Abstract：
OBJECTIVE:To improve the use and dosage of antibiotics prescribed at Commune Health Stations in Viet Nam, and in so doing find out whether antibiotic dosage can be easily and reliably measured as a drug-use indicator. METHODS:All commune health workers from the 217 commune health stations in Hai Phong Province, Viet Nam, were enlisted over an 18-month study period during 1994-96. The study design was a longitudinal time series, with each new district baseline acting as a rolling control. Each health station was monitored monthly by district supervisors. Two formal evaluations by doctors external to the study were compared with the supervisors' results. Basic medical equipment was provided three times over nine months, conditional on improvements in prescribing practices and adequate supervision of prescribing practices. FINDINGS:The supervisors' data showed that the percentage of encounters in which a patient was prescribed an antibiotic decreased from over 65% to around 45%. When antibiotics were given, the percentage of patients who received an adequate dose increased from under 30% to 98%. These changes were stable for 17 months after the intervention stopped. CONCLUSIONS:Such initiatives require the active collaboration of health personnel and civic leaders at every level. Conditional equipment donation was shown to be effective. A simple indicator measuring adequacy of antibiotic dose can be an effective tool to improve the use of antibiotics in a sustainable way.
journal_name
Bull World Health Organjournal_title
Bulletin of the World Health Organizationauthors
Chalker Jsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2001-01-01 00:00:00pages
313-20issue
4eissn
0042-9686issn
1564-0604pii
S0042-96862001000400008journal_volume
79pub_type
杂志文章abstract：PROBLEM:Streptococcus suis is a common cause of adult bacterial meningitis in Viet Nam, and possibly other parts of Asia, yet this disabling infection has been largely neglected. Prevention, diagnosis and treatment are relatively straightforward and affordable but, in early 2007, no national diagnostic, case management...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章,实务指引
doi：10.2471/BLT.09.067959
更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In an attempt to prepare highly specific antiserum to variola virus, a chimpanzee was inoculated with a virulent human strain of this virus. Three uninoculated chimpanzees were housed in the same room; two of these developed clinical disease with seroconversion, while the third developed no evidence of infection and n...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1979-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Blood samples from 58 leprosy patients were tested by the MK1R and VDRL slide tests, the latter being performed on normally inactivated sera and on the same sera heated for 5 minutes at 65 degrees C. The MK1R test showed fewer false positive reactions than the VDRL test on normally inactivated sera. The VDRL test on t...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1953-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:Sustainable control of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa is jeopardized by dwindling public health resources resulting from competing health priorities that include an overwhelming acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic. In Mpumalanga province, South Africa, rational planning has historically been ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Inherited resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides was discovered in populations of Rattus norvegicus about 14 years ago. Similar resistance has now been reported from several countries in north-western Europe and from the USA. In order to detect resistance and to control it effectively, basic data on the susceptibili...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1972-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To assess the implications of implementing the World Health Organization (WHO) 2010 guidelines for antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation in adults and adolescents with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, which recommend initiating ART at a CD4+ T lymphocyte (CD4+) threshold of ≤ 350 cells/mm(3) in...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.2471/BLT.11.089599
更新日期：2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Thiomersal-iodine-formalin (TIF) has been used as a faecal preservative in many prevalence surveys of intestinal helminths and protozoa. In helminth surveys, however, estimates of worm burden are no less essential than those of prevalence. Direct-smear and dilution egg-counting techniques, using fresh faeces, have bee...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1968-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Purchase price report released in August 2004 by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria (Global Fund) was the first publication of a significant amount of real transaction purchase data for antiretrovirals (ARVs). We did an observational study of the ARV transaction data in the Purchase price rep...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.2471/blt.05.025684
更新日期：2006-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To explore factors associated with household coping behaviours in the face of health expenditures in 15 African countries and provide evidence for policy-makers in designing financial health protection mechanisms. METHODS:A series of logit regressions were performed to explore factors correlating with a grea...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.2471/blt.07.049403
更新日期：2008-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:To determine the extent to which families follow referral and follow-up recommendations given in accordance with the Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI) strategy and the factors that influence families' responses to such recommendations. METHODS:Children aged 2 months-5 years who presented t...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the Lamia Plain, Greece, 12 years after the cessation of DDT spraying, Anopheles sacharovi is still present in very high densities and appears to have the same biting habits and host preferences as previously. Mosquitos of this species are still resistant to DDT and dieldrin. ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1973-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Since 1978, influenza A viruses with different antigenic properties have been isolated in many countries, even though little influenza activity has been recorded. In the present paper, the antigenic properties of viruses representative of isolates from each year since 1979 are compared, and the amino acid sequences of...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1983-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) are now the commonest group of notifiable infectious diseases in most countries, particularly in the age group of 15 to 50 years and in infants. Their control is important considering the high incidence of acute infections, complications and sequelae, their socioeconomic impact, and...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Strains of Vibrio cholerae-1156 from various parts of the world-were examined by standardized antibiotic sensitivity tests in one centre, to determine the global incidence of antibiotic resistance in this organism and to assess the extent to which differences in methods of sensitivity testing might be responsible for ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1976-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To appraise the process of development and clinical content of national human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) clinical practice guidelines of countries in the eastern Mediterranean and to formulate recommendations for future guideline development and adaptation. METHODS:Twenty-three countries in the World Healt...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.2471/BLT.10.083790
