Controlling hepatitis C in Rwanda: a framework for a national response.

Abstract:

:With the introduction of direct-acting antiviral drugs, treatment of hepatitis C is both highly effective and tolerable. Access to treatment for patients, however, remains limited in low- and middle-income countries due to the lack of supportive health infrastructure and the high cost of treatment. Poorer countries are being encouraged by international bodies to organize public health responses that would facilitate the roll-out of care and treatment on a national scale. Yet few countries have documented formal plans and policies. Here, we outline the approach taken in Rwanda to a public health framework for hepatitis C control and care within the World Health Organization hepatitis health sector strategy. This includes the development and implementation of policies and programmes, prevention efforts, screening capacity, treatment services and strategic information systems. We highlight key successes by the national programme for the control and management of hepatitis C: establishment of national governance and planning; development of diagnostic capacity; approval and introduction of direct-acting antiviral treatments; training of key personnel; generation of political will and leadership; and fostering of key strategic partnerships. Existing challenges and next steps for the programme include developing a detailed monitoring and evaluation framework and tools for monitoring of viral hepatitis. The government needs to further decentralize care and integrate hepatitis C management into routine clinical services to provide better access to diagnosis and treatment for patients. Introducing rapid diagnostic tests to public health-care facilities would help to increase case-finding. Increased public and private financing is essential to support care and treatment services. :Grâce à l'introduction d'antiviraux à action directe, le traitement de l'hépatite C est à la fois très efficace et bien toléré. Néanmoins, l'accès des patients au traitement demeure limité dans les pays à revenu faible et intermédiaire en raison du manque d'infrastructures sanitaires de soutien et du coût élevé du traitement. Les pays pauvres sont encouragés par des organismes internationaux à élaborer des mesures de santé publique qui faciliteraient la mise en place de soins et de traitements à l'échelle nationale. Peu de pays ont cependant établi des politiques et des plans officiels. Dans cet article, nous présentons l'approche adoptée au Rwanda à l'égard d'un cadre de santé publique pour le contrôle de l'hépatite C et les soins qui lui sont associés dans le contexte de la stratégie du secteur de la santé contre l’hépatite de l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé. Cela inclut le développement et la mise en œuvre de politiques et de programmes, d'efforts de prévention, de capacités de dépistage, de services de traitement et de systèmes d'information stratégiques. Nous mettons en avant les principaux succès du programme national pour le contrôle et la gestion de l'hépatite C: l'établissement d'une gouvernance et d'une planification nationales; le renforcement des capacités de diagnostic; l'approbation et l'introduction de traitements antiviraux à action directe; la formation de personnel d'encadrement; le développement d'une volonté et d'un leadership politiques; et la promotion de partenariats stratégiques clés. Les enjeux actuels et les prochaines étapes du programme incluent l'élaboration