Catastrophic household expenditure on health in Nepal: a cross-sectional survey.

Abstract:

OBJECTIVE:To determine the incidence of - and illnesses commonly associated with - catastrophic household expenditure on health in Nepal. METHODS:We did a cross-sectional population-based survey in five municipalities of Kathmandu Valley between November 2011 and January 2012. For each household surveyed, out-of-pocket spending on health in the previous 30 days that exceeded 10% of the household's total expenditure over the same period was considered to be catastrophic. We estimated the incidence and intensity of catastrophic health expenditure. We identified the illnesses most commonly associated with such expenditure using a Poisson regression model and assessed the distribution of expenditure by economic quintile of households using the concentration index. FINDINGS:Overall, 284 of the 1997 households studied in Kathmandu, i.e. 13.8% after adjustment by sampling weight, reported catastrophic health expenditure in the 30 days before the survey. After adjusting for confounders, this expenditure was found to be associated with injuries, particularly those resulting from road traffic accidents. Catastrophic expenditure by households in the poorest quintile were associated with at least one episode of diabetes, asthma or heart disease. CONCLUSION:In an urban area of Nepal, catastrophic household expenditure on health was mostly associated with injuries and noncommunicable diseases such as diabetes and asthma. Throughout Nepal, interventions for the control and management of noncommunicable diseases and the prevention of road traffic accidents should be promoted. A phased introduction of health insurance should also reduce the incidence of catastrophic household expenditure. OBJECTIF:Déterminer l'incidence de dépenses catastrophiques de santé des ménages – et les maladies généralement associées à ces dépenses – au Népal. MÉTHODES:Nous avons mené une enquête transversale sur la population dans cinq municipalités de la Vallée de Katmandu entre novembre 2011 et janvier 2012. Pour chaque ménage étudié, les dépenses de santé qui sont restées à la charge du ménage dans les 30 jours précédents et qui ont dépassé 10% des dépenses totales du ménage au cours de la même période, ont été considérées comme étant catastrophiques. Nous avons estimé l'incidence et l'intensité des dépenses catastrophiques de santé. Nous avons identifié les maladies les plus généralement associées avec de telles dépenses en utilisant un modèle de régression de Poisson et évalué la distribution des dépenses par quintile économique des ménages en utilisant l'indice de concentration. RÉSULTATS:Dans l'ensemble, 284 des 1 997 ménages étudiés à Katmandu, c.-à- d. 13,8% après correction par pondération de l'échantillonnage, ont signalé des dépenses catastrophiques de santé dans les 30 jours qui ont précédé l'enquête. Après ajustement pour les variables confusionnelles, nous avons pu montrer que ces dépenses étaient associées à des blessures, en particulier celles causées par les accidents de la route. Les dépenses catastrophiques des ménages faisant partie du quintile le plus pauvre étaient associées à au moins un épisode de diabète, d'asthme ou de maladie cardiaque. CONCLUSION:Dans une zone urbaine du Népal, les dépenses catastrophiques de santé des ménages furent principalement associées à des blessures et à des maladies non transmissibles comme le diabète ou l'asthme. À travers tout le Népal, des interventions pour le contrôle et la gestion des maladies non transmissibles et pour la prévention des accidents de la route devraient être encouragées. Une introduction progressive de l'assurance maladie devrait également réduire l'incidence des dépenses catastrophiques des ménages. OBJETIVO:Determinar la incidencia del gasto catastrófico por motivos de salud de los hogares y las enfermedades generalmente asociadas con dichos gastos en Nepal. MÉTODOS:Se llevó a cabo una encuesta transversal de la población en cinco municipios del Valle de Katmandú entre noviembre de 2011 y enero de 2012. Para cada hogar encuestado, se consideró catastrófico cualquier gasto de desembolso directo por motivos de salud en los últimos 30 días que hubiera excedido el 10 % del gasto total del hogar durante el mismo periodo. Se estimó la incidencia y el grado de los gastos catastróficos por motivos de salud. Se identificaron las enfermedades asociadas con mayor frecuencia con dichos gastos mediante un modelo de regresión de Poisson y se evaluó la distribución del gasto por quintil económico de los hogares mediante el índice de concentración. RESULTADOS:En total, se descbrió que 284 de los 1997 hogares estudiados en Katmandú, es decir, un 13,8 % tras el ajuste mediante el muestreo