Exposure to cold weather during a mass gathering in the Philippines.

Abstract:

PROBLEM:The visit of Pope Francis to the Philippines in January 2015 coincided with a tropical storm. For security reasons, the only road in and out of the area was closed 14.5 hours before the Pope's arrival. This meant that people had to wait for many hours with little shelter at the site. Medical teams in the field reported high numbers of people with cold stress during the mass gathering. APPROACH:To review the event from a public health perspective, we examined the consultations made by medical teams in the field and interviewed key stakeholders, focusing on cold stress as a public health risk. LOCAL SETTING:The key reason for the Pope's visit to Palo and Tacloban was the devastation caused in these cities by typhoon Haiyan in 2013. We estimated that the visit attracted 300 000 people. The medical teams were advised to consider cold stress risks two days before the event but no other measures were taken. RELEVANT CHANGES:Of the 1051 people seeking medical care, 231 people were experiencing symptoms of cold stress. People with cold stress ranged from 2 to 89 years of age and were more likely to be female than male, 173 (75%) versus 57 (25%). LESSONS LEARNT:Planning for mass gatherings should consider a wide range of public health risks, including cold stress. Improved data collection from the field is necessary to maximize the benefits of post-event evaluations and improve public health preparedness. Security measures to ensure the safety of key figures must be balanced with public health risks. PROBLÈME:La visite du pape François aux Philippines en janvier 2015 a coïncidé avec une tempête tropicale. Pour des raisons de sécurité, la seule route permettant d'entrer et de sortir de la zone a été fermée 14.5  heures avant l'arrivée du pape. La foule a donc dû attendre pendant plusieurs heures sur le site qui n'offrait que très peu d'abris. Les équipes médicales envoyées sur le terrain ont signalé un nombre élevé d'individus ayant subi un stress dû au froid lors de ce rassemblement de masse. APPROCHE:Pour analyser cet événement sous l'angle de la santé publique, nous avons examiné les consultations réalisées sur le terrain par les équipes médicales et interrogé les principaux acteurs, concernant notamment le stress dû au froid en tant que risque pour la santé publique. ENVIRONNEMENT LOCAL:Le principal motif de la visite du pape à Palo et Tacloban était la dévastation provoquée dans ces deux villes par le typhon Haiyan en 2013. D'après nos estimations, cette visite a attiré 300 000 personnes. Les équipes médicales ont reçu l'instruction de tenir compte des risques de stress dû au froid deux jours avant l'événement, mais aucune autre mesure n'a été prise. CHANGEMENTS SIGNIFICATIFS:Sur les 1050 individus ayant nécessité des soins médicaux, 231 présentaient des symptômes de stress dû au froid. Les personnes concernées étaient âgées de 2 à 89 ans, les femmes ayant été plus touchées que les hommes – 173 (75%) contre 57 (25%). LEÇONS TIRÉES:Il est indispensable de tenir compte d'un grand nombre de risques pour la santé publique, et notamment du stress dû au froid, lors de la planification des rassemblements de masse. Il est par ailleurs nécessaire de réaliser une collecte de données de meilleure qualité sur le terrain pour maximiser les avantages des évaluations post-événement et améliorer la préparation en matière de santé publique. Il convient enfin d'établir un équilibre entre les mesures visant à assurer la sécurité des personnalités éminentes et les risques pour la santé publique. SITUACIÓN:La visita del Papa Francisco a Filipinas en enero de 2015 coincidió con una tormenta tropical. Por razones de seguridad, se cerró la única calle para desplazarse dentro y fuera de la zona 14.5  horas antes de la llegada del Papa. Esto hizo que la gente tuviera que esperar durante muchas horas en un lugar donde apenas había donde cobijarse. Los equipos médicos del lugar informaron de un alto número de personas que sufrieron estrés causado por el frío durante la concentración multitudinaria. ENFOQUE:Para revisar el caso desde una perspectiva de salud pública, se examinaron las consultas de los equipos médicos en el lugar y se entrevistó a las partes interesadas, enfocando el estrés causado por el frío como un riesgo de salud público. MARCO REGIONAL:La razón principal de la visita del Papa a Palo y Tacloban era la devastación que el tifón Haiyan había causado en estas ciudades en 2013. Se estima que la visita atrajo a 300.000 personas. Se alertó a los equipos médicos de que consideraran los riesgos del estrés causado por el frío dos días antes del evento, pero no se tomó ninguna otra medida. CAMBIOS IMPORTANTES:De las 