднем выплаты из собственных средств пациентов составили 3 237 долларов США. О катастрофических расходах на здравоохранение сообщили 66% (1 984 из 3 007) пациентов из тех, у кого медицинская страховка отсутствовала, против 52% (3 296 из 6 366) пациентов из тех, кто обладал медицинской страховкой (P<0,05). Частотность катастрофических расходов варьировалась от 80% (1 055 из 1 327) среди незастрахованных и 56% (3 212 из 5 692) застрахованных участников в Китае до 0% (0 из 41) в Малайзии. Вывод:Существует большая разница между странами Азии в отношении катастрофических расходов на здравоохранение, вызванных госпитализацией при остром коронарном синдроме. Несмотря на то что страхование предоставляет определенную защиту, значительное количество людей, имеющих медицинскую страховку, терпят финансовый крах в вопросах здравоохранения.

authors

Jan S,Lee SW,Sawhney JP,Ong TK,Chin CT,Kim HS,Krittayaphong R,Nhan VT,Itoh Y,Huo Y

doi

10.2471/BLT.15.158303

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2016-03-01 00:00:00

pages

193-200

issue

3

eissn

0042-9686

issn

1564-0604

pii

BLT.15.158303

journal_volume

94

pub_type

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    更新日期:2010-02-01 00:00:00

  • Clinical observations on treatment of alkylmercury poisoning in hospital patients.

    abstract::Twenty-six patients suffering from methylmercury poisoning were treated by different therapeutic regimes. Seven received penicillamine or N-acetyl-d-L-penicillamine, 10 were treated with dimercaprol sulfonate and 9, who could not be treated, were given a placebo and were used as controls. Penicillamine, N-acetyl-d-L-p...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Bakir F,Al-Khalidi A,Clarkson TW,Greenwood R

    更新日期:1976-01-01 00:00:00

  • Cell-mediated immunological processes in leprosy.

    abstract::A large number of organisms such as viruses, protozoa, helminths, fungi and bacteria, especially mycobacteria, need cell-mediated immunological processes for their elimination. As well as being involved in protection, cell-mediated immunological processes are also involved in a number of allergic reactions to products...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.5935/0305-7518.19700030

    authors: Turk JL

    更新日期:1969-01-01 00:00:00

  • Population control potential of heterozygous translocations as determined by computer simulations.

    abstract::A possible method for genetic control of insect vector species involves the use of translocation heterozygotes. The potential of single and double heterozygotes already available in Aedes aegypti has been investigated with computer simulations of release strategies. Such simulations indicate a possible role for transl...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: McDonald PT,Rai KS

    更新日期:1971-01-01 00:00:00

  • Influenza A virus recycling revisited.

    abstract::Current textbooks link influenza pandemics to influenza A virus subtypes H2 (1889-91), H3 (1990), H1 (1918-20), H2 (1957-58) and H3 (1968), a pattern suggesting subtype recycling in humans. Since H1 reappeared in 1977, whatever its origin, some workers feel that H2 is the next pandemic candidate. This report reviews t...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:

    authors: Dowdle WR

    更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00

  • Ivermectin versus benzyl benzoate applied once or twice to treat human scabies in Dakar, Senegal: a randomized controlled trial.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To compare the effectiveness of oral ivermectin (IV) and two different modalities of topical benzyl benzoate (BB) for treating scabies in a community setting. METHODS:The trial included patients aged 5-65 years with scabies who attended the dermatology department at the Institut d'Hygiène Sociale in Dakar, S...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验

    doi:10.2471/blt.08.052308

    authors: Ly F,Caumes E,Ndaw CA,Ndiaye B,Mahé A

    更新日期:2009-06-01 00:00:00

  • Reaching the global tuberculosis control targets in the Western Pacific Region.

    abstract:PROBLEM:In 1999, a tuberculosis (TB) crisis was declared in the Western Pacific Region. APPROACH:In response, WHO established the Stop TB Special Project, which sought to halve 2000 levels of TB prevalence and mortality by 2010 through first reaching the global 2005 TB targets. LOCAL SETTING:Particular issues in the ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/blt.06.038521

    authors: van Maaren P,Tomas B,Glaziou P,Kasai T,Ahn D

    更新日期:2007-05-01 00:00:00

  • Blood-level duration limit test of procaine benzylpenicillin in sheep.

    abstract::Rabbits have commonly been used for testing the blood-level duration limit of penicillin, but have proved not to be entirely suitable. Experiments reported in this paper on the use of sheep suggest that these animals can be successfully used for the testing of procaine benzylpenicillin with aluminium monostearate (PAM...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: AGARWAL SC,DUDANI AT,SHRIVASTAV JB,SETHI SK

    更新日期:1961-01-01 00:00:00

  • Human antirabies gamma globulin.

    abstract::To obviate the foreign protein reactions experienced with the use of hyperimmune serum in rabies-exposed individuals, an attempt was made to produce a rabies antiserum of human origin.Five doses of an inactivated rabies virus duck-egg vaccine were administered to 34 volunteers at 4-day intervals (i.e., on days 0, 4, 8...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: HOSTY TS,KISSLING RE,SCHAEFFER M,WALLACE GA,DIBBLE EH

    更新日期:1959-01-01 00:00:00

  • SEROLOGICAL activity of various fractions of culture filtrates of the tubercle bacillus.

    abstract::As culture filtrates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis have been shown by numerous workers to be antigenically heterogeneous, a series of experiments has been started to identify some of the different antigens likely to be useful in laboratory tests for measuring the antibodies in human blood. The work involves the fracti...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors:

    更新日期:1955-01-01 00:00:00