d'un cadre détaillé de suivi et d'évaluation, ainsi que des outils pour le suivi de l'hépatite virale. Le gouvernement doit favoriser la décentralisation des soins et intégrer la gestion de l'hépatite C aux services cliniques courants afin de fournir aux patients un meilleur accès au diagnostic et au traitement. L'utilisation de tests de diagnostic rapide dans les établissements publics de santé permettrait d'améliorer le dépistage. Il est essentiel d'augmenter les financements publics et privés pour soutenir les services de soins et de traitement. :Con la introducción de los fármacos antivíricos de acción directa, el tratamiento de la hepatitis C es altamente eficaz y tolerable. Sin embargo, el acceso al tratamiento por parte de los pacientes sigue siendo limitado en los países de ingresos medios y bajos, debido a la falta de infraestructuras sanitarias de apoyo y a los altos costos del tratamiento. Los organismos internacionales alientan a los países más pobres a organizar respuestas de salud pública que podrían facilitar la puesta en marcha de atención y tratamiento a escala nacional. Sin embargo, son pocos los países que han documentado planes y políticas formales. En el presente estudio, esbozamos el enfoque adoptado en Rwanda para un marco de salud pública para el control y la atención de la hepatitis C dentro de la estrategia del sector de la salud contra la hepatitis de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Este incluye la elaboración y aplicación de políticas y programas, medidas preventivas, capacidad de cribado, servicios de tratamiento y sistemas de información estratégica. Destacamos los éxitos clave del programa nacional para el control y tratamiento de la hepatitis C: establecimiento de la gobernanza y planificación nacional; desarrollo de capacidad diagnóstica; aprobación e introducción de tratamientos antivíricos de acción directa; formación de personal clave; generación de voluntad política y liderazgo; y promoción de asociaciones estratégicas clave. Los desafíos actuales y los próximos pasos del programa incluyen el desarrollo de un marco de seguimiento y evaluación detallado, así como herramientas para el seguimiento de la hepatitis viral. El gobierno necesita descentralizar todavía más la atención e integrar la gestión de la hepatitis C en los servicios clínicos corrientes para proporcionar un mejor acceso al diagnóstico y tratamiento de los pacientes. La introducción de pruebas diagnósticas rápidas en los centros de atención de salud pública ayudaría a aumentar la búsqueda de casos. El aumento de la financiación pública y privada es esencial para apoyar los servicios de atención y tratamiento. :أصبح علاج التهاب الكبد "سي" مجديًا بدرجة عالية ويمكن للمرضى تحمل آثاره، وذلك بفضل طرح الأدوية ذات التأثير المباشر المضادة للفيروسات. وبالرغم من ذلك، فإن استفادة المرضى من هذا العلاج لا تزال محدودة في البلدان منخفضة ومتوسطة الدخل، ويرجع ذلك إلى نقص المرافق الصحية الأساسية الداعمة وارتفاع تكلفة العلاج. وتشجع الهيئات الدولية البلدان الأكثر فقرًا على وضع أساليب للإغاثة في قطاع الصحة العامة من شأنها تيسير إتاحة الرعاية والعلاج على الصعيد الوطني. وبالرغم من ذلك، أجرى عدد قليل من البلدان توثيقًا لخطط وسياسات رسمية بهذا الشأن. وتتضمن هذه الوثيقة توضيحًا من جانبنا للنهج الذي اتبعته رواندا في إطار الصحة العامة بشأن السيطرة على التهاب الكبد "سي" وتوفير الرعاية اللازمة في ظل استراتيجية قطاع الصحة المعني بالتهاب الكبد والتابع لمنظمة الصحة العالمية. ويشمل هذا النهج وضع السياسات والبرامج اللازمة وتطبيقها، وبذل الجهود الرامية للوقاية من المرض، وتوفير