1.051 personas que necesitaron asistencia médica, 231 estaban experimentando síntomas de estrés causado por el frío. Las personas con estrés causado por el frío variaban de los 2 a los 89 años y era más probable que fueran mujeres a hombres, 173 (75%) frente a 57 (25%). LECCIONES APRENDIDAS:La planificación de concentraciones multitudinarias debería tener en cuenta una amplia gama de riesgos para la salud pública, incluido el estrés provocado por el frío. Es necesaria una mejor recopilación de datos del lugar para maximizar los beneficios de evaluaciones posteriores al evento y mejorar la disposición de la salud pública. Las medidas de seguridad empleadas para garantizar la protección de personalidades importantes deberían estar equilibradas con los riesgos de salud pública. المشكلة:تزامنت زيارة البابا فرنسيس إلى الفلبين في يناير/كانون الثاني 2015 مع هبوب عاصفة مدارية. ولدواعٍ أمنية، تم إغلاق الطريق الوحيد للدخول أو الخروج من المنطقة قبل وصول البابا بفترة 14.5   ساعة، مما أدى إلى اضطرار الناس إلى الانتظار لعدة ساعات في ذلك الموقع على قلة ما يحميهم من ظروف الطقس. ووردت تقارير من الفرق الطبية التي تواجدت في هذا الميدان بشأن ارتفاع أعداد الأشخاص الذين أصيبوا بالإجهاد الناتج عن البرودة أثناء احتشاد الجموع. الأسلوب:من أجل مراجعة الحدث من منظور الصحة العامة، فقد بحثنا في الاستشارات المقدمة من الفرق الطبية في الميدان وأجرينا مقابلات مع الجهات المعنية الرئيسة، مع التركيز على الإجهاد الناتج عن البرودة باعتباره من المخاطر التي تهدد الصحة العامة. المواقع المحلية:كان السبب الرئيسي لزيارة البابا إلى بالو وتاكلوبان هو الدمار الذي لحق بهاتين المدينتين من جراء إعصار هايان الذي ضرب البلاد في عام 2013. وقدرنا عدد الأشخاص الذين قدموا ابتهاجًا بهذه الزيارة بـ 300,000   شخص. وتم توجيه الفرق الطبية إلى النظر في مخاطر الإجهاد الناتج عن البرودة قبل وقوع ذلك الحدث بيومين، ولكن لم يتم اتخاذ أي إجراءات أخرى. التغيرات ذات الصلة:كان 231   شخصًا يعانون من أعراض الإجهاد الناتج عن البرودة من بين 1051   شخص باحثين عن الرعاية الطبية. وتراوحت أعمار الأشخاص الذين عانوا من الإجهاد الناتج عن البرودة بين عامين إلى 89   عامًا، وكانت أعداد النساء منهم تميل إلى الزيادة عن أعداد الرجال، حيث بلغت أعدادهن 173 (بنسبة 75%) مقابل 57 (بنسبة 25%). الدروس المستفادة:عند التخطيط استعدادًا للحشود الجماهيرية فإنه يلزم النظر بعين الاعتبار إلى مجموعة واسعة النطاق من المخاطر التي تهدد الصحة العامة، بما في ذلك الإجهاد الناتج عن البرودة. ويمثل جمع البيانات الميدانية بأسلوب محسَّن ضرورة لتحقيق أقصى حد ممكن من الاستفادة من تقييمات ما بعد الحدث ورفع مستوى التأهب لحماية الصحة العامة. ولا بد من الموازنة بين الإجراءات الأمنية التي تضمن توفير الأمن للشخصيات الهامة ومواجهة المخاطر التي تهدد الصحة العامة. 问题:教皇方济各在 2015 年 1 月访问菲律宾时正逢一次热带风暴。出于安全因素,在教皇到来前 14.5  个小时封锁了出入该地区的唯一道路。这意味着人们不得不在几乎无遮蔽的地点等待数个小时。在这次大规模聚集期间,现场的医疗小组报道了大量人群出现寒冷应激反应。. 方法:为了从公共健康角度检讨该事件,我们检查了现场医疗小组做出的会诊,并就作为公众健康风险的寒冷应激这一重点采访了主要的利益相关者。. 当地状况:教皇访问帕洛和塔克洛班的主要原因是 2013 年台风海燕对这些城市造成的破坏。我们估计此次访问吸引了 300 000 人。在该事件发生前两天,医疗小组曾收到考虑寒冷应激风险的建议,但是无人采取任何其他措施。. 相关变化:在就医的 1051 人中,有 231 人出现了寒冷应激症状。出现寒冷应激反应的人群从 2 岁至 89 岁不等,其中女性人数的可能性大于男性,人数比为 173 (75%) 比 57 (25%)。. 经验教训:大规模聚集计划应考虑一系列的公众健康风险,包括寒冷应激。为最大程度提升事后评估的效益并加强公众健康准备工作,改进现场数据的收集很有必要。确保关键人物安全的安保措施必须与公众健康风险保持平衡。. Проблема:Визит Папы Франциска на Филиппины в январе 2015 года совпал с тропическим штормом. По соображениям безопасности единственная дорога, по которой осуществлялось сообщение с местом проведения события в обоих направлениях, была перекрыта за 14.5  часов до приезда Папы. Это означало, что людям пришлось ждать на месте практически без укрытия в течение многих часов. Медики сообщали с мест о том, что в условиях массового скопления людей было много пострадавших от холода. Подход:Чтобы проанализировать это событие с точки зрения здравоохранения, мы изучили консультации медиков на местах и опросили основных партнеров, основное внимание уделяя стрессу от холода как одному из рисков для здоровья людей. Местные условия:Основной причиной приезда Папы в Пало и Таклобан были разрушения, вызванные в этих городах тайфуном «Хайян» в 2013 году. По нашим оценкам, визит Папы привлек около 300 000 человек. Врачам было рекомендовано учесть риски стресса от холода за двое суток до события, но никаких других мер предпринято не было. Осуществленные перемены:За медицинской помощью обратился 1051 человек, из них у 231 были симптомы стресса от холода. Возраст пострадавших от холода составлял от 2 до 89 лет, и обращались больше женщины, а не мужчины — 173 (75%) против 57 (25%). Выводы:Планирование массовых мероприятий должно проводиться с учетом рисков для здоровья, включая стресс от холода. Необходимо улучшить сбор данных с мест, чтобы извлекать максимальную пользу от последующих оценок, а также повысить готовность органов здравоохранения. Меры безопасности, призванные защитить ключевых фигурантов, должны быть сбалансированы с учетом рисков для здоровья людей.

