Development assistance for community health workers in 114 low- and middle-income countries, 2007-2017.

Abstract:

Objective:To estimate the level and trend of development assistance for community health worker-related projects in low- and middle-income countries between 2007 and 2017. Methods:We extracted data from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's creditor reporting system on aid funding for projects to support community health workers (CHWs) in 114 countries over 2007-2017. We produced estimates for projects specifically described by relevant keywords and for projects which could include components on CHWs. We analysed the pattern of development assistance by purpose, donors, recipient regions and countries, and trends over time. Findings:Between 2007 and 2017, total development assistance targeting CHW projects was around United States dollars (US$) 5 298.02 million, accounting for 2.5% of the US$ 209 277.99 million total development assistance for health. The top three donors (Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, the government of Canada and the government of the United States of America) provided a total of US$ 4 350.08 million (82.1%) of development assistance for these projects. Sub-Saharan Africa received a total US$ 3 717.93 million, the largest per capita assistance over 11 years (US$ 0.39; total population: 9 426.25 million). Development assistance to projects that focused on infectious diseases and child and maternal health received most funds during the study period. Conclusion:The share of development assistance invested in the CHW projects was small, unstable and decreasing in recent years. More research is needed on tracking government investments in CHW-related projects and assessing the impact of investments on programme effectiveness. Objectif:Estimer le montant et l'évolution de l'aide au développement portant sur des projets relatifs aux agents de santé communautaires dans les pays à revenu faible et intermédiaire, entre 2007 et 2017. Méthodes:Nous avons extrait des données du Système de notification des pays créanciers de l'Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques concernant le financement de l'aide apportée à des projets axés sur les agents de santé communautaires dans 114 pays, de 2007 à 2017. Nous avons obtenu des estimations pour les projets spécifiquement décrits par certains mots clés et pour les projets dont certaines parties pouvaient concerner les agents de santé communautaires. Nous avons analysé les tendances de l'aide au développement par objectif, donateurs, régions et pays destinataires, ainsi que son évolution dans le temps. Résultats:Entre 2007 et 2017, le total de l'aide au développement versée à des projets portant sur les agents de santé communautaires s'est élevé à environ 5298,02 millions de dollars des États-Unis ($ US), soit 2,5% des 209 277,99 millions de $ US d'aide au développement totale allouée à la santé. Les trois principaux donateurs (Fonds mondial de lutte contre le sida, la tuberculose et le paludisme, gouvernement du Canada et gouvernement des États-Unis d'Amérique) ont versé un total de 4350,08 millions de $ US (82,1%) d'aide au développement pour ces projets. L'Afrique subsaharienne a reçu un total de 3717,93 millions de $ US, soit l'aide par habitant la plus importante sur les 11 années (0,39 $ US; population totale: 9426,25 millions). Durant la période examinée, la