de peso, tuvieron que hacer frente a gastos catastróficos por motivos de salud en los 30 días anteriores a la encuesta. Después del ajuste por factores de confusión, se halló que dicho gasto estaba asociado a lesiones, sobre todo aquellas derivadas de accidentes de tráfico y, en los hogares pertenecientes al quintil más pobre, con al menos un episodio de diabetes, asma o enfermedades cardíacas. CONCLUSIÓN:En un área urbana de Nepal, el gasto catastrófico de los hogares por motivos de salud estuvo en su mayoría asociado a lesiones y a enfermedades no transmisibles como la diabetes y el asma. Es necesario fomentar las intervenciones para el control y el manejo de las enfermedades no transmisibles, así como la prevención de los accidentes de tráfico en todo Nepal. La introducción gradual de un seguro médico también podría reducir la incidencia de los gastos catastróficos de los hogares. الغرض:تحديد معدل حدوث الإنفاق الأسري الكارثي على الصحة في نيبال - والاعتلالات الشائعة المرتبطة بهذا الإنفاق - في نيبال. الطريقة:قمنا بإجراء دراسة استقصائية سكانية متعددة القطاعات في خمس بلديات في كاتماندو فالي في الفترة من تشرين الثاني/ نوفمبر 2011 إلى كانون الثاني/ يناير 2012. وقد اعتبر الإنفاق من المال الخاص على الصحة خلال الثلاثين يوماً السابقة الذي تجاوز 10% من مجموع الإنفاق الأسري على مدار الفترة ذاتها كارثياً، لكل أسرة خضعت للدراسة الاستقصائية. وقمنا بتقدير معدل حدوث الإنفاق الصحي الكارثي وكثافته. وقمنا بتحديد الاعتلالات المرتبطة على نحو أكثر شيوعاً بهذا الإنفاق باستخدام نموذج ارتداد بواسون، وتقييم توزيع الإنفاق عن طريق الشرائح الخمسية الاقتصادية للأسر باستخدام مؤشر التركيز. النتائج:بشكل عام، أبلغت 284 من أصل 1997 أسرة خضعت للدراسة في كاتماندو، أي 13.8 % بعد التصحيح عن طريق أخذ عينات الوزن عن إنفاق صحي كارثي خلال الثلاثين يوماً السابقة للدراسة الاستقصائية. وتبين ارتباط هذا الإنفاق، بعد تصحيحه لأغراض تحديد العوامل المؤثرة، بالإصابات لا سيما تلك الناجمة عن حوادث المرور. وكان الإنفاق الكارثي بواسطة الأسر في أفقر شريحة خمسية مرتبطة بنوبة واحدة على الأقل من السكري أو الربو أو مرض القلب. الاستنتاج:ارتبط الإنفاق الأسري الكارثي على الصحة في إحدى المناطق الحضرية في نيبال في معظمه بالإصابات والأمراض غير السارية مثل السكري والربو. وينبغي تعزيز التدخلات في جميع أرجاء نيبال من أجل مكافحة الأمراض غير السارية وتدبيرها العلاجي وتوقي حوادث المرور. وينبغي أن يؤدي الاستخدام التدريجي للتأمين الصحي أيضاً إلى تقليل معدل حدوث الإنفاق الأسري الكارثي. 目的:确定尼泊尔灾难性卫生家庭支出发生率以及通常与这些支出相关的疾病。 方法:在2011年11月和2012年1月之间,我们在加德满都谷地五个自治市展开基于人口的横断面口调查。对于每个受调查的家庭,在调查前30天预算外卫生支出超过同一时期家庭总开支10%的支出被视为灾难性支出。我们估计灾难性卫生支出发生率和强度。我们使用泊松回归模型识别与此类支出最常相关的疾病,并通过集中指数按照家庭经济五分位数评估支出的分配。 结果:总体来看,加德满都1997户受研究的家庭有284户(即抽样权重调整后13.8%的家庭)报告在调查前30天有灾难性卫生支出。调整混杂因素后,发现这部分支出与损伤有关,特别是道路交通事故引起的伤害。10%最贫穷的家庭中,其灾难性支出与糖尿病、哮喘或心脏病当中至少一种疾病的发病期有关。 结论:在尼泊尔市区,家庭灾难性卫生支出主要与损伤和非传染性疾病相关,如糖尿病和哮喘。在尼泊尔全国,应该提升控制和管理非传染性疾病和预防道路交通事故的干预措施。分阶段引入医疗保险也将降低灾难性家庭支出的发生率。 Цель:Определить влияние катастрофических расходов на медицинские услуги в Непале и выявить, какие заболевания в большинстве случаев связаны с этими расходами, а также частоту возникновения этих заболеваний. Методы:С ноября 2011 г. по январь 2012 г было проведено перекрестное исследование среди населения пяти муниципальных образований Долины Катманду. Расходы на медицинские услуги для всех домашних хозяйств, принимавших участие в исследовании, признавались катастрофическими, если за предыдущие 30 дней они превышали 10% от общих расходов домашнего хозяйства за этот период.. Были оценены влияние и величина катастрофических расходов на медицинские услуги. Были определены заболевания, которые чаще всего связаны с такими расходами, при помощи модели пуассоновской регрессии и оценено распределение расходов по экономическим квинтилям домашних хозяйств при помощи индекса концентрации. Результаты:Всего 284 из 1997 домашних хозяйств в Катманду, участвовавших в исследовании, что составляет 13,8% после поправки на размер выборки, сообщили о катастрофических расходах на медицинские услуги за 30 дней, предшествовавших опросу. После поправки с учетом возможных неизвестных факторов эти расходы оказались связаны с травмами, в особенности полученными в результате дорожных происшествий. В домашних хозяйствах, относящихся к самой бедной части населения, были отмечены как минимум по одному случаю диабета, астмы или сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Вывод:В городских районах Непала катастрофические расходы домашних хозяйств на медицинские услуги преимущественно связаны с травмами и неинфекционными заболеваниями, такими как диабет и астма. На всей территории Непала должны быть предприняты оперативные меры по контролю и профилактике неинфекционных заболеваний и предотвращению дорожно-транспортных происшествий. Поэтапное внедрение медицинского страхования должно снизить численность катастрофических расходов домашних хозяйств на медицинские услуги.