المقدار اللازم من الفحص الطبي، وتقديم الخدمات العلاجية، واستخدام نظم للمعلومات الاستراتيجية. وإننا نسلط الضوء على التجارب الرئيسية الناجحة المتعلقة بالبرنامج الوطني للتعامل مع التهاب الكبد "سي" والسيطرة عليه: وضع سبل وطنية للإدارة والتخطيط؛ وتطوير القدرة على تشخيص المرض؛ واعتماد العلاجات ذات التأثير المباشر المضادة للفيروسات وطرحها للمرضى؛ وتدريب الموظفين الرئيسيين؛ وإيجاد الإرادة السياسية والقيادة اللازمة؛ وتعزيز الشراكات الاستراتيجية الهامة. وتشتمل التحديات القائمة حاليًا والخطوات التالية في البرنامج على وضع إطار مفصل للمراقبة والتقييم وإيجاد وسائل للرصد فيما يتعلق بالتهاب الكبد الفيروسي. وتحتاج الحكومة إلى مزيد من تحول الرعاية الصحية إلى اللامركزية ودمج التعامل مع التهاب الكبد "سي" داخل الخدمات العلاجية المعتادة لتحقيق قدر أكبر من استفادة المرضى من خدمات التشخيص والعلاج. ومن شأن توفير اختبارات التشخيص السريع في المنشآت العلاجية لتقديم الرعاية في مجال الصحة العامة أن يساعد في زيادة معدل اكتشاف الحالات المرضية. وتلعب الزيادة في التمويل الحكومي والخاص دورًا جوهريًا في دعم خدمات الرعاية الصحية والعلاج. :随着直接抗病毒药物的引入,丙型肝炎的治疗既高效又可耐受。然而,由于缺乏支持性的卫生基础设施和高昂的治疗费用,中低收入国家中的患者获得治疗的机会仍然有限。国际机构正在推动较贫穷的国家组织公共卫生对策,以促进全国范围内的护理和治疗。但是很少有国家记录正式的计划和政策。在这里,我们概述了卢旺达公共卫生框架在世界卫生组织肝炎健康部门战略范围内为控制丙肝和保健所采取的方法。这包括政策、方案、预防工作、筛查能力、治疗服务和战略信息系统的制定和执行。我们强调国家计划在丙型肝炎控制和管理上取得的关键成就:建立国家治理和规划;提高诊断能力;批准和引进直接抗病毒治疗;培训重要人员;产生政治意愿和领导能力并促进重要的战略伙伴关系。该计划面临的现有挑战和下一步措施包括制定监测病毒性肝炎的详细监测与评估框架和工具。政府需要进一步下放护理,将丙型肝炎管理纳入常规临床服务,为患者提供更好的诊断和治疗。公共医疗机构引进快速诊断测试将有助于增加病例发现。增加公共和私人融资对支持护理和治疗服务至关重要。. :Благодаря введению противовирусных препаратов прямого действия лечение гепатита С стало одновременно высокоэффективным и переносимым. Однако доступ для пациентов к лечению остается ограниченным в странах с низким и средним уровнем доходов из-за отсутствия поддерживающей инфраструктуры здравоохранения и высокой стоимости лечения. Международные организации оказывают поддержку более бедным странам в организации мероприятий по реагированию в области общественного здравоохранения, которые могли бы способствовать внедрению ухода и лечения в национальном масштабе. Однако лишь немногие страны имеют официальные планы и политику. Здесь авторы описывают подход в области общественного здравоохранения, принятый в Руанде для контроля и лечения гепатита С в рамках стратегии сектора Всемирной организации здравоохранения по борьбе с вирусным гепатитом. Этот подход включает разработку и внедрение политики и программ, профилактических мероприятий, возможностей скринингового обследования, лечебных услуг и стратегических информационных систем. Освещаются ключевые успехи в рамках национальной программы по контролю и лечению гепатита С: создание национального управления и планирования, развитие диагностического потенциала, регистрация и внедрение противовирусных препаратов прямого действия, подготовка основного персонала, формирование политической воли и лидерства, а также укрепление ключевых стратегических партнерских отношений. Существующие проблемы и последующие шаги для этой программы включают разработку детальной системы мониторинга и оценки, а также инструментов мониторинга вирусного гепатита. Правительство должно децентрализовать медицинский уход и интегрировать лечение гепатита С в обычные медицинские учреждения, чтобы облегчить доступ для пациентов к диагностике и лечению. Внедрение экспресс-диагностических тестов в государственные медицинские учреждения поможет увеличить выявление случаев инфицирования. Увеличение государственного и частного финансирования имеет важное значение для поддержки системы здравоохранения и медицинского обслуживания.