authors

Gocotano AE,Dico FD,Calungsod NR,Hall JL,Counahan ML

doi

10.2471/BLT.15.158089

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2015-11-01 00:00:00

pages

810-4

issue

11

eissn

0042-9686

issn

1564-0604

pii

BLT.15.158089

journal_volume

93

pub_type

杂志文章
  • Reaching the global tuberculosis control targets in the Western Pacific Region.

    abstract:PROBLEM:In 1999, a tuberculosis (TB) crisis was declared in the Western Pacific Region. APPROACH:In response, WHO established the Stop TB Special Project, which sought to halve 2000 levels of TB prevalence and mortality by 2010 through first reaching the global 2005 TB targets. LOCAL SETTING:Particular issues in the ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/blt.06.038521

    authors: van Maaren P,Tomas B,Glaziou P,Kasai T,Ahn D

    更新日期:2007-05-01 00:00:00

  • Alcohol and alcohol-related harm in China: policy changes needed.

    abstract::In China, alcohol consumption is increasing faster than anywhere else in the world. A steady increase in alcohol production has also been observed in the country, together with a rise in alcohol-related harm. Despite these trends, China's policies on the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages are weak compared wi...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/BLT.12.107318

    authors: Tang YL,Xiang XJ,Wang XY,Cubells JF,Babor TF,Hao W

    更新日期:2013-04-01 00:00:00

  • Epidemiological studies on guinea-worm infection.

