Reforms for financial protection schemes towards universal health coverage, Senegal.

Abstract:

:Advancing the public health insurance system is one of the key strategies of the Senegalese government for achieving universal health coverage. In 2013, the government launched a universal health financial protection programme, la Couverture Maladie Universelle. One of the programme's aims was to establish a community-based health insurance scheme for the people in the informal sector, who were largely uninsured before 2013. The scheme provides coverage through non-profit community-based organizations and by the end of 2016, 676 organizations had been established across the country. However, the organizations are facing challenges, such as low enrolment rates and low portability of the benefit package. To address the challenges and to improve the governance and operations of the community-based health insurance scheme, the government has since 2018 planned and partly implemented two major reforms. The first reform involves a series of institutional reorganizations to raise the risk pool. These reorganizations consist of transferring the risk pooling and part of the insurance management from the individual organizations to the departmental unions, and transferring the operation and financial responsibility of the free health-care initiatives for vulnerable population to the community-based scheme. The second reform is the introduction of an integrated management information system for efficient and effective data management and operations of the scheme. Here we discuss the current progress and plans for future development of the community-based health insurance scheme, as well as discussing the challenges the government should address in striving towards universal health coverage in the country. :Faire progresser le système public d'assurance maladie est l'une des principales stratégies du gouvernement sénégalais, qui ambitionne de rendre les soins de santé accessibles à tous. En 2013, le gouvernement a lancé un programme de protection financière global en la matière, la Couverture Maladie Universelle. L'un des objectifs de ce programme consistait à établir un régime communautaire d'assurance maladie pour les personnes appartenant au secteur informel, encore largement non assurées auparavant. Ce régime fournit une couverture par le biais d'organismes communautaires sans but lucratif. Fin 2016, 676 organismes de ce type avaient été créés aux quatre coins du pays. Néanmoins, ces organismes sont confrontés à des défis tels que le faible taux d'inscription et la transférabilité réduite de la gamme d'avantages sociaux. Pour y remédier, mais aussi pour améliorer la gouvernance et les opérations du régime communautaire d'assurance maladie, le gouvernement a planifié et partiellement appliqué deux réformes d'envergure depuis 2018. La première implique une série de réorganisations institutionnelles afin d'accroître la mutualisation des risques. Ces réorganisations consistent à transférer la mutualisation des risques et une partie de la gestion de l'assurance de chacun des organismes vers les unions départementales, et à confier au régime communautaire la responsabilité financière et la mise en œuvre des initiatives destinées à prodiguer des soins de santé aux populations les plus vulnérables. La seconde prévoit l'introduction d'un système de gestion intégrée de l'information afin d'administrer les données et les opérations plus rapidement et avec davantage d'efficacité. Dans ce document, nous évoquons les progrès actuels et les projets de développement futur du régime communautaire d'assurance maladie. Nous traitons également des défis que le gouvernement doit relever, ainsi que des efforts déployés pour offrir une couverture maladie universelle à l'ensemble du territoire. :La promoción del sistema público de seguro médico es una de las estrategias clave del Gobierno senegalés para lograr la cobertura sanitaria universal. En 2013, el gobierno lanzó un programa de protección financiera universal de la salud, la Couverture Maladie Universelle. Uno de los objetivos del programa era establecer un sistema comunitario de seguro médico para las personas del sector informal, que en su mayoría no tenían seguro antes de 2013. El sistema proporciona cobertura a través de organizaciones comunitarias sin fines de lucro y, a finales de 2016, se habían establecido 676 organizaciones en todo el país. Sin embargo, las organizaciones se enfrentan a desafíos, como las bajas tasas de inscripción y la baja portabilidad del paquete de prestaciones. Para hacer frente a los desafíos y mejorar la gobernanza y el funcionamiento del sistema comunitario de seguro