Abstract:
:Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) are now the commonest group of notifiable infectious diseases in most countries, particularly in the age group of 15 to 50 years and in infants. Their control is important considering the high incidence of acute infections, complications and sequelae, their socioeconomic impact, and their role in increasing transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The worldwide incidence of major bacterial and viral STD is estimated at over 125 million cases yearly. STD are hyperendemic in many developing countries. In industrialized countries, the bacterial STD (syphilis, gonorrhoea, chancroid) declined from the peak during the Second World War till up to the late fifties, then increased during the sixties and early seventies, and they have been decreasing again from the late seventies till the present. In the industrialized world, diseases due to Chlamydia trachomatis, genital herpes virus, human papillomaviruses and human immunodeficiency virus are now more important than the classical bacterial ones; both groups remain major health problems in most developing countries. Infection rates are similar in both women and men, but women and infants bear the major burden of complications and serious sequelae. Infertility and ectopic pregnancies are often a consequence of pelvic inflammatory disease, and are preventable. Sexually transmitted diseases in pregnant women can result in prematurity, stillbirth and neonatal infections. In many areas 1-5% of newborns are at risk of gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum, a blinding disease; congenital syphilis causes up to 25% of perinatal mortality. Genital and anal cancers (especially cervical cancer) are associated with viral sexually transmitted diseases (genital human papillomavirus and herpes virus infections). Urethral stricture and infertility are frequent sequelae in men. :Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are now the most common group of identifiable infectious diseases in many countries, especially among those ages 15-50 and in infants. Their control is important considering the high incidence of acute infections, complications and sequelae, their socioeconomic impact, and their role in increasing transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). THe worldwide incidence of major bacterial and viral STDs is estimated to be over 125 million cases yearly. STDs are hyperendemic in many developing countries. However, in industrialized countries, the bacterial STDs such as syphilis, gonorrhea, chancroid declined from their peak during WW II until the late 1950s, increased during the 1960s and early 1970s, and have again decreased since that time. In the industrialized world, diseases due to Chlamydia trachomatis, genital herpes virus, human papillomaviruses, and HIV are now more significant than the classical bacterial ones; both groups remain major health problems in most developing countries. Infection rates are similar in both men and women, but women and infants bear the major burden of complications and serious sequelae. Infertility and ectopic pregnancy are often a result of pelvic inflammatory disease and are preventable. STDs in pregnant women can result in prematurity, stillbirth, and neonatal infections. In many areas, 1-5% of newborns are at risk of gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum, a disease that blinds and congenital syphilis causes up to 25% of perinatal mortality. Genital and anal cancers (especially cervical cancer) are associated with viral STDs (genital human papillomavirus and herpes virus infections). Urethral stricture and infertility are frequent sequelae in men. (author's modified)
journal_name
Bull World Health Organjournal_title
Bulletin of the World Health Organizationauthors
De Schryver A,Meheus Asubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1990-01-01 00:00:00pages
639-54issue
5eissn
0042-9686issn
1564-0604journal_volume
68pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract:OBJECTIVE:To document the inclusion of key medicines for children in national essential medicines lists (EMLs) and standard treatment guidelines, and to assess the availability and cost of these medicines in 14 countries in central Africa. METHODS:Surveys were conducted in 12 public and private sector medicine outlets...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/blt.08.053645
更新日期:2009-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::A retrospective survey, based on a standardized questionnaire sent to qualified public health experts in tuberculosis in 50 European countries, was carried out to evaluate the following: concordance between national vaccination programmes and WHO recommendations on BCG vaccination for prevention of tuberculosis; relat...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To estimate out-of-pocket costs and the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure in people admitted to hospital with acute coronary syndromes in Asia. METHODS:Participants were enrolled between June 2011 and May 2012 into this observational study in China, India, Malaysia, Republic of Korea, Singapore, T...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.15.158303
更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Comprehensive labelling forms a vital part of any steps to control the quality of commercially distributed diagnostic reagents. This Memorandum gives recommendations for such labelling. Specifications are given for the recommended minimum information to be given on the label attached to the immediate container of clin...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1978-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The impact of visual loss has profound implications for the person affected and society as a whole. The majority of blind people live in developing countries, and generally, their blindness could have been avoided or cured. Given the current predictions that the number of blind people worldwide will roughly double by ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Women's chances of survival during pregnancy and childbirth have greatly improved in Nepal. Sophie Cousins reports. ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 新闻
doi:10.2471/BLT.16.030516
更新日期:2016-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Part 1 of this Memorandum appeared in Vol. 49, pages 81-91. Part 2 covers neoplasia of the bovine urinary bladder; tumours of unknown cause (including melanomas, osteosarcomas, mammary tumours, lymphosarcomas, mastocytomas, transmissible venereal tumours, and histiocytomas); and the applications of animal models in st...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1973-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The author reviews the published findings on the carriage of Staphylococcus pyogenes var. aureus during the last two decades, dealing mainly with observations made in British Commonwealth countries, Scandinavia and the USA. The importance of the role played by staphylococcal carriers in the spread of infection both in...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1961-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in Pakistan. The National ARI Control Programme was launched in 1989 in order to reduce the mortality attributed to pneumonia, and rationalize the use of drugs in the management of patients with ARI. WHO's standard ARI case man...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The results of a WHO-assisted survey of the distribution of Q fever in 32 countries and an analysis of reports published to date indicate that Q fever exists in 51 countries on five continents. Q-fever infection was most often reported in man and the domestic ruminants, such as cattle, sheep, and goats.The disease was...