Drowning deaths between 1861 and 2000 in Victoria, Australia.

Abstract:

OBJECTIVE:To identify the long-term patterns of drowning mortality in the state of Victoria, Australia, and to describe the historical context in which the decrease occurred. METHODS:We obtained data on drowning deaths and population statistics from the Australian Bureau of Statistics and its predecessors for the period 1861 to 2000. From these data, we calculated drowning death rates per 100 000 population per year, by gender and age. We reviewed primary and secondary historical resources, such as government and newspaper archives, books and the Internet, to identify changes or events in the state that may have affected drowning mortality. FINDINGS:From 1861 to 2000, at least 18 070 people drowned in Victoria. Male drowning rates were higher than those for females in all years and for all ages. Both sexes experienced the highest drowning rate in 1863 (79.5 male deaths per 100 000 population and 18.8 female death per 100 000 population). The lowest drowning rate was documented in 2000 (1.4 male deaths per 100 000 population and 0.3 female deaths per 100 000 population). The reduction patterns of drowning mortality occurred within a historical context of factors that directly affected drowning mortality, such as the improvement in people's water safety skills, or those that incidentally affected drowning mortality, like infrastructure development. CONCLUSION:We identified patterns of reduction in drowning mortality, both in males and females and across age groups. These patterns could be linked to events and factors that happened in Victoria during this period. These findings may have relevance to current developing communities. OBJECTIF:Déterminer l'évolution sur le long terme de la mortalité imputable à la noyade dans l'État de Victoria, en Australie, et décrire le contexte historique dans lequel est survenue la diminution. MÉTHODES:Nous avons recueilli des données sur les décès par noyade et des statistiques démographiques auprès du Bureau australien des statistiques et des organismes qui l'ont précédé pour la période allant de 1861 à 2000. Ces données nous ont permis de calculer les taux de décès par noyade pour 100 000 individus par an, par sexe et par âge. Nous avons consulté des sources historiques primaires et secondaires, et notamment des archives publiques et de journaux ainsi que des ouvrages et des sites Internet, pour recenser les changements ou les évènements survenus dans l'État de Victoria qui ont pu avoir une incidence sur la mortalité imputable à la noyade. RÉSULTATS:On estime à au moins 18 070 le nombre d'individus morts par noyade entre 1861 et 2000 dans l'État de Victoria. Le pourcentage des hommes noyés était supérieur à celui des femmes quelle que soit l'année ou quel que soit l'âge des individus. Le taux de noyade le plus élevé, aussi bien pour les hommes que pour les femmes, a été calculé en 1863 (79,5 décès d'hommes pour 100 000 individus et 18,8 décès de femmes pour 100 000 individus). Le taux de noyade le plus bas a quant à lui été calculé en 2000 (1,4 décès d'hommes pour 100 000 individus et 0,3 décès de femmes pour 100 000 individus). La diminution de la mortalité imputable à la noyade est survenue dans un contexte historique de facteurs qui ont eu une incidence directe – comme l'amélioration des techniques de sécurité aquatiques des individus –, ou indirecte – comme le développement d'infrastructures – sur la mortalité imputable à la noyade. CONCLUSION:Nous avons mis en évidence la diminution de la mortalité imputable à la noyade aussi bien chez les hommes que chez les femmes et quelle que soit la tranche d'âge. Cette évolution peut être reliée à des évènements et à des facteurs intervenus dans l'État de Victoria pendant la période examinée. Ces conclusions peuvent se révéler utiles aux actuelles communautés en développement. OBJETIVO:Identificar los patrones de mortalidad por ahogamiento a largo plazo en el estado de Victoria, Australia, y describir el contexto histórico en el que se produjo la reducción. MÉTODOS:Se obtuvieron datos acerca de las muertes por ahogamiento y estadísticas demográficas de la Oficina de Estadística de Australia y sus predecesores para el periodo comprendido entre 1861 y 2000. A partir de esos datos, se calculó la tasa de muertes por ahogamiento por cada 100 000 habitantes, por sexo y edad. Se analizaron fuentes históricas primarias y secundarias, como archivos