majorité des fonds alloués à l'aide au développement étaient destinés à des projets portant sur les maladies infectieuses et la santé maternelle et infantile. Conclusion:La part de l'aide au développement investie dans des projets axés sur les agents de santé communautaires était faible, irrégulière et en baisse ces dernières années. De plus amples recherches sont nécessaires pour suivre les investissements du gouvernement dans des projets concernant les agents de santé communautaires et évaluer l'impact de ces investissements sur l'efficacité des programmes. Objetivo:Estimar el nivel y la tendencia de la asistencia para el desarrollo destinada a proyectos relacionados con los trabajadores de salud de la comunidad en países de bajos y medianos ingresos entre 2007 y 2017. Métodos:Se extrajeron datos del sistema de información de acreedores de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos sobre la financiación de la ayuda para proyectos de apoyo a los trabajadores de salud de la comunidad (community health workers, CHW) en 114 países entre 2007 y 2017. Se elaboraron estimaciones para los proyectos descritos específicamente mediante palabras clave pertinentes y para los proyectos que podrían incluir componentes sobre los CHW. Se analizó la pauta de la asistencia para el desarrollo por finalidad, donantes, regiones y países receptores, y las tendencias a lo largo del tiempo. Resultados:Entre 2007 y 2017, el total de la asistencia para el desarrollo destinada a proyectos de CHW fue de unos 5 298,02 millones de dólares estadounidenses (USD), lo que representa el 2,5 % del total de la asistencia para el desarrollo destinada a la salud, que ascendió a 209 277,99 millones de USD. Los tres principales donantes (el Fondo Mundial de Lucha contra el SIDA, la Tuberculosis y la Malaria, el Gobierno de Canadá y el Gobierno de los Estados Unidos de América) aportaron un total de 4 350,08 millones de USD (82,1 %) de la asistencia para el desarrollo destinada a estos proyectos. El África subsahariana recibió un total de 3 717,93 millones de USD, la mayor asistencia per cápita en 11 años (0,39 USD; población total: 9 426,25 millones). La asistencia para el desarrollo de proyectos centrados en las enfermedades infecciosas y la salud materno infantil recibió la mayor parte de los fondos durante el periodo de estudio. Conclusión:La contribución de la asistencia para el desarrollo invertida en los proyectos de los CHW fue pequeña, inestable y decreciente en los últimos años. Se necesita más investigación sobre el seguimiento de las inversiones gubernamentales en proyectos relacionados con los CHW y la evaluación del impacto de las inversiones en la eficacia de los programas. الغرض:تقدير مستوى واتجاه المساعدة الإنمائية لمشروعات العاملين بالقطاع الصحي المجتمعي في البلدان ذات الدخل المنخفض والمتوسط، بين عامي 2007 و2017. الطريقة:قمنا باستخراج البيانات من نظام إعداد التقارير للمشاركين في منظمة التعاون الاقتصادي والإنمائي بشأن تمويل المساعدات لمشروعات دعم العاملين بالقطاع الصحي المجتمعي (CHW) في 114 دولة خلال الفترة من 2007 إلى 2017. وأصدرنا تقديرات للمشروعات الموصوفة بشكل محدد عن طريق كلمات مفتاحية مناسبة، وللمشروعات التي يمكن أن تشمل مكونات من العاملين بالقطاع الصحي المجتمعي. قمنا بتحليل نمط المساعدة الإنمائية حسب الغرض، والجهات المانحة، والمناطق والبلدان المستفيدة، والاتجاهات على مر الزمن. النتائج:بين عامي 2007 و2017، بلغ إجمالي المساعدة الإنمائية التي تستهدف مشروعات العاملين بالقطاع الصحي المجتمعي، حوالي 