    abstract::Dracontiasis is one of the most easily preventable of the tropical parasitic diseases, yet in India the infection is still present in large numbers of people and causes extreme degrees of morbidity and incapacitation.The 10 000 inhabitants of 4 villages in South India were interviewed and the prevalence of guinea-worm...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Reddy CR,Narasaiah IL,Parvathi G

    更新日期:1969-04-01 00:00:00

  • The silent burden of anaemia in Tanzanian children: a community-based study.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To document the prevalence, age-distribution, and risk factors for anaemia in Tanzanian children less than 5 years old, thereby assisting in the development of effective strategies for controlling anaemia. METHODS:Cluster sampling was used to identify 2417 households at random from four contiguous districts ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Schellenberg D,Schellenberg JR,Mushi A,Savigny Dd,Mgalula L,Mbuya C,Victora CG

    更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00

  • Genetic sex separation in Anopheles arabiensis and the production of sterile hybrids.

    abstract::The gene for dieldrin resistance has been artificially male-linked so that females can be selectively killed with dieldrin. By intercrossing different sibling species of the Anopheles gambiae complex, batches consisting of sterile males only can be reared. This seems to have potential for use in genetic control operat...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Curtis CF

    更新日期:1978-01-01 00:00:00

  • Report on a preliminary survey by the WHO Bilharziasis Advisory Team in Upper Volta.

    abstract::The WHO Bilharziasis Advisory Team made a survey in Upper Volta during May and June 1960. Data available indicate that S. haematobium is widely scattered throughout the country and that about 50% of the population, or more than 1.5 million people, are infected at some time during their lives. The examination of faeces...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: McMullen DB,Francotte J

    更新日期:1962-01-01 00:00:00

  • Fatal injuries among urban children in South Africa: risk distribution and potential for reduction.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine the leading causes of fatal injury for urban South African children aged 0-14 years, the distribution of those causes and the current potential for safety improvements. METHODS:We obtained injury surveillance data from the National Injury Mortality Surveillance System 2001-2003 for six major Sou...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/BLT.09.068486

    authors: Burrows S,van Niekerk A,Laflamme L

    更新日期:2010-04-01 00:00:00

  • Attempts to increase the yield of influenza virus from stored infected allantoic fluids.

    abstract::The deposit or precipitate formed after storage at -20 degrees C of allantoic fluids infected with influenza virus contains a considerable amount of the virus. It has been found that by treatment of this material, after thawing, with sodium chloride and subsequent purification of the treated fluid, all the virus origi...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: VEERARAGHAVAN N,SREEVALSAN T

    更新日期:1961-01-01 00:00:00

  • Experimental infection of human volunteers with a swine influenzavirus antigenically related to the human A-Hong Kong-68 virus.

    abstract::An influenzavirus of swine origin (swine/Taiwan/7310/70) antigenically closely related to the human A/Hong Kong/68 virus readily infected human volunteers. Those infected developed antihaemagglutinin and antineuraminidase antibodies to the human A/Hong Kong/68 virus as well as to the swine/Taiwan virus. The clinical r...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Beare AS,Schild GC,Hall TS

    更新日期:1972-01-01 00:00:00

  • Antibiotic-resistant strains of E1 Tor vibrio in the Philippines and the use of furalazine for chemotherapy.

    abstract::Among 1109 patients with bacteriologically confirmed El Tor cholera admitted to the San Lazaro Hospital, Manila, in 1969, 11 patients continued to excrete vibrios of the same biotype and serotype in stools for more than 1 week in spite of antibiotic treatment.The strains isolated from these patients all belonged to th...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Kobari K,Takakura I,Nakatomi M,Sogame S,Uylangco C

    更新日期:1970-01-01 00:00:00

  • Imported malaria.

    abstract::There have been 4 waves of imported malaria in the USA. They occurred during the colonization of the country and during the Second World War, the UN Police Action in Korea, and the Viet-Nam conflict. The first 3 episodes are briefly described and the data on imported malaria from Viet-Nam are discussed in detail.Endem...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Schultz MG

    更新日期:1974-01-01 00:00:00

  • Toxicology of the 8-aminoquinolines and genetic factors associated with their toxicity in man.

    abstract::In vitro studies on primaquine have been carried out to examine its ability to stimulate the oxidative pathway of glucose metabolism in human erythrocytes and in vivo studies were carried out after ingestion of the drug to determine plasma levels and to investigate the formation of metabolites and the effects of the d...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Carson PE,Hohl R,Nora MV,Parkhurst GW,Ahmad T,Scanlan S,Frischer H

