Legal and institutional foundations for universal health coverage, Kenya.

Abstract:

:Kenya's Constitution of 2010 triggered a cascade of reforms across all sectors to align with new constitutional standards, including devolution and a comprehensive bill of rights. The constitution acts as a platform to advance health rights and to restructure policy, legal, institutional and regulatory frameworks towards reversing chronic gaps and improving health outcomes. These constitutionally mandated health reforms are complex. All parts of the health system are transforming concurrently, with several new laws enacted and public health bodies established. Implementing such complex change was hampered by inadequate tools and approaches. To gain a picture of the extent of the health reforms over the first 10 years of the constitution, we developed an adapted health-system framework, guided by World Health Organization concepts and definitions. We applied the framework to document the health laws and public bodies already enacted and currently in progress, and compared the extent of transformation before and after the 2010 Constitution. Our analysis revealed multiple structures (laws and implementing public bodies) formed across the health system, with many new stewardship structures aligned to devolution, but with fragmentation within the regulation sub-function. By deconstructing normative health-system functions, the framework enabled an all-inclusive mapping of various health-system attributes (functions, laws and implementing bodies). We believe our framework is a useful tool for countries who wish to develop and implement a conducive legal foundation for universal health coverage. Constitutional reform is a mobilizing force for large leaps in health institutional change, boosting two aspects of feasibility for change: stakeholder acceptance and authority to proceed. :Adoptée en 2010, la Constitution du Kenya a entraîné une série de réformes dans tous les secteurs afin de les adapter aux nouvelles normes constitutionnelles, notamment à la décentralisation et à une charte détaillée des droits. La Constitution sert de tremplin pour faire progresser les droits en matière de santé et restructurer les cadres politiques, juridiques, institutionnels et réglementaires en vue de réduire les disparités chroniques et d'améliorer les résultats cliniques. Toutefois, ces réformes de santé prévues dans la Constitution sont complexes. Toutes les composantes du système de santé évoluent en même temps, de nombreuses lois inédites sont promulguées et des organismes de santé publique sont créés. L'emploi d'approches et d'outils inadaptés a entravé la mise en œuvre de ces changements si complexes. Pour mieux appréhender l'étendue des réformes de santé entreprises au cours des 10 premières années de la Constitution, nous avons développé un cadre sanitaire sur mesure, inspiré des concepts et définitions de l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé. Nous avons appliqué ce cadre afin de récolter des données sur les organismes publics et les lois relatives à la santé qui ont d'ores et déjà été édictées ou sont en cours d'élaboration, et avons comparé l'ampleur des transformations avant et après la Constitution de 2010. Notre analyse a révélé de multiples structures (lois et organes publics de mise en œuvre) réparties dans l'ensemble du système de santé, avec plusieurs nouvelles structures de gestion conformes à la décentralisation mais une fragmentation au niveau de la sous-fonction de régulation. En décomposant les fonctions normatives du système