médico, desde 2018 el Gobierno ha planificado y aplicado parcialmente dos reformas importantes. La primera reforma implica una serie de reorganizaciones institucionales para elevar las fuentes de riesgo. Estas reorganizaciones consisten en la transferencia de la mancomunación de riesgos y parte de la gestión de los seguros de las distintas organizaciones a los sindicatos departamentales, y en la transferencia de la operación y la responsabilidad financiera de las iniciativas de atención gratuita de la salud para la población vulnerable al sistema comunitario. La segunda reforma consiste en la introducción de un sistema integrado de información de gestión para una gestión de datos y un funcionamiento eficientes y efectivos del sistema. Aquí se discuten los avances actuales y los planes para el desarrollo futuro del sistema comunitario de seguro médico, así como los desafíos que el gobierno debe abordar en su lucha por lograr la cobertura sanitaria universal en el país. :إن الارتقاء بنظام التأمين الصحي الشعبي هو أحد الاستراتيجيات الرئيسية للحكومة السنغالية لتحقيق التغطية الصحية الشاملة. أطلقت الحكومة في عام 2013 برنامج الحماية المالية الصحية الشامل، تحت اسم la Couverture Maladie Universelle . كان أحد أهداف البرنامج هو تأسيس مخطط مجتمعي للتأمين الصحي للأشخاص في القطاع غير الرسمي، والذين كان يفتقرون إلى حد كبير إلى التأمين قبل عام 2013. ويوفر المخطط التغطية من خلال المنظمات المجتمعية غير الهادفة للربح وبحلول نهاية عام 2016، تم إنشاء 676 مؤسسة في أنحاء الدولة. ومع ذلك، فإن المنظمات تواجه تحديات، مثل انخفاض معدلات الالتحاق وانخفاض قابلية نقل حزمة المزايا. لمواجهة التحديات وتحسين الحوكمة وعمليات مخطط التأمين الصحي المجتمعي، قامت الحكومة منذ عام 2018 بالتخطيط والتنفيذ الجزئي لاثنين من الإصلاحات الرئيسية. يتضمن الإصلاح الأول سلسلة من عمليات إعادة التنظيم المؤسسية لرفع مجموعة المخاطر. تتألف عمليات إعادة التنظيم تلك من نقل تجميع المخاطر، وجزء من إدارة التأمين من المؤسسات الفردية إلى اتحادات الإدارات، ونقل التشغيل والمسؤولية المالية لمبادرات الرعاية الصحية المجانية للسكان المعرضين للخطر إلى مخطط مجتمعي. كان الإصلاح الثاني هو إدخال نظام متكامل للمعلومات الإدارية، بهدف تحقيق الكفاءة والفعالية لإدارة لبيانات وعمليات المخطط. نحن نناقش هنا التقدم الحالي وخطط التنمية المستقبلية لمخطط التأمين الصحي المجتمعي، بالإضافة إلى مناقشة التحديات التي يجب أن تواجهها الحكومة في سعيها نحن تحقيق التغطية الصحية الشاملة في البلاد. :推进公共医保体系是塞内加尔政府实现全民健康覆盖的关键战略之一。2013 年,政府发起了一项全民医疗财政保障计划,即 la Couverture Maladie Universelle。该计划其中的一个目标是为大部分 2013 年以前未投保的非正式部门人口建立一个以社区为基础的医保计划。该计划通过非营利性社区组织进行覆盖,截至 2016 年底,全国已建立 676 个组织。然而,这些组织现在正面临着诸如入学率低和福利方案不可大范围应用等难题。为了解决上述难题,改善社区医保计划的管理和运作,政府从 2018 年开始就计划并部分实施了两项重大改革。第一项改革包括一系列组织重组,加强风险分担。这些重组包括将风险分担和部分保险管理从个别组织转移到部门工会,并将针对弱势群体的免费医疗计划的运作和财务责任转移到社区计划。第二项改革是引入综合管理信息系统,以实现高效的数据管理和计划运营。在此,我们讨论了当前社区医保计划的进展和未来发展计划,以及政府在全国范围内实现全民健康覆盖可能会应对的挑战。. :Развитие государственной системы медицинского страхования — одна из ключевых стратегий Правительства Сенегала для достижения всеобщего охвата услугами здравоохранения. В 2013 году правительство запустило универсальную программу финансовой защиты в сфере здравоохранения la Couverture Maladie Universelle. Одной из целей программы было создание схемы медицинского страхования на уровне общин для населения, занятого в неформальном секторе, которое в основном не было охвачено страхованием до 2013 года. Схема предусматривает обеспечение страхового покрытия за счет некоммерческих организаций на уровне общин, количество которых к концу 2016 года составило 676. Тем не менее эти организации сталкиваются с такими проблемами, как низкий уровень охвата и малая преемственность пакета страховых услуг. Чтобы решить эти проблемы и совершенствовать управление и работу схем медицинского страхования на уровне общин, правительство запланировало и частично осуществило две главные реформы в период с 2018 года. Первая реформа предусматривает ряд реорганизаций на государственном уровне с целью создания страхового пула. Такая реорганизация предусматривает передачу страхового пула и части управления страхованием от отдельных организаций в объединения на уровне департаментов, а также включение управления и финансовой ответственности за реализацию инициатив по предоставлению услуг бесплатного медицинского обслуживания наиболее уязвимым группам населения в схему медицинского страхования на уровне общин. Вторая реформа представляет собой внедрение единой информационной системы управления для эффективного и действенного управления данными и действиями в рамках данной схемы. В статье обсуждается текущее состояние и планы по дальнейшему развитию схемы медицинского страхования на уровне общин, а также обсуждаются проблемы, которые следует решить правительству для обеспечения всеобщего охвата услугами здравоохранения в стране.