    更新日期:1981-01-01 00:00:00

  • Equipment and technique of intramuscular injection in mass treatment campaigns against the treponematoses.

    abstract::The precautions to be taken and the procedures to be followed when giving intramuscular injections are well known, but they are not always satisfactorily observed under conditions such as those met with in mass treatment campaigns against the treponematoses, nor is the importance of employing uniform techniques always...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: HACKETT CJ,GOCKEL CW

    更新日期:1958-01-01 00:00:00

  • Global surveillance of antibiotic sensitivity of Vibrio cholerae.

    abstract::Strains of Vibrio cholerae-1156 from various parts of the world-were examined by standardized antibiotic sensitivity tests in one centre, to determine the global incidence of antibiotic resistance in this organism and to assess the extent to which differences in methods of sensitivity testing might be responsible for ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: O'Grady F,Lewis MJ,Pearson NJ

    更新日期:1976-01-01 00:00:00

  • Mortality from neglected tropical diseases in Brazil, 2000-2011.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To describe mortality from neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) in Brazil, 2000-2011. METHODS:We extracted information on cause of death, age, sex, ethnicity and place of residence from the nationwide mortality information system at the Brazilian Ministry of Health. We selected deaths in which the underlying c...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/BLT.15.152363

    authors: Martins-Melo FR,Ramos AN Jr,Alencar CH,Heukelbach J

    更新日期:2016-02-01 00:00:00

  • Chloroquine or pyrimethamine in salt as a supressive against sporozoite-induced vivax malaria (Chesson strain).

    abstract::The authors present the results of a study carried out to determine the efficacy of chloroquine- and pyrimethamine-salt mixtures as a suppressive against sporozoite-induced vivax malaria (Chesson strain). The test subjects used in this study were volunteers of military age in the US Penitentiary at Atlanta, Ga. The su...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: COATNEY GR,MICKELSEN O,BURGESS RW,YOUNG MD,PIRKLE CI

    更新日期:1958-01-01 00:00:00

  • Geochemical environments, trace elements, and cardiovascular diseases.

    abstract::Cardiovascular diseases are often found to be associated with certain physicochemical characteristics of the environment-namely, the hardness of the water and the types of rock and soil underlying the area. Areas supplied with soft water usually have higher cardiovascular death rates than do areas supplied with hard w...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Masironi R,Miesch AT,Crawford MD,Hamilton EI

    更新日期:1972-01-01 00:00:00

  • Tumours of the pancreas.

    abstract::Tumours of the pancreas occur most commonly in dogs and cats and only rarely in other domestic species. The incidence of neoplasms, both exocrine and endocrine, increases with age. Exocrine adenocarcinomas are the most common malignant tumours and have three fairly distinct morphological patterns: small tubular, large...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Kircher CH,Nielsen SW

    更新日期:1976-01-01 00:00:00

  • Changing causes of death in the West African town of Banjul, 1942-97.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine trends in the causes of death in a West African town. Mortality caused by infectious diseases is reported to be declining while degenerative and man-made mortality factors are increasingly significant. Most mortality analyses for sub-Saharan Africa have involved extrapolation and have not been de...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: van der Sande MA,Inskip HM,Jaiteh KO,Maine NP,Walraven GE,Hall AJ,McAdam KP

    更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00

  • Biomedical and development paradigms in AIDS prevention.

    abstract::In the fight against the HIV/AIDS pandemic different approaches can be distinguished, reflecting professional backgrounds, world views and political interests. One important distinction is between the biomedical and the development paradigms. The biomedical paradigm is characterized by individualization and the concep...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:

    authors: Wolffers I

    更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00

  • Cholera studies. V. Bacteriophage investigations.

    abstract::This study is devoted to a general discussion of the role of bacteriophagy in cholera. The author examines early and late observations, indicating that a new epoch in the history of the subject began in 1927, when large-scale investigations on cholera bacteriophagy were started in India. The main results are set out u...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: POLLITZER RR