5298.02 مليون دولاراً أمريكياً (دولار الولايات المتحدة)، وهو ما يمثل 25% من 209277.99 مليون دولاراً أمريكياً هو إجمالي المساعدة الإنمائية للصحة. قدمت أكبر ثلاث جهات مانحة (الصندوق العالمي لمكافحة الإيدز والسل والملاريا، وحكومة كندا، وحكومة الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية)، ما يصل مجموعه إلى 4350.08 مليون دولاراً أمريكياً (82.1%) من المساعدة الإنمائية لهذه المشروعات. حصلت جنوب الصحراء الأفريقية على إجمالي 3717.93 مليون دولارًا أمريكياً، وهي أكبر مساعدة للفرد على مدى 11 عاماً (0.39 دولاراً أمريكياً؛ إجمالي السكان: 9426.25 مليون). إن المساعدة الإنمائية للمشروعات التي ركزت على الأمراض المعدية وصحة الطفل والأم، حصلت على معظم الأموال خلال فترة الدراسة. الاستنتاج:كانت حصة المساعدة الإنمائية التي تم استثمارها في مشروعات العاملين بالقطاع الصحي المجتمعي، صغيرة وغير مستقرة ومتناقصة في السنوات الأخيرة. هناك حاجة لإجراء مزيد من البحث على تتبع الاستثمارات الحكومية في المشروعات المتعلقة بالعاملين بالقطاع الصحي المجتمعي، وتقييم تأثير الاستثمارات على فعالية البرنامج. 目的:旨在评估与 2007-2017 年中低收入国家社区卫生工作者相关项目的发展援助水平及趋势。. 方法:我们从经济合作与发展组织的债权人报告系统中提取 2007-2017 年间 114 个国家支持社区卫生工作者 (CHW) 项目的援助资金数据。我们对相关关键词具体描述的项目以及可能由社区卫生工作者组成的项目进行了评估。我们按目的、捐助者、受援区域和国家以及长期趋势分析了发展援助的模式。. 结果:2007 年至 2017 年期间,针对社区卫生工作者项目的发展援助总额约为 52.9802 亿美元,占卫生发展援助总额 2092.7799 亿美元的 2.5%。前三大捐助者(全球抗击艾滋病、结核和疟疾基金、加拿大政府和美利坚合众国政府)为这些项目提供了总计 43.5008 亿美元 (82.1%) 的发展援助资金。撒哈拉以南非洲地区共获得 37.1793 亿美元的援助,是 11 年来人均受援助最多的地区(平均每人 0.39 美元;总额:94.2625 亿美元)。在研究期间,大部分资金被分配到了以传染病和母婴健康为重点的项目的发展援助。. 结论:投资于社区卫生工作者项目的发展援助占比逐渐下降,不稳定,且近年来仍在下降。目前仍需开展更多研究,跟踪政府对与社区卫生工作者相关项目的投资,评估投资对方案有效性的影响。. Цель:Оценить уровень и тенденции проектов по оказанию помощи в развитии работников здравоохранения на уровне общин в странах с низким и средним уровнем дохода в период с 2007 по 2017 год. Методы:Авторы извлекли данные по финансированию проектов поддержки работников здравоохранения (CHW) на уровне общин в 114 странах за 2007–2017 гг. из системы отчетности кредиторов Организации экономического сотрудничества и развития. Были подготовлены сметы для проектов, специально описанных соответствующими ключевыми словами, и для проектов, которые могут включать компоненты по CHW. Авторы проанализировали тенденции оказания помощи в развитии по целям, донорам, регионам и странам-получателям помощи, а также изменение тенденций с течением времени. Результаты:В период с 2007 по 2017 год общий объем помощи в развитии по проектам CHW составил около 5298,02 млн долл. США, что составляет 2,5% от общего объема помощи в развитии в сфере здравоохранения в размере 209 277,99 млн долл. США. Три крупнейших донора (Глобальный фонд по борьбе со СПИДом, туберкулезом и малярией, Правительство Канады и Правительство Соединенных Штатов Америки) выделили на эти проекты помощи в развитии в общей сложности 4350,08 млн долл. США (82,1%). Страны Африки к югу от Сахары получили в общей сложности 3717,93 млн долл. США, что является самым большим объемом помощи на душу населения за последние 11 лет (0,39 долл. США; общая численность населения: 9426,25 млн). Проекты помощи в развитии, сосредоточенные на лечении инфекционных заболеваний, а также на здоровье матери и ребенка, получили наибольший объем средств за весь период исследования. Вывод:Доля инвестиций в проекты CHW была небольшой, непостоянной и за последние годы уменьшилась. Необходимы дополнительные исследования по отслеживанию государственных инвестиций в проекты, связанные с CHW, и оценке влияния инвестиций на эффективность выполнения программ.