authors

Daff BM,Diouf S,Diop ESM,Mano Y,Nakamura R,Sy MM,Tobe M,Togawa S,Ngom M

doi

10.2471/BLT.19.239665

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2020-02-01 00:00:00

pages

100-108

issue

2

eissn

0042-9686

issn

1564-0604

pii

BLT.19.239665

journal_volume

98

pub_type

杂志文章
  • The G7 presidency and universal health coverage, Japan's contribution.

    abstract:Problem:If universal health coverage (UHC) is to be achieved globally, it needs sustained promotion and political awareness and support. Approach:During its presidency of the Group of Seven (G7) industrialized nations in 2016, Japan aimed to raise the issue of UHC to the top of the global health agenda. Local setting...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/BLT.17.200402

    authors: Sakamoto H,Ezoe S,Hara K,Hinoshita E,Sekitani Y,Abe K,Inada H,Kato T,Komada K,Miyakawa M,Yamaya H,Yamamoto N,Abe SK,Shibuya K

    更新日期:2018-05-01 00:00:00

  • Participation in health impact assessment: objectives, methods and core values.

    abstract::Health impact assessment (HIA) is a multidisciplinary aid to decision-making that assesses the impact of policy on public health and on health inequalities. Its purpose is to assist decision-makers to maximize health gains and to reduce inequalities. The 1999 Gothenburg Consensus Paper (GCP) provides researchers with ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:/S0042-96862005000100015

    authors: Wright J,Parry J,Mathers J

    更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00

  • Unwanted fertility among the poor: an inequity?

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine if higher fertility and lower contraceptive use among the poorer segments of society should be considered an inequality, reflecting a higher desire for large families among the poor, or an inequity, a product of the poor being prevented from achieving their desired fertility to the same degree as...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/blt.06.033829

    authors: Gillespie D,Ahmed S,Tsui A,Radloff S

    更新日期:2007-02-01 00:00:00

  • The effect of flea control on Yersinia (Pasteurella) pestis antibody rates in the California vole, Microtus californicus, and its epizootiological implications.

    abstract::The effects of flea control on the prevalence of (Pasteurella) pestis antibody rates in the California vole, Microtus californicus, were studied in San Mateo County, California, USA. In this area, which had shown antibody prevalence rates of 50% or more during epizootics in previous years, continuous flea control meas...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Kartman L,Hudson BW

    更新日期:1971-01-01 00:00:00

  • Antibiotic-resistant strains of E1 Tor vibrio in the Philippines and the use of furalazine for chemotherapy.