    更新日期:1955-01-01 00:00:00

  • Countries' response to WHO's travel recommendations during the 2013-2016 Ebola outbreak.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine how, during the 2013-2016 Ebola outbreak in western Africa, States Parties to the World Health Organization's (WHO) 2005 International Health Regulations (IHR) followed the IHR's international travel recommendations. METHODS:In 2015, we used the Google search engine to investigate the 196 States...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/BLT.16.171579

    authors: Rhymer W,Speare R

    更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00

  • A comparison of cardiovascular measurements in the Gambia, Jamaica, and the United Republic of Tanzania.

    abstract::Epidemiological studies of the cardiovascular characteristics of three typically rural communities in the Gambia, Jamaica, and the United Republic of Tanzania were carried out by means of standardized methodology. This paper reports comparisons of arterial blood pressure distribution and electrocardiographic findings ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Vaughan JP,Miall WE

    更新日期:1979-01-01 00:00:00

  • Development assistance for community health workers in 114 low- and middle-income countries, 2007-2017.

    abstract:Objective:To estimate the level and trend of development assistance for community health worker-related projects in low- and middle-income countries between 2007 and 2017. Methods:We extracted data from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's creditor reporting system on aid funding for projects t...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/BLT.19.235499

    authors: Lu C,Palazuelos D,Luan Y,Sachs SE,Mitnick CD,Rhatigan J,Perry HB

    更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00

  • A single-radial-immunodiffusion technique for the assay of influenza haemagglutinin antigen. Proposals for an assay method for the haemagglutinin content of influenza vaccines.

    abstract::Single-radial-diffusion techniques are proposed as possible alternatives to tests based on agglutination of erythrocytes for the assay of the haemagglutinin content of influenza vaccines. Two test procedures (microtest and macrotest) and the use of reference reagents to assay vaccines using these tests are described. ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Schild GC,Wood JM,Newman RW

    更新日期:1975-01-01 00:00:00

  • Emergence during growth of Brucella strains on dye-agar media of cells that show changes in sulfur metabolism.

    abstract::Division of Brucella strains into three species has long been based on differences in growth characteristics on certain dye-agar media and on variations in H(2)S production on liver agar slants. But certain workers believe these differences to be merely quantitative, such as are found between varieties of one species....

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: HUDDLESON IF

    更新日期:1961-01-01 00:00:00

  • Making a public-private partnership work--an insider's view. Interview by John Maurice.

    abstract::In November 1999, Dr Amadou Diarra was appointed senior director of Bristol-Myers Squibb's Secure the Future Initiative. Launched 18 months ago, this public-private partnership is seeking, together with the governments of nine African countries, innovative ways of reducing the transmission and the impact of HIV/AIDS, ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 面试

    doi:

    authors: Diarra A

    更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00

  • Excess child mortality after discharge from hospital in Kilifi, Kenya: a retrospective cohort analysis.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To explore excess paediatric mortality after discharge from Kilifi District Hospital, Kenya, and its duration and risk factors. METHODS:Hospital and demographic data were used to describe post-discharge mortality and survival probability in children aged < 15 years, by age group and clinical syndrome. Cox re...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/BLT.11.089235

    authors: Moïsi JC,Gatakaa H,Berkley JA,Maitland K,Mturi N,Newton CR,Njuguna P,Nokes J,Ojal J,Bauni E,Tsofa B,Peshu N,Marsh K,Williams TN,Scott JA

    更新日期:2011-10-01 00:00:00

  • Ficoll fractionation for the separation of parasitized erythrocytes from malaria infected blood.

    abstract::Separation and concentration of parasitized erythrocytes from infected blood was achieved by centrifugation of a sample placed in a layer on top of a cushion of a Ficoll solution with a critical density. Pure suspensions of parasitized erythrocytes were obtained from Plasmodium berghei infected rodent blood, whereas r...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Eling W

    更新日期:1977-01-01 00:00:00

  • Utilization of night-soil, sewage, and sewage sludge in agriculture.

    abstract::The author reviews the agricultural use of night-soil, sewage, and sewage sludge from two points of view: the purely agricultural and the sanitary.Knowledge of the chemistry and bacteriology of human faecal matter is still rather scant, and much further work has to be done to find practical ways of digesting night-soi...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: PETRIK M

    更新日期:1954-01-01 00:00:00