更新日期：2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To document the prevalence, age-distribution, and risk factors for anaemia in Tanzanian children less than 5 years old, thereby assisting in the development of effective strategies for controlling anaemia. METHODS:Cluster sampling was used to identify 2417 households at random from four contiguous districts ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To develop a model for identifying areas at high risk for sporadic measles outbreaks based on an analysis of factors associated with a national outbreak in South Africa between 2009 and 2011. METHODS:Data on cases occurring before and during the national outbreak were obtained from the South African measles ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.2471/BLT.12.110726
更新日期：2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The mechanisms of dissemination of arthropod-borne human and animal pathogens are of considerable interest to the epidemiologist, veterinarian and biologist. Birds which are hosts to such pathogens and their arthropod vectors could transport them over long distances during their spring and autumn migratory flights.In ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1964-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A double-blind, randomized phase I clinical trial was carried out to compare mefloquine with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for safety and tolerance. Twenty adult male Brazilian subjects from areas endemic for malaria were studied for a period of 66 days, which included 2 days of basal studies and a 63-day follow-up after ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：
更新日期：1983-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:New initiatives are aiming to reduce the global burden of schistosomiasis, mainly through the large-scale application of chemotherapy. To target chemotherapy effectively, rapid assessment procedures are needed for identifying high-risk communities that are foci for the disease. In this review, we examine the developme...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The public sector in developing countries is increasingly contracting with the non-state sector to improve access, efficiency and quality of health services. We conducted a multicountry study to assess the range of health services contracted out, the process of contracting and its influencing factors in ten countries ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.2471/blt.06.033027
更新日期：2006-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Vaccines constitute the single most important cost factor in the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) in Mozambique and in view of future new disease-control initiatives, the proportional expenditure on vaccines will only increase. Airfreight may contribute up to at least 25% of the total cost of delivered vaccine...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:With the introduction of direct-acting antiviral drugs, treatment of hepatitis C is both highly effective and tolerable. Access to treatment for patients, however, remains limited in low- and middle-income countries due to the lack of supportive health infrastructure and the high cost of treatment. Poorer countries ar...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.2471/BLT.16.183772
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The use of BCG vaccine in the prevention of leprosy has been one of the most important subjects of investigation in the field of leprology in the last 25 years. The action of the vaccine was for many years investigated by determining its effect on the lepromin reaction. Field studies were later considered essential to...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1970-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A WHO-coordinated study of the community control of hypertension in six countries (Cuba, Finland, France, Italy, Mongolia and Portugal) has shown that a comprehensive approach clearly improves the care of hypertensives in various populations. Hypertension control programmes were individually designed in each country a...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To document the inclusion of key medicines for children in national essential medicines lists (EMLs) and standard treatment guidelines, and to assess the availability and cost of these medicines in 14 countries in central Africa. METHODS:Surveys were conducted in 12 public and private sector medicine outlets...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.2471/blt.08.053645
更新日期：2009-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Haematological surveys of adult population samples were conducted simultaneously in 12 countries, all but one of which are in Europe. Haematological estimations on samples from nine of the countries were made in one central laboratory. Differences between countries in the mean levels of haemoglobin (and haematocrit an...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1976-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In serological tests for syphilis, leprosy sera often give biologically false positive reactions. These may be due to the presence of non-specific elements-for example, the ubiquitous lipid antibodies-in the leprosy sera; or they may be the result of errors in technique or unfavourable working conditions in the labora...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1960-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Countries signed up to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development face the challenge of achieving economic progress without damaging the environment or depleting natural resources. Göran Tomson tells Fiona Fleck how scientists can help. ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 新闻
doi：10.2471/BLT.18.030918
更新日期：2018-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To determine areas of low vaccination coverage in five cities in Bangladesh (Chittagong, Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshahi, and Syedpur). METHODS:Six studies using lot quality assurance sampling were conducted between 1995 and 1997 by Basic Support for Institutionalizing Child Survival and the Bangladesh National Expa...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00
