Peri-operative pulse oximetry in low-income countries: a cost-effectiveness analysis.

Abstract:

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of pulse oximetry--compared with no peri-operative monitoring--during surgery in low-income countries. METHODS:We considered the use of tabletop and portable, hand-held pulse oximeters among patients of any age undergoing major surgery in low-income countries. From earlier studies we obtained baseline mortality and the effectiveness of pulse oximeters to reduce mortality. We considered the direct costs of purchasing and maintaining pulse oximeters as well as the cost of supplementary oxygen used to treat hypoxic episodes identified by oximetry. Health benefits were measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) averted and benefits and costs were both discounted at 3% per year. We used recommended cost-effectiveness thresholds--both absolute and relative to gross domestic product (GDP) per capita--to assess if pulse oximetry is a cost-effective health intervention. To test the robustness of our results we performed sensitivity analyses. FINDINGS:In 2013 prices, tabletop and hand-held oximeters were found to have annual costs of 310 and 95 United States dollars (US$), respectively. Assuming the two types of oximeter have identical effectiveness, a single oximeter used for 22 procedures per week averted 0.83 DALYs per annum. The tabletop and hand-held oximeters cost US$ 374 and US$ 115 per DALY averted, respectively. For any country with a GDP per capita above US$ 677 the hand-held oximeter was found to be cost-effective if it prevented just 1.7% of anaesthetic-related deaths or 0.3% of peri-operative mortality. CONCLUSION:Pulse oximetry is a cost-effective intervention for low-income settings. OBJECTIF:Évaluer la rentabilité de l'oxymétrie de pouls par rapport à l'absence de surveillance périopératoire lors d'une chirurgie dans les pays à revenu faible. MÉTHODES:Nous avons considéré l'utilisation d'oxymètres de pouls à poser et d'oxymètres de pouls portatifs chez des patients de tous âges ayant subi une opération chirurgicale importante dans des pays à revenu faible. À partir d'études antérieures, nous avons obtenu la mortalité de référence et l'efficacité des oxymètres de pouls pour réduire la mortalité. Nous avons considéré les coûts directs de l'achat et de l'entretien des oxymètres de pouls, ainsi que le coût de l'oxygène supplémentaire utilisé pour traiter les épisodes hypoxiques identifiés par oxymétrie. Les avantages pour la santé ont été mesurés en espérance de vie corrigée de l'incapacité (EVCI) évitée, et les avantages et les coûts ont été actualisés à 3% par an. Nous avons utilisé les seuils de rentabilité recommandés – à la fois de manière absolue et relative par rapport au produit intérieur brut (PIB) par habitant – afin d'évaluer si l'oxymétrie de pouls était une intervention de santé rentable. Pour tester la solidité de nos résultats, nous avons effectué des analyses de sensibilité. RÉSULTATS:Avec les prix de 2013, les oxymètres à poser et les oxymètres portatifs présentaient des coûts annuels de 310 et 95 dollars, respectivement. En supposant que les deux types d'oxymètre ont une efficacité identique, un seul oxymètre utilisé pour 22 interventions par semaine permettait d'éviter 0,83 EVCI par an. Les oxymètres à poser