authors

Lu C,Palazuelos D,Luan Y,Sachs SE,Mitnick CD,Rhatigan J,Perry HB

doi

10.2471/BLT.19.235499

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2020-01-01 00:00:00

pages

30-39

issue

1

eissn

0042-9686

issn

1564-0604

pii

BLT.19.235499

journal_volume

98

pub_type

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    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess the consistent availability of basic surgical resources at selected facilities in seven countries. METHODS:In 2010-2014, we used a situational analysis tool to collect data at district and regional hospitals in Bangladesh (n = 14), the Plurinational State of Bolivia (n = 18), Ethiopia (n = 19), Gua...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/BLT.16.175885

    authors: Knowlton LM,Banguti P,Chackungal S,Chanthasiri T,Chao TE,Dahn B,Derbew M,Dhar D,Esquivel MM,Evans F,Hendel S,LeBrun DG,Notrica M,Saavedra-Pozo I,Shockley R,Uribe-Leitz T,Vannavong B,McQueen KA,Spain DA,Weiser TG

    更新日期:2017-06-01 00:00:00

  • Comparative trial of live attenuated measles vaccine in Hong Kong by intramuscular and intradermal injection.

    abstract::Between April and July 1966 a comparative trial of two live attenuated measles vaccines (Schwarz and Beckenham 31), given intramuscularly or intradermally, was conducted in Hong Kong. Some 910 non-immune children completed the trial. The Beckenham 31 vaccine caused significantly more complications than Schwarz vaccine...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors:

    更新日期:1967-01-01 00:00:00

  • Operational and epidemiological field research activities for the implementation of malaria control through primary health care in Africa.

    abstract::The magnitude of the malaria problem in tropical Africa has been a deterrent to a large-scale control effort as long as the aim was conceived to be only a reduction in transmission. The focus on local priorities brought about by the primary health care approach has resulted in the formulation of a strategy of malaria ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Najera JA

    更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00

  • Epidemiology of endemic viral hepatitis in an urban area of India: a retrospective community study in Alwar.

    abstract::In a community study during a reference period of 1 year, 192 cases of jaundice were detected in an urban population of 69,440 in Alwar, Rajasthan. Detected by paramedics and confirmed by physicians, these cases gave an annual incidence of 2.76 (95% CI: 2.37-3.15) per 1000 population. At least one of these patients di...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Singh J,Prakash C,Gupta RS,Bora D,Jain DC,Datta KK

    更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00

  • Field evaluation of the QBC technique for rapid diagnosis of vivax malaria.

    abstract::The QBC (quantitative buffy coat) technique was compared with that of the Giemsa-stained thick blood film (GTF) under field conditions in Junlian and Mingshan counties, Sichuan, China, for rapid diagnosis of vivax malaria. Blood samples were collected from 364 volunteer villagers, and each sample was examined with bot...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Wang X,Zhu S,Liu Q,Hu A,Zan Z,Yu Q,Yin Q

    更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00

  • Single haemolysis for the assay of antibodies to some haemagglutinating arboviruses.

    abstract::The single radial haemolysis reaction has been shown to be suitable for the quantitative assay of specific antibody to West Nile and Sindbis viruses. Only 5 mul of undiluted serum are needed for the test, which can be performed on crude preparations of antigen and without removal of nonspecific inhibitors. It is there...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Duca M,Duca E,Ionescu L,Abdalla H

    更新日期:1979-01-01 00:00:00

  • Study of water flow velocities in irrigation canals in Iraq and their mathematical analysis.

    abstract::Water velocity is an important physical factor in the conditioning of streams and canals as habitats for the intermediate snail host of bilharziasis. Ecologists in most of the bilharziasis endemic areas have studied the resistance of these molluscs to the disturbing action of water motion. However, the complex nature ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: DE ARAOZ J

    更新日期:1962-01-01 00:00:00

  • Development and decline of antiplasmodial indirect fluorescent antibodies in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei (NK65) and treated with drugs.

    abstract::Malaria parasites in mice present a simplified rodent model for the immunological study of malaria. Experiments have been performed to determine the pattern and persistence of malaria antibody as detected by the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test utilizing specific antimouse IgM and IgG conjugates. The antibody ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Waki S,Suzuki M

    更新日期:1974-01-01 00:00:00

  • Providing family planning services to women in Africa.

    abstract::Access to contraceptives in Africa has not increased at the same pace as elsewhere in the world. Some African nations are investing in family planning services to reduce fertility rates, improve economic development and their population's health. Tatum Anderson reports. ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 新闻

    doi:10.2471/BLT.17.020917

    authors:

    更新日期:2017-09-01 00:00:00

  • Selective population chemotherapy among schoolchildren in Beheira governorate: the UNICEF/Arab Republic of Egypt/WHO Schistosomiasis Control Project.

    abstract::Selective population chemotherapy using a single dose of praziquantel (40 mg per kg body weight), which was offered to 29,365 schoolchildren in Abu El Matameer and 40,241 in Abo Homos districts, Beheira governorate in the Nile delta, reduced the prevalence of schistosomiasis from 75.4% to 40.9% (reduction of 45.8%) an...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: el Malatawy A,el Habashy A,Lechine N,Dixon H,Davis A,Mott KE

    更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00