de santé, le cadre a permis d'établir une cartographie globale des différentes caractéristiques de ce système (fonctions, lois et organes de mise en œuvre). Nous sommes convaincus que notre cadre représente un outil utile pour les pays qui souhaitent développer et instaurer des bases juridiques propices à la création d'une couverture maladie universelle. La réforme constitutionnelle possède un pouvoir de mobilisation capable de faire progresser le changement institutionnel dans le domaine de la santé. Et ce, en renforçant deux aspects qui favorisent sa réalisation: l'acceptation de la part des intervenants, et l'autorité nécessaire pour agir. :La Constitución de Kenia de 2010 generó una serie de reformas en todos los sectores para ajustarse a los nuevos estándares constitucionales, incluida la transmisión y una amplia carta de derechos. La constitución representa una plataforma para promover los derechos sobre la salud y reestructurar los marcos jurídicos, institucionales y normativos con el fin de revertir las deficiencias crónicas y mejorar los resultados de la salud. Estas reformas de la salud, establecidas por mandato constitucional, son complejas. Asimismo, todas las áreas del sistema de salud se están transformando de manera simultánea, ya que se han promulgado varias leyes nuevas y se han establecido organismos de salud pública. Sin embargo, la falta de herramientas y métodos adecuados limitó la implementación de estos cambios tan complejos. Se elaboró un marco adaptado del sistema sanitario, que se guía por los conceptos y las definiciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, para tener una idea del alcance de las reformas sanitarias en los primeros 10 años de la constitución. En este contexto, se aplicó el marco para documentar las leyes sanitarias y los organismos públicos ya promulgados y en curso, en el que se comparó el grado de transformación antes y después de la Constitución de 2010. El análisis realizado reveló que se habían formado múltiples estructuras (leyes y organismos públicos de ejecución) en todo el sistema sanitario, que tenían muchas estructuras de gestión nuevas alineadas con la transmisión, pero que estaban fragmentadas dentro de la subfunción de reglamentación. Al desestructurar las funciones normativas del sistema sanitario, el marco permitió realizar un mapeo completo de los diversos atributos del sistema sanitario (funciones, leyes y organismos de ejecución). Se considera que el marco que se propone aquí es un instrumento útil para los países que quieren elaborar e implementar un fundamento jurídico propicio para la cobertura sanitaria universal. La reforma constitucional es una fuerza de movilización que permite obtener importantes avances en el cambio institucional del sector sanitario, lo que fomenta dos aspectos de la viabilidad del cambio: la aceptación de las partes interesadas y la autoridad para proceder. :أطلق الدستور الكيني لعام 2010 سلسلة من الإصلاحات عبر كل القطاعات للتوافق مع المعايير الدستورية الجديدة، بما في ذلك انتقال السلطة ووثيقة شاملة للحقوق. يعمل الدستور كمنصة للنهوض بالحقوق الصحية وإعادة هيكلة أطر العمل السياسية والقانونية والمؤسسية والتنظيمية بهدف رأب الفجوات المزمنة وتحسين النتائج الصحية. إن هذه الإصلاحات الصحية التي يفرضها الدستور تتسم بالتعقيد. تتغير جميع أطراف النظام الصحي بشكل متزامن، إلى جانب العديد من القوانين الجديدة التي تم سنها، وهيئات الصحة العامة التي تم إنشاؤها. وقد تعرض تنفيذ مثل هذا التغيير المعقد للتعويق بسبب الأدوات والأساليب غير الملائمة. للحصول على صورة لمدى الإصلاحات الصحية خلال السنوات العشر الأولى من تطبيق الدستور، قمنا بوضع إطار عمل معدّل