    abstract::Among 1109 patients with bacteriologically confirmed El Tor cholera admitted to the San Lazaro Hospital, Manila, in 1969, 11 patients continued to excrete vibrios of the same biotype and serotype in stools for more than 1 week in spite of antibiotic treatment.The strains isolated from these patients all belonged to th...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Kobari K,Takakura I,Nakatomi M,Sogame S,Uylangco C

    更新日期:1970-01-01 00:00:00

  • High total serum cholesterol, medication coverage and therapeutic control: an analysis of national health examination survey data from eight countries.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine the fraction of individuals with high total serum cholesterol who get diagnosed and effectively treated in eight high- and middle-income countries. METHODS:Using data from nationally representative health examination surveys conducted in 1998-2007, we studied a probability sample of 79 039 adult...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/BLT.10.079947

    authors: Roth GA,Fihn SD,Mokdad AH,Aekplakorn W,Hasegawa T,Lim SS

    更新日期:2011-02-01 00:00:00

  • Bladder cancer: approaches to prevention and control.

    abstract::Bladder cancer is the twelfth most common cancer globally, with approximately 170 000 new cases each year; a third of these cases are in the developing countries. There are two major etiological types. The first is more common in the industrialized countries and is associated with exposure to certain occupational and ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:

    authors: Koroltchouk V,Stanley K,Stjernswärd J,Mott K

    更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00

  • What can be done about the private health sector in low-income countries?

    abstract::A very large private health sector exists in low-income countries. It consists of a great variety of providers and is used by a wide cross-section of the population. There are substantial concerns about the quality of care given, especially at the more informal end of the range of providers. This is particularly true ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Mills A,Brugha R,Hanson K,McPake B

    更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00

  • Health expectancy indicators.

    abstract::An outline is presented of progress in the development of health expectancy indicators, which are growing in importance as a means of assessing the health status of populations and determining public health priorities. ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Robine JM,Romieu I,Cambois E

    更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00

  • Ivermectin versus benzyl benzoate applied once or twice to treat human scabies in Dakar, Senegal: a randomized controlled trial.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To compare the effectiveness of oral ivermectin (IV) and two different modalities of topical benzyl benzoate (BB) for treating scabies in a community setting. METHODS:The trial included patients aged 5-65 years with scabies who attended the dermatology department at the Institut d'Hygiène Sociale in Dakar, S...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验

    doi:10.2471/blt.08.052308

    authors: Ly F,Caumes E,Ndaw CA,Ndiaye B,Mahé A

    更新日期:2009-06-01 00:00:00

  • Identifying high-risk areas for sporadic measles outbreaks: lessons from South Africa.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To develop a model for identifying areas at high risk for sporadic measles outbreaks based on an analysis of factors associated with a national outbreak in South Africa between 2009 and 2011. METHODS:Data on cases occurring before and during the national outbreak were obtained from the South African measles ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/BLT.12.110726

    authors: Sartorius B,Cohen C,Chirwa T,Ntshoe G,Puren A,Hofman K

    更新日期:2013-03-01 00:00:00

  • A proposal to declare neurocysticercosis an international reportable disease.

    abstract::Neurocysticercosis is an infection of the nervous system caused by Taenia solium. It is the most important human parasitic neurological disease and a common cause of epilepsy in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, representing enormous costs for anticonvulsants, medical resources and lost production. Neurocysticercosis i...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Román G,Sotelo J,Del Brutto O,Flisser A,Dumas M,Wadia N,Botero D,Cruz M,Garcia H,de Bittencourt PR,Trelles L,Arriagada C,Lorenzana P,Nash TE,Spina-França A

    更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00

  • Mass administration of DEC-medicated salt for filariasis control in the endemic population of Karaikal, south India: implementation and impact assessment.

    abstract::DEC (diethylcarbamazine)-medicated salt, at a concentration of 0.1 to 0.2 mg per 100 mg, was given to the entire population of Karaikal (119 978) in South India for a 4-year period from 1982. The per capita consumption of DEC in medicated salt was 13.3 grams for the entire period. The prevalence of microfilaraemia dec...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Reddy GS,Venkateswaralu N