et les oxymètres portatifs coûtaient 374 $ et 115 $ par EVCI évitée, respectivement. Pour tous les pays avec un PIB par habitant supérieur à 677 $, l'oxymètre portatif s'est avéré rentable s'il évitait seulement 1,7% des décès liés à l'anesthésie ou 0,3% de mortalité périopératoire. CONCLUSION:L'oxymétrie de pouls est une intervention rentable pour les pays à faible revenu. OBJETIVO:Evaluar la rentabilidad de la oximetría de pulso en comparación con la ausencia de vigilancia perioperatoria durante la cirugía en países de ingresos bajos. MÉTODOS:Se tuvieron en cuenta oxímetros de pulso manuales, tanto de mesa como portátiles, entre los pacientes de todas las edades sometidos a una intervención quirúrgica importante en países de ingresos bajos. A partir de los estudios anteriores se obtuvo la mortalidad inicial y la eficacia de los oxímetros de pulso para reducir la mortalidad. Se consideraron los costes directos de la adquisición y del mantenimiento de los oxímetros de pulso, así como el coste del oxígeno complementario que se utiliza para tratar los episodios de hipoxia identificados mediante la oximetría. Se midieron los beneficios para la salud en años de vida con discapacidad (AVAD) evitados, mientras que los beneficios y los costes se descontaron al 3% por año. Utilizamos los umbrales de rentabilidad recomendados, tanto absolutos como relativos, respecto al producto interno bruto (PIB) per cápita para evaluar si la oximetría de pulso es una intervención de salud rentable. Por último, se realizó un análisis de sensibilidad para poner a prueba la solidez de los resultados. RESULTADOS:En 2013, se halló que los precios de los oxímetros de mesa y portátiles suponían unos costes anuales de 310 y 95 dólares estadounidenses (US$), respectivamente. En el supuesto de que ambos tipos de oxímetro tengan la misma eficacia, el uso de un único oxímetro para 22 procedimientos por semana evitó 0,83 AVAD por año. Los oxímetros de mesa y manuales cuestan 374 US$ y 115 US$ por AVAD evitado, respectivamente. Para cualquier país con un PIB per cápita superior a 677 US$ el oxímetro manual resultó ser rentable con tan solo impedir un 1,7% de las muertes relacionadas con la anestesia o el 0,3% de la mortalidad perioperatoria. CONCLUSIÓN:La oximetría de pulso es una intervención rentable para entornos de ingresos bajos. الغرض:تقدير مردودية قياس التأكسج النبضي - مقارنة بعدم الرصد في الفترة المحيطة بالعملية - أثناء الجراحة في البلدان المنخفضة الدخل. الطريقة:قمنا بدراسة استخدام أجهزة قياس التأكسج النبضي التي توضع على أسطح الطاولات والقابلة للنقل والمحمولة باليد بين المرضى الذين ينتمون إلى أي فئة عمرية وخضعوا لجراحة كبرى في البلدان المنخفضة الدخل. وحصلنا من الدراسات السابقة على معدل الوفيات عند خط الأساس وفعالية أجهزة قياس التأكسج النبضي في تقليل معدل الوفيات. ودرسنا التكاليف المباشرة لشراء أجهزة قياس التأكسج النبضي وصيانتها بالإضافة إلى تكلفة الأوكسجين التكميلي الذي يستخدم لعلاج نوبات نقص الأوكسجين التي يحددها قياس التأكسج. وتم قياس الفوائد الصحية بسنوات العمر المصححة باحتساب مدد العجز التي تم تفاديها والفوائد وتم خفض التكاليف في كل منها بنسبة 3 % سنوياً. واستخدمنا عتبات المردودية الموصى بها - المطلقة والنسبية للناتج الإجمالي المحلي للفرد - لتقييم ما إذا كان قياس التأكسج النبضي تدخلاً صحياً ذا مردودية. ولاختبار قوة نتائجنا، نفذنا تحليلات الحساسية. النتائج:تبين وفق أسعار 2013 أن التكاليف السنوية لأجهزة قياس التأكسج