authors

Mbituyumuremyi A,Van Nuil JI,Umuhire J,Mugabo J,Mwumvaneza M,Makuza JD,Umutesi J,Nsanzimana S,Gupta N

doi

10.2471/BLT.16.183772

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2018-01-01 00:00:00

pages

51-58

issue

1

eissn

0042-9686

issn

1564-0604

pii

BLT.16.183772

journal_volume

96

pub_type

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    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/BLT.11.089235

    authors: Moïsi JC,Gatakaa H,Berkley JA,Maitland K,Mturi N,Newton CR,Njuguna P,Nokes J,Ojal J,Bauni E,Tsofa B,Peshu N,Marsh K,Williams TN,Scott JA

    更新日期:2011-10-01 00:00:00

  • Sample registration of vital events with verbal autopsy: a renewed commitment to measuring and monitoring vital statistics.

    abstract::Registration of births, recording deaths by age, sex and cause, and calculating mortality levels and differentials are fundamental to evidence-based health policy, monitoring and evaluation. Yet few of the countries with the greatest need for these data have functioning systems to produce them despite legislation prov...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:/S0042-96862005000800015

    authors: Setel PW,Sankoh O,Rao C,Velkoff VA,Mathers C,Gonghuan Y,Hemed Y,Jha P,Lopez AD

    更新日期:2005-08-01 00:00:00

  • Counting the dead and what they died from: an assessment of the global status of cause of death data.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:We sought to assess the current status of global data on death registration and to examine several indicators of data completeness and quality. METHODS:We summarized the availability of death registration data by year and country. Indicators of data quality were assessed for each country and included the tim...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:/S0042-96862005000300009

    authors: Mathers CD,Fat DM,Inoue M,Rao C,Lopez AD

    更新日期:2005-03-01 00:00:00

  • Estimating the burden of shigellosis in Thailand: 36-month population-based surveillance study.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To estimate incidence of shigellosis in the Kaengkhoi district, Saraburi Province, Thailand. METHODS:Population-based surveillance of shigellosis based in treatment centres. The detected rates of treated shigellosis were corrected for the number of cases missed due to the low sensitivity of microbiological c...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:/S0042-96862005001000010

    authors: Chompook P,Samosornsuk S,von Seidlein L,Jitsanguansuk S,Sirima N,Sudjai S,Mangjit P,Kim DR,Wheeler JG,Todd J,Lee H,Ali M,Clemens J,Tapchaisri P,Chaicumpa W

    更新日期:2005-10-01 00:00:00

  • The effect of metrifonate on Brugia pahangi infections in domestic cats.

    abstract::Metrifonate, an organophosphorus compound, caused a decline in the number of microfilariae in domestic cats experimentally infected with Brugia pahangi. It was found that the drug was active against both microfilariae and macrofilariae, but probably its greatest effect was on the macrofilarial stages. It is suggested ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Denham DA,Ponnudurai T,Nelson GS,Guy F,Rogers R

    更新日期:1971-01-01 00:00:00

  • Molecular characteristics and biological properties (genetic markers) of candidate strains for preparation of live influenza virus vaccines.

    abstract::The biological and molecular properties of both virulent and vaccine types of influenza virus strains are reviewed, including their analysis in laboratory animals and in organ tissue cultures, as well as studies of their genome peculiarities. Methods are discussed for obtaining attenuated donor strains of influenza vi...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Ghendon YZ

    更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00

  • Survey of BCG vaccination policy in Europe: 1994-96.

    abstract::A retrospective survey, based on a standardized questionnaire sent to qualified public health experts in tuberculosis in 50 European countries, was carried out to evaluate the following: concordance between national vaccination programmes and WHO recommendations on BCG vaccination for prevention of tuberculosis; relat...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Trnka L,Dankova D,Zitova J,Cimprichova L,Migliori GB,Clancy L,Zellweger JP

    更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00

  • Patterns of hospital transfer for self-poisoned patients in rural Sri Lanka: implications for estimating the incidence of self-poisoning in the developing world.

    abstract:OBJECTIVES:Most data on self-poisoning in rural Asia have come from secondary hospitals. We aimed to: assess how transfers from primary to secondary hospitals affected estimates of case-fatality ratio (CFR); determine whether there was referral bias according to gender or poison; and estimate the annual incidence of al...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/blt.05.025379

    authors: Eddleston M,Sudarshan K,Senthilkumaran M,Reginald K,Karalliedde L,Senarathna L,de Silva D,Rezvi Sheriff MH,Buckley NA,Gunnell D

    更新日期:2006-04-01 00:00:00

  • The present status of control of Culex pipiens fatigans.

    abstract::At present, larvicidal attack is the only feasible measure for the control of Culex pipiens fatigans. However, in the cities of the tropics, which are the principal sites of the filariasis problem, this has usually been a losing battle. The proper method of larval control is to eliminate the breeding sites; instead th...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Brown AW

    更新日期:1967-01-01 00:00:00