للنظام الصحي، في ضوء مفاهيم وتعريفات منظمة الصحة العالمية. قمنا بتطبيق إطار عمل لتوثيق القوانين الصحية والهيئات العامة التي تم تنفيذها بالفعل، والتي هي قيد التنفيذ، وقمنا بمقارنة مدى التحول قبل وبعد دستور 2010. كشف تحليلنا عن العديد من الهياكل (القوانين والهيئات العامة المنفذة) التي تشكلت عبر النظام الصحي، مع العديد من هياكل الإشراف الجديدة المتوافقة مع انتقال السلطة، ولكن مع التجزئة داخل الوظيفة الفرعية التنظيمية. من خلال تفكيك وظائف النظام الصحي المعيارية، قام إطار العمل بتمكين رسم خرائط شاملة لمختلف سمات النظام الصحي (الوظائف والقوانين والهيئات المنفذة). نحن مؤمن بأن إطار عملنا هو أداة مفيدة للبلدان التي تريد وضع وتنفيذ أساس قانوني ملائم للتغطية الصحية الشاملة. الإصلاح الدستوري هو قوة دفع لتحقيق قفزات واسعة في التغيير المؤسسي الصحي، مما يعزز جانبين من جدوى التغيير: قبول أصحاب المصلحة وسلطة المضي قدما. :2010 年《肯尼亚宪法》推动了各部门的一系列改革,以遵循新宪法标准,包括权力下放和全面的人权法案。《宪法》为促进卫生权和调整政策、法律、体制和监管框架提供了一个平台,从而扭转长期差距,改善卫生成效。这些宪法规定的卫生改革很复杂。卫生体系的所有部门同时转型,颁布了若干新准则,并建立了公共卫生机构。此类复杂变革的实施受到了举措和方法不充足的阻碍。为了解该宪法前 10 年卫生改革的程度,我们根据世界卫生组织理念和界定,制定了一个合适的卫生体系框架。我们利用此框架记录已设立并正在实施的卫生法和公共机构,并对比了 2010 年《肯尼亚宪法》实施前后的改革程度。我们的研究结果表明,整个卫生体系形成多重结构(准则和实施中的公共机构),其中许多新的管理结构与权力下放一致,但在下级监管方面存在分歧。通过解析卫生体系标准职责,该框架提供了各种卫生体系属性的详细信息(职责,准则和实施机构)。我们认为,我们的框架有助于为某些国家实现全民健康覆盖打下坚实的法律基础并赋予实施。宪法改革可推动卫生体制取得突破性变革,增强了变革可行性的两个方面:利益相关者的接受程度和实施授权。. :Конституция Кении от 2010 года инициировала комплекс реформ во всех секторах, чтобы привести их в соответствие с новыми конституционными стандартами, включая передачу полномочий и всеобъемлющий билль о правах. Конституция действует в качестве платформы для продвижения прав в области здравоохранения и реструктуризации политической, правовой, институциональной и нормативной базы для устранения хронических пробелов и улучшения результатов в отношении здоровья. Эти обусловленные конституцией реформы в сфере здравоохранения являются сложносоставными. Трансформация всех частей системы здравоохранения происходит одновременно, поэтому было принято несколько новых законов и были созданы органы общественного здравоохранения. Реализации таких сложных изменений препятствовали ненадлежащие инструменты и подходы. Для получения представления о масштабах реформ в сфере здравоохранения за первые 10 лет действия конституции авторы разработали адаптированную рамочную структуру для системы здравоохранения, руководствуясь концепциями и определениями Всемирной организации здравоохранения. Эту структуру применили, чтобы документально фиксировать, какие законы уже приняты и какие органы уже функционируют, а какие только находятся в процессе создания, и сравнили степень преобразований до и после принятия Конституции 2010 года. Как показал анализ, в системе здравоохранения существует множество структур (законов и исполнительных государственных органов), при этом большое количество новых надзорных структур связано с делегированием полномочий, но внутри регулятивной подфункции существует значительная раздробленность. Путем деконструкции нормативных функций системы здравоохранения рамочная структура позволила выполнить всеобъемлющее картирование различных атрибутов системы здравоохранения (функций, законов и исполнительных органов). Авторы считают, что такая рамочная структура является полезным инструментом для стран, которые хотят разработать и внедрить благоприятную правовую основу для всеобщего охвата услугами здравоохранения. Конституционная реформа — это движущая сила для значительного продвижения в институциональных изменениях в сфере здравоохранения, которая усиливает два аспекта осуществимости изменений: принятие заинтересованными сторонами и полномочия на выполнение.