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1955-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::An influenzavirus of swine origin (swine/Taiwan/7310/70) antigenically closely related to the human A/Hong Kong/68 virus readily infected human volunteers. Those infected developed antihaemagglutinin and antineuraminidase antibodies to the human A/Hong Kong/68 virus as well as to the swine/Taiwan virus. The clinical r...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1972-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The insecticidal activity of synthetic pyrethroids was compared with that of the natural pyrethrins, which have been used on a world-wide scale as active ingredients for insecticidal aerosols or mosquito coils.All of the synthetic pyrethroids were found to be more stable than the pyrethrins. Tetramethrin showed a very...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1971-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Of 10 000 compounds tested for tissue schizontocidal activity in a Plasmodium gallinaceum-chick model, 157 were also tested in a definitive mouse test (DMT) and 277 in a rhesus monkey test (RMT). The results in the avian model were 78% and 55% in agreement with those of the DMT and RMT, respectively. This result is no...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In most countries of the world there is a shortage of nurses but nowhere is it so acute as in the developing world. With International Nursing Day on 12 May 2010, Kathryn Senior investigates. ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 新闻
doi:10.2471/BLT.10.020510
更新日期:2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine the leading causes of fatal injury for urban South African children aged 0-14 years, the distribution of those causes and the current potential for safety improvements. METHODS:We obtained injury surveillance data from the National Injury Mortality Surveillance System 2001-2003 for six major Sou...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.09.068486
更新日期:2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The success of primary health care programmes in Thailand over the past three decades can be attributed not only to medical advances but to the role of community health volunteers. Buddhist monks and their temples have been strongly involved in health promotion and education, particularly in remote, rural communities....
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 新闻
doi:10.2471/blt.08.010108
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The frequency of radiological examinations in a country is an important indicator of the general scope of such services in that setting. Frequency data obtained from surveys provide health planners with valuable information that can form an objective basis for resource allocation. Also, from the point of view of radia...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::As a result of improved medical services and diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF), it has in recent years become clear that this is a common genetic disorder with a worldwide distribution. The average life expectancy of CF patients is very low in the developing world, but in developed countries this fatal childhood disea...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:PROBLEM:In many countries, the tuberculosis (TB) annual case detection rate is below the target of 70%. In the Lao People's Democratic Republic in 2005, it did not exceed 55% APPROACH:The DOTS strategy promotes passive case detection of TB. In order to increase the detection rate, we validated a questionnaire targetin...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/blt.06.038539
更新日期:2007-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To implement and evaluate a public-private partnership to deliver the internationally recommended strategy DOTS for the control of tuberculosis (TB) in Lalitpur municipality, Nepal, where it is estimated that 50% of patients with TB are managed in the private sector. METHODS:A local working group developed ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2004-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this paper an analysis of genetic recombinants derived from crosses between two mutant stocks of Vibrio cholerae, strain 162, differing from one another in nutritional requirements and other characters, is presented. It is shown that parent strains possessing a fertility factor (designated as the P factor) function...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1964-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bladder cancer is the twelfth most common cancer globally, with approximately 170 000 new cases each year; a third of these cases are in the developing countries. There are two major etiological types. The first is more common in the industrialized countries and is associated with exposure to certain occupational and ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In many health facilities in east Africa, haemoglobin estimation is performed using visual colour comparison methods. Efforts to establish colorimetric methods face numerous constraints, including the unavailability of standards for quality control. In contrast, the alkaline haematin D-575 method for haemoglobin estim...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cholera, which had been spreading throughout the south-west Pacific in 1961, broke out in Hong Kong in August of that year. The outbreak lasted about six weeks, and recurred in 1962 and 1963; but whereas the 1961 outbreak resembled classical cholera, in the succeeding years the pattern changed. The disease, though sti...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1965-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Manpower projections for oral health are generally held to be more accurate than those for other health sectors since the diseases involved and their treatment times can be predicted more precisely. Nevertheless most oral health manpower projections are either overestimates or are not in line with the resources of ind...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The occurrence of three deaths and substantial morbidity among members of a "package tour" who stayed at the same hotel in Benidorm, Spain, during the summer of 1973 provided an opportunity to study the experiences of persons undertaking this type of holiday and some of the factors that might affect their health. Of 2...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1978-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Notifications of morbidity are frequently incomplete but they represent the only practicable way of carrying out large-scale surveillance. Studies of hepatitis in the Central District of Israel offered an opportunity of assessing the reliability of routine data. The regular canvassing of physicians resulted in a 2-3-f...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1972-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effect of Plasmodium falciparum infection on the response to immunization with tetanus toxoid in pregnancy is of importance because malaria is more frequent and severe in pregnant women. This paper presents the results of a study in west Kenya of the antibody response to an adsorbed tetanus toxoid in primigravidae...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Up-to-date information is given on the epidemiological situation of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) in nine Mediterranean countries, and on drug regimens adopted in the management of ZVL patients in each country. Results of experimental and clinical trials on the efficacy and tolerability of liposomal amphoteric...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Each of 87 strains of brucellae examined for its utilization of amino acid and carbohydrate substrates displayed a metabolic pattern that characterized it as to its species identity, irrespective of its serological and biochemical characters. Strains that displayed the metabolic pattern of Br. abortus were lysed by Br...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1962-01-01 00:00:00