authors

Saito E,Gilmour S,Rahman MM,Gautam GS,Shrestha PK,Shibuya K

doi

10.2471/BLT.13.126615

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2014-10-01 00:00:00

pages

760-7

issue

10

eissn

0042-9686

issn

1564-0604

pii

BLT.13.126615

journal_volume

92

pub_type

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    authors: Haaheim LR

    更新日期:1978-01-01 00:00:00

  • Physical growth of children and adolescents in China over the past 35 years.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To examine if economic development in China correlates with physical growth among Chinese children and adolescents. METHODS:The height, body weight and physical activity level of children and adolescents aged 18 years and under, as well as dietary data, were obtained from seven large surveys conducted in Chi...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/BLT.13.126243

    authors: Zong XN,Li H

    更新日期:2014-08-01 00:00:00

  • Peri-operative pulse oximetry in low-income countries: a cost-effectiveness analysis.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of pulse oximetry--compared with no peri-operative monitoring--during surgery in low-income countries. METHODS:We considered the use of tabletop and portable, hand-held pulse oximeters among patients of any age undergoing major surgery in low-income countries. From earlier ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2471/BLT.14.137315

    authors: Burn SL,Chilton PJ,Gawande AA,Lilford RJ

    更新日期:2014-12-01 00:00:00

  • Attempts to increase the yield of influenza virus from stored infected allantoic fluids.

    abstract::The deposit or precipitate formed after storage at -20 degrees C of allantoic fluids infected with influenza virus contains a considerable amount of the virus. It has been found that by treatment of this material, after thawing, with sodium chloride and subsequent purification of the treated fluid, all the virus origi...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: VEERARAGHAVAN N,SREEVALSAN T

    更新日期:1961-01-01 00:00:00

  • Studies on reproduction of the International Opacity Reference Preparation.

    abstract::The International Opacity Reference Preparation is a polydisperse suspension of glass particles, the size distribution of which it is hardly possible to reproduce. However, by mixing glass particles of different size distributions it seems practicable to prepare a suspension which is turbidimetrically almost identical...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: SPAUN J

    更新日期:1962-01-01 00:00:00

  • Maternal near-miss surveillance, Namibia.

    abstract:Objective:To analyse and improve the Namibian maternity care system by implementing maternal near-miss surveillance during 1 October 2018 and 31 March 2019, and identifying the challenges and benefits of such data collection. Methods:From the results of an initial feasibility study, we adapted the World Health Organiz...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/BLT.20.251371

    authors: Heemelaar S,Josef M,Diener Z,Chipeio M,Stekelenburg J,van den Akker T,Mackenzie S

    更新日期:2020-08-01 00:00:00

  • Key to the identification of east and central African freshwater snails of medical and veterinary importance.

    abstract::This identification key has been prepared to enable field workers in eastern and centra Africa to identify the species and subspecies of snails acting as intermediate hosts of various flukes causing bilharziasis and related diseases in man and his domestic stock.The area covered by the key is eastern Africa from the S...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: MANDAHL-BARTH G

    更新日期:1962-01-01 00:00:00