التي توضع على أسطح الطاولات والمحمولة باليد تبلغ 310 و95 دولاراً أمريكياً، على التوالي. وبافتراض تطابق المردودية لنوعي أجهزة قياس التأكسج، يؤدي جهاز قياس التأكسج الواحد الذي يستخدم في 22 عملية أسبوعياً إلى تفادي 0.83 سنة من سنوات العمر المصححة باحتساب مدد العجز سنوياً. وتبلغ تكلفة أجهزة قياس التأكسج التي توضع على أسطح الطاولات والمحمولة باليد 374 دولاراً أمريكياً و115 دولاراً أمريكياً لكل سنة تم تفاديها من سنوات العمر المصححة باحتساب مدد العجز، على التوالي. وبالنسبة لأي بلد يزيد الناتج الإجمالي المحلي للفرد فيه عن 677 دولاراً أمريكياً، تبين أن جهاز قياس التأكسج المحمول باليد يكون ذا مردودية في حالة توقي 1.7 % فقط من حالات الوفاة ذات الصلة بالتخدير أو 0.3 % من معدل الوفيات في الفترة المحيطة بالعملية. الاستنتاج:يعتبر قياس التأكسج النبضي تدخلاً ذا مردودية في المناطق منخفضة الدخل. 目的:评估低收入国家中手术过程脉搏血氧测量与无围术期监测相比的成本效益。 方法:我们考虑低收入国家在任何年龄病人接受大手术中对台式和便携式手持脉搏血氧测量仪的使用情况。我们从早期的研究中得到基线死亡率和脉搏血氧测量仪降低死亡率的有效性。我们考虑购买和维护脉搏血氧测量仪的直接成本以及用于治疗由血氧测量确定的间歇低氧发作的补充氧气的成本。以避免的伤残调整生命年(DALY)测量健康益处,收益和成本每年都折减3%。我们使用推荐的成本效益阈值(绝对值以及与人均国内生产总值(GDP)对比的相对值)评估脉搏血氧测量仪是否是具有成本效益的健康干预。我们执行敏感性分析来测试结果的稳健性。 结果:以2013年的价格计算,台式和手持血氧测量仪年度成本分别为310和95美元。假设这两种类型的血氧测量仪具有相同的效果,单个血氧测量仪每周用于22台手术过程,每年可避免0.83个DALY。台式和手持血氧测量仪避免一个DALY的成本分别为374和115美元。研究发现,对于任何人均国内生产总值超过677美元的国家,手持血氧测量仪仅避免1.7%的麻醉相关死亡或0.3%的围手术期死亡率就具有成本效益。 结论:低收入的环境中,脉搏血氧测量是一种经济有效的干预措施。 Цель:Оценить экономическую эффективность пульсоксиметрии — в сравнении с отсутствием периоперационного мониторинга — при проведении операций в странах с низким уровнем доходов. Методы:Было рассмотрено использование как настольных, так и портативных ручных пульсоксиметров среди пациентов любого возраста, перенесших обширное опреативное вмешательство, в странах с низким уровнем доходов. Данные об исходном уровне смертности и эффективности пульсоксиметров для снижения смертности были получены из предыдущих исследований. Учитывались прямые затраты на приобретение и обслуживание пульсоксиметров, а также стоимость дополнительного кислорода, используемого для устранения эпизодов гипоксии, выявленных с помощью оксиметрии. Полезность для здоровья определялась спасенными годами жизни, скорректированными на инвалидность (индекс DALY), при этом полученные значения полезности и затрат снижались на 3% в год. Были использованы рекомендованные пороговые значения показателя «затраты-эффективность» — как абсолютные, так и относительные, с учетом валового внутреннего продукта (ВВП) на душу населения — для оценки того, является ли пульсоксиметрия экономически эффективной лечебной мерой. Чтобы проверить надежность полученных результатов, был проведен анализ чувствительности. Результаты:Было установлено, что в ценах 2013 года годовые затраты на использование настольных и ручных оксиметров составили 310 и 95 долларов США соответственно. Если предположить, что два типа оксиметров имеют одинаковую эффективность, то один оксиметр, применяемый для 22 процедур в неделю, спас 0,83 DALY за год. Стоимость настольного и ручного оксиметра на спасенный DALY составила 374 и 115 долларов США соответственно. Для любой страны с ВВП на душу населения свыше 677 долларов США использование ручного оксиметра оказалось экономически эффективным, если он позволял предотвращать как минимум 1,7% анестезиологических или 0,3% периоперационных смертей. Вывод:Пульсоксиметрия является экономически эффективной лечебной мерой для стран с низким уровнем доходов.