authors

Mbindyo R,Kioko J,Siyoi F,Cheruiyot S,Wangai M,Onsongo J,Omwoyo A,Kisia C,Miriti K

doi

10.2471/BLT.19.237297

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2020-10-01 00:00:00

pages

706-718

issue

10

eissn

0042-9686

issn

1564-0604

pii

BLT.19.237297

journal_volume

98

pub_type

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    更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00

  • Epidemiology of human Schistosoma haematobium infection around Volta Lake, Ghana, 1973-75.

    abstract::There was a dramatic rise in the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis around Volta Lake within a year of its full impoundment in 1968. Research was undertaken to investigate the epidemiology of the disease in preparation for a control programme. The interplay of three factors-age, sex, and ethnic affiliation-largely ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Scott D,Senker K,England EC

    更新日期:1982-01-01 00:00:00

  • The molluscicidal activity of N-tritylmorpholine.

    abstract::N-Tritylmorpholine (Frescon, WL 8008) is highly toxic to the intermediate-host snails of the Schistosomatidae. Molluscicidal concentrations range from 0.1 ppm to 0.5 ppm for 1-hour exposures and from 0.01 ppm to 0.05 ppm for 24-hour exposures. Under these conditions the compound is not toxic to snail eggs; recent work...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Boyce CB,Jones TW,Van Tongeren WA

    更新日期:1967-01-01 00:00:00

  • Averting climate change's health effects in Fiji.

    abstract::Pacific islanders face up to the dire health effects of global warming. Atasa Moceituba and Monique Tsang report. ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 新闻

    doi:10.2471/BLT.15.021115

    authors:

    更新日期:2015-11-01 00:00:00

  • Massive outbreak of poliomyelitis caused by type-3 wild poliovirus in Angola in 1999.

    abstract::The largest outbreak of poliomyelitis ever recorded in Africa (1093 cases) occurred from 1 March to 28 May 1999 in Luanda, Angola, and in surrounding areas. The outbreak was caused primarily by a type-3 wild poliovirus, although type-1 wild poliovirus was circulating in the outbreak area at the same time. Infected ind...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Valente F,Otten M,Balbina F,Van de Weerdt R,Chezzi C,Eriki P,Van-Dúnnen J,Bele JM

    更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00

  • Impact of annual dosing with ivermectin on progression of onchocercal visual field loss.

    abstract::Reported are the results of a randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial of annual ivermectin dosing in 34 rural communities, Kaduna State, northern Nigeria, where guinea savanna onchocerciasis is mesoendemic. A total of 939 individuals underwent Friedmann field analysis at the first examination and saw at le...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验

    doi:

    authors: Cousens SN,Cassels-Brown A,Murdoch I,Babalola OE,Jatau D,Alexander ND,Evans JE,Danboyi P,Abiose A,Jones BR

    更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00

  • Observations on the physiology of adult anophelines in Asia.

    abstract::Some recent physiological observations made in Afghanistan, Ceylon and Burma on adults of Anopheles culicifacies and A. aconitus are described. The specimens from Ceylon and Burma, in particular, showed a peculiar physiological process in which, at the beginning of the dry season, the coagulated, dark red, and almost ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Büttiker W

    更新日期:1958-01-01 00:00:00

  • CERTAIN characteristics of BCG-induced tuberculin sensitivity.

    abstract::Post-vaccination tuberculin sensitivity is being used to evaluate the immediate effects of the extensive WHO/UNICEF mass BCG vaccination programmes currently in progress. During the past five years the Tuberculosis Research Office has been studying the tuberculin sensitivity produced by BCG vaccination, and the presen...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors:

    更新日期:1955-01-01 00:00:00

  • The burden of road traffic crashes, injuries and deaths in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To estimate the burden of road traffic injuries and deaths for all road users and among different road user groups in Africa. METHODS:We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Global Health, Google Scholar, websites of African road safety agencies and organizations for registry- and population-based studies and reports o...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审

    doi:10.2471/BLT.15.163121

    authors: Adeloye D,Thompson JY,Akanbi MA,Azuh D,Samuel V,Omoregbe N,Ayo CK

    更新日期:2016-07-01 00:00:00

  • A controlled field trial of the typhoid component of polyvalent enteric vaccine (NIISI polyvaccine).

    abstract::At the request of the Ministry of Health of the USSR, a controlled field trial of a polyvaccine containing typhoid, paratyphoid and dysentery antigens and a purified tetanus toxoid was undertaken in 1958. The main object of this trial, which was carried out over a 10-month period simultaneously in four localities, was...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: KHASANOV MI,KHEIFETS LB,SALMIN LV

    更新日期:1962-01-01 00:00:00