    更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00

  • Dengue type 1 epidemic with haemorrhagic manifestations in Fiji, 1989-90.

    abstract::A dengue type 1 epidemic occurred in Fiji between July 1989 and July 1990. Virus isolation in C6/36 cell cultures and Toxorhynchites mosquitos yielded 36 strains. Of the 3686 cases recorded by the Ministry of Health, 60% involved indigenous Fijians and 37%, Indians. A house-to-house survey revealed that a large majori...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Fagbami AH,Mataika JU,Shrestha M,Gubler DJ

    更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00

  • Determination of chloroquine and its metabolites in urine: a field method based on ion-pair extraction.

    abstract::A new straightforward photometric method for the assay of the antimalarial drug chloroquine and its metabolites in urine is described. The method involves an ion-pair extraction procedure with dichloromethane using the acid-base indicator bromthymol blue as counter-ion. The ion pair formed with chloroquine in the orga...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Bergqvist Y,Hed C,Funding L,Suther A

    更新日期:1985-01-01 00:00:00

  • Prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes and their risk factors among Bangladeshi adults: a nationwide survey.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To estimate the prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes in Bangladesh using national survey data and to identify risk factors. METHODS:Sociodemographic and anthropometric data and data on blood pressure and blood glucose levels were obtained for 7541 adults aged 35 years or more from the biomarker sample of t...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/BLT.13.128371

    authors: Akter S,Rahman MM,Abe SK,Sultana P

    更新日期:2014-03-01 00:00:00

  • Isolation of West Nile virus from the brains of children who had died of encephalitis.

    abstract::The isolation of West Nile virus from the brain tissue of three children who died of encephalitis in Mysore and Kolar districts of Karnataka State, India, is reported. This is the first such report from India. The significance of these isolations with reference to the role of West Nile virus in encephalitis in childre...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: George S,Gourie-Devi M,Rao JA,Prasad SR,Pavri KM

    更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00

  • Public health significance of intestinal parasitic infections. WHO Expert Committee.

    abstract::Intestinal parasitic infections are distributed virtually throughout the world, with high prevalence rates in many regions. Amoebiasis, ascariasis, hookworm infection and trichuriasis are among the ten most common infections in the world. Other parasitic infections such as abdominal angiostrongyliasis, intestinal capi...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors:

    更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00

  • Factors associated with trends in infant and child mortality in developing countries during the 1990s.

    abstract::The 1990s have seen a remarkable decrease in mortality among infants and children in most developing countries. In some countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, these declines in mortality among children have slowed and are now increasing again. Internationally comparable data derived from survey programmes, suc...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Rutstein SO

    更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00

  • The healthy food environment policy index: findings of an expert panel in New Zealand.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess government actions to improve the healthiness of food environments in New Zealand, based on the healthy food environment policy index. METHODS:A panel of 52 public health experts rated the extent of government implementation against international best practice for 42 indicators of food environment ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/BLT.14.145540

    authors: Vandevijvere S,Dominick C,Devi A,Swinburn B,International Network for Food and Obesity\/non-communicable diseases Research, Monitoring and Action Support.

    更新日期:2015-05-01 00:00:00

  • ASSESSMENT OF THE POTENCY OF TUBERCULIN IN HUMANS AND GUINEA-PIGS.

    abstract::The biological effects of tuberculin in an organism infected with tubercle bacilli are due to an unknown number of different substances, which are present in varying concentrations in different tuberculin preparations. Consequently, the response to tuberculin tests with various products is likely to vary with the biol...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: HANSEN OG,LINDQVIST K,WAALER H

    更新日期:1964-01-01 00:00:00

  • Global tuberculosis incidence and mortality during 1990-2000.

    abstract::Forecasts of tuberculosis morbidity and mortality are presented for the decade 1990-99. An estimated 88 million new cases of tuberculosis, of which 8 million will be attributable to HIV infection, will occur in the world during the decade; 30 million people are predicted to die of tuberculosis in the same period, incl...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Dolin PJ,Raviglione MC,Kochi A