authors

Burn SL,Chilton PJ,Gawande AA,Lilford RJ

doi

10.2471/BLT.14.137315

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2014-12-01 00:00:00

pages

858-67

issue

12

eissn

0042-9686

issn

1564-0604

pii

BLT.14.137315

journal_volume

92

pub_type

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    更新日期:1965-01-01 00:00:00

  • A seven-year study of WHO virus laboratory reports on respiratory viruses.

    abstract::In 1963 the World Health Organization established a system for the collection and distribution of information on viruses. By 1973 laboratories in 45 countries were participating in this scheme. The present study is an analysis of the reports on adenovirus, influenza viruses A, B, and C, parainfluenza virus, respirator...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Assaad F,Cockburn WC

    更新日期:1974-01-01 00:00:00

  • Lay health worker attrition: important but often ignored.

    abstract::Lay health workers are key to achieving universal health-care coverage, therefore measuring worker attrition and identifying its determinants should be an integral part of any lay health worker programme. Both published and unpublished research on lay health workers has largely focused on the types of interventions th...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/BLT.11.087825

    authors: Nkonki L,Cliff J,Sanders D

    更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00

  • Studies on the mechanism of DDT-resistance in Culex pipiens fatigans.

    abstract::Since the appearance of DDT-resistance in houseflies in 1947, over 30 mosquito species have developed resistance to this and other commonly used insecticides. Much knowledge has been gained concerning the mechanism of resistance in insects but, in general, this phenomenon cannot be explained in terms of a single facto...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Kalra RL,Perry AS,Miles JW

    更新日期:1967-01-01 00:00:00

  • Prevalence, intensity and associated morbidity of Schistosoma japonicum infection in the Dongting Lake region, China.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine the prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma japonicum infection and associated morbidity, and to estimate the infected human and buffalo populations in the Dongting Lake region, Hunan province, China. METHODS:We used data from the third national schistosomiasis periodic epidemiological survey (P...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/blt.06.034033

    authors: Balen J,Zhao ZY,Williams GM,McManus DP,Raso G,Utzinger J,Zhou J,Li YS

    更新日期:2007-07-01 00:00:00

  • Active surveillance for congenital rubella syndrome in Yangon, Myanmar.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:Rubella vaccine is not included in the immunization schedule in Myanmar. Although surveillance for outbreaks of measles and rubella is conducted nationwide, there is no routine surveillance for congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Therefore, we organized a study to assess the burden of CRS. METHODS:From 1 Dece...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/blt.05.022814

    authors: Thant KZ,Oo WM,Myint TT,Shwe TN,Han AM,Aye KM,Aye KT,Moe K,Thein S,Robertson SE

    更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00

  • Exposure to cold weather during a mass gathering in the Philippines.

    abstract:PROBLEM:The visit of Pope Francis to the Philippines in January 2015 coincided with a tropical storm. For security reasons, the only road in and out of the area was closed 14.5 hours before the Pope's arrival. This meant that people had to wait for many hours with little shelter at the site. Medical teams in the field ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/BLT.15.158089

    authors: Gocotano AE,Dico FD,Calungsod NR,Hall JL,Counahan ML

    更新日期:2015-11-01 00:00:00

  • Host-feeding patterns and behaviour of 4 Culex species in an endemic area of Japanese encephalitis.

    abstract::Studies were made on the host-feeding patterns and behaviour of 4 Culex species in China (Province of Taiwan) to further assess their importance as vectors of Japanese encephalitis. A relatively unbiased, non-attractant technique (vacuum sweep-net) was used for collecting mosquitos resting outdoors on rural premises; ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Mitchell CJ,Chen PS,Boreham PF

    更新日期:1973-01-01 00:00:00

  • Tobacco smoking and tuberculosis treatment outcomes: a prospective cohort study in Georgia.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess the effect of tobacco smoking on the outcome of tuberculosis treatment in Tbilisi, Georgia. METHODS:We conducted a prospective cohort study of adults with laboratory-confirmed tuberculosis from May 2011 to November 2013. History of tobacco smoking was collected using a standardized questionnaire ad...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/BLT.14.147439

    authors: Gegia M,Magee MJ,Kempker RR,Kalandadze I,Chakhaia T,Golub JE,Blumberg HM

    更新日期:2015-06-01 00:00:00

  • Measurement and determinants of tuberculosis outcome in Karonga District, Malawi.

    abstract::Evaluation of disease outcome is central to the assessment of tuberculosis (TB) control programmes. In the study reported in this article we examined the factors influencing the measurement of outcome, survival rates during and after treatment, smear conversion rates, and relapse rates for patients diagnosed with TB i...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Glynn JR,Warndorff DK,Fine PE,Munthali MM,Sichone W,Pönnighaus JM

    更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00

  • The use of mixed diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus antigens.

    abstract::The author reviews the use of mixed diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus antigens in the light of the information which has become available in recent years. When diphtheria toxoid and tetanus toxoid, adsorbed or unadsorbed, are added to either plain or adsorbed pertussis vaccine, a satisfactory level of diphtheria antitoxin ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: COCKBURN WC

    更新日期:1955-01-01 00:00:00