    更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00

  • Nomenclature for T-cell receptor (TCR) gene segments of the immune system. WHO-IUIS Nomenclature Sub-Committee on TCR Designation.

    abstract::The recommended procedures and criteria for T-cell receptor (TCR) designations are described. The officially adopted designations are for the TCR A, B, D and G loci and for V, D, J and C segments. ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors:

    更新日期:1993-01-01 00:00:00

  • Detection of hepatitis B antigen by radioelectrocomplexing.

    abstract::The reaction that occurs on direct radioelectrocomplexing (REC) between hepatitis B antibody (HB Ab) and (125)I-labelled HB Ag can be inhibited by unlabelled HB Ag. Inhibition of REC provides a rapid, sensitive method for the detection of HB Ag. ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Simons MJ

    更新日期:1973-01-01 00:00:00

  • Toxic effects of mycotoxins in humans.

    abstract::Mycotoxicoses are diseases caused by mycotoxins, i.e. secondary metabolites of moulds. Although they occur more frequently in areas with a hot and humid climate, favourable for the growth of moulds, they can also be found in temperate zones. Exposure to mycotoxins is mostly by ingestion, but also occurs by the dermal ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:

    authors: Peraica M,Radić B,Lucić A,Pavlović M

    更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00

  • Impacts of e-health on the outcomes of care in low- and middle-income countries: where do we go from here?

    abstract::E-health encompasses a diverse set of informatics tools that have been designed to improve public health and health care. Little information is available on the impacts of e-health programmes, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. We therefore conducted a scoping review of the published and non-published l...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2471/BLT.11.099069

    authors: Piette JD,Lun KC,Moura LA Jr,Fraser HS,Mechael PN,Powell J,Khoja SR

    更新日期:2012-05-01 00:00:00

  • Immunization against neonatal tetanus in New Guinea. 4. Comparison of tetanus antitoxin titres obtained by haemagglutination and toxin neutralization in mice.

    abstract::Haemagglutination (HA) has been used frequently for the titration of tetanus antitoxin but published results have varied in relation to the "unitage" determined by the mouse toxin-neutralization test (TN). This report gives the results of the titration of a group of sera by haemagglutination and compares them with the...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Hardegree MC,Barile MF,Pittman M,Maloney CJ,Schofield F,Maclennan R

    更新日期:1970-01-01 00:00:00

  • Characterization by isoenzyme electrophoresis of Trypanozoon stocks from sleeping sickness endemic areas of south-east Uganda.

    abstract::An epidemic of sleeping sickness, which started in 1976 in a focus within the county of Luuka in Central Busoga, has spread to cover the three districts of Busoga and large parts of the neighbouring districts of Tororo and Mukono. Forty-three isolates of the subgenus Trypanozoon from Busoga and Tororo (27 from man, 9 ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Enyaru JC,Odiit M,Gashumba JK,Carasco JF,Rwendeire AJ

    更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00

  • Intervention complexity--a conceptual framework to inform priority-setting in health.

    abstract::Health interventions vary substantially in the degree of effort required to implement them. To some extent this is apparent in their financial cost, but the nature and availability of non-financial resources is often of similar importance. In particular, human resource requirements are frequently a major constraint. W...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:/S0042-96862005000400013

    authors: Gericke CA,Kurowski C,Ranson MK,Mills A

    更新日期:2005-04-01 00:00:00

  • A comprehensive assessment of maternal deaths in Argentina: translating multicentre collaborative research into action.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To perform a comprehensive assessment of maternal mortality in Argentina, the ultimate purpose being to strengthen the surveillance system and reorient reproductive health policies to prevent maternal deaths. METHODS:Our multicentre population-based study combining qualitative and quantitative methodologies ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究

    doi:10.2471/blt.06.032334

    authors: Ramos S,Karolinski A,Romero M,Mercer R,Maternal Mortality in Argentina Study Group.

    更新日期:2007-08-01 00:00:00