gubernamentales y periodísticos, libros e Internet, para identificar cambios o acontecimientos acaecidos en el estado que pudieran haber afectado a la mortalidad por ahogamiento. RESULTADOS:De 1861 a 2000, al menos 18 070 personas murieron por ahogamiento en Victoria. Las tasas de ahogamiento de los hombres fueron mayores que las de las mujeres en todos los años y en todas las edades. Ambos sexos experimentaron la mayor tasa de ahogamiento en 1863 (79,5 hombres fallecidos por cada 100 000 habitantes y 18,8 mujeres fallecidas por cada 100 000 habitantes). La tasa de ahogamiento más baja se documentó en el año 2000 (1,4 hombres fallecidos por cada 100 000 habitantes y 0,3 mujeres fallecidas por cada 100 000 habitantes). Los patrones de reducción de la mortalidad por ahogamiento se produjeron en un contexto histórico de factores que afectaron directamente a la mortalidad por ahogamiento, como la mejora de las medidas de seguridad acuática de las personas, o los que afectaron de forma incidental a la mortalidad por ahogamiento, como el desarrollo de infraestructuras. CONCLUSIÓN:Se identificaron patrones de reducción en la mortalidad por ahogamiento, tanto en hombres como en mujeres y en todos los grupos de edades. Estos patrones podrían estar relacionados con acontecimientos y factores producidos en Victoria durante este periodo. Estos resultados pueden ser relevantes para las comunidades que actualmente se encuentran en desarrollo. الغرض:تحديد الأنماط طويلة الأمد للوفاة جرّاء الغرق في ولاية فيكتوريا في أستراليا، وتوضيح الظروف التي انخفضت فيها الوفاة جرّاء الغرق في الماضي. الطريقة:حصلنا على بيانات تتعلق بحالات الوفاة جرّاء الغرق وإحصاءات سكانية من المكتب الأسترالي للإحصاء والجهات المعنية السابقة له فيما يتعلق بالفترة من عام 1861 حتى عام 2000. وانطلاقًا من هذه البيانات، احتسبنا معدلات الوفاة جرّاء الغرق لكل 100000 نسمة في العام الواحد حسب النوع والعمر. وراجعنا المصادر الأساسية والثانوية المتعلقة بالفترة الماضية، مثل السجلات الحكومية وسجلات الصحف وبعض الكتب ومواقع الإنترنت، لتحديد التغيرات أو الأحداث التي شهدتها الولاية والتي قد تكون مؤثرة على حالات الوفاة جرّاء الغرق. النتائج:غرق 18070 شخص على الأقل في الفترة من عام 1861 حتى عام 2000 في ولاية فيكتوريا. وكانت معدلات الوفاة بين الذكور أعلى منها بين الإناث في جميع الأعوام ومن جميع الأعمار. وشهد الجنسان أعلى معدل للغرق في عام 1863 (79.5 حالة وفاة من الذكور بين كل 100000 نسمة و18.8 حالة وفاة من الإناث بين كل 100000 نسمة). وتم تسجيل أقل معدل للغرق في الوثائق في عام 2000 (1.4 حالة وفاة من الذكور بين كل 100000 نسمة و0.3 حالة وفاة من الإناث بين كل 100000 نسمة). وظهرت أنماط الانخفاض في حالات الوفاة جرّاء الغرق في ظل ظروف شهدتها الفترة الماضية ارتبطت بعوامل كان لها تأثير مباشر على حالات الوفاة جرّاء الغرق، مثل تحسين مستوى مهارات تحقيق السلامة عند التعامل مع البيئات المائية لدى الأشخاص، أو تلك العوامل التي أثرت على حالات الوفاة جرّاء الغرق دون التخطيط لذلك، مثل تطوير البنية التحتية. الاستنتاج:حددنا أنماطًا لانخفاض حالات الوفاة جرّاء الغرق، بين الذكور والإناث على حدٍ سواء مع النظر إلى الفئات العمرية. ويمكن الربط بين تلك الأنماط والأحداث والعوامل التي شهدتها ولاية فيكتوريا خلال الفترة المشار إليها. وقد ترتبط تلك النتائج بالمجتمعات النامية في الوقت الحالي. 目的:旨在查明澳大利亚维多利亚州溺水死亡的长期模式,并描述死亡率降低的历史背景。. 方法:我们从澳大利亚统计局及其前身机构在 1861 年至 2000 年间的溺水死亡数据和人口统计数据。根据这些数据,我们按照性别和年龄计算出每年每 100 000 人中的溺水死亡率。 我们查阅了原始和次级历史资源,如政府和报纸档案、书籍以及网络,以查明可能影响该州溺水死亡率的变化或事件。. 发现:1861 年至 2000 年间,维多利亚州至少有 18 070 人死于溺水。 任何年份以及任何年龄段的男性溺水死亡率都要高于女性溺水死亡率。 两性溺水死亡率均在 1863 年达到最高值(每 100 000 人中有 79.5 位男性溺亡,每 100 000 人中有 18.8 位女性溺亡)。 根据文档记录显示,最低溺水死亡率发生在 2000 年(每 100 000 人中有 1.4 位男性溺亡,每 100 000 人中有 0.3 位女性溺亡)。 溺水死亡率的减少模式出现在直接影响溺水死亡率的因素得到改善的历史背景下,如人们的水上安全技能提高了,或者有意外影响溺水死亡率的因素,如基础设施建设。. 结论:我们查明了各年龄组男性和女性溺水死亡率的减少模式。 这些模式可能与维多利亚州当时所发生的事件和因素有关系。 该发现可能与当前社会发展有关。. Цель:Определить долговременные тенденции смертности от утопления в штате Виктория, Австралия, и описать исторический контекст, в котором наблюдалось уменьшение этих случаев. Методы:Нами получены данные по смертям от утопления и статистическим показателям населения в Австралийском бюро статистики и в предшествующих ему организациях за период с 1861 по 2000 год. На основании этих данных нами были вычислены показатели смертности от утопления на 100 000 населения в год в зависимости от пола и возраста. Нами был проведен анализ первичных и вторичных исторических источников, таких как правительственные архивы и подшивки газет, а также книги и Интернет, с целью идентифицировать перемены или события в штате, которые могли затронуть смертность от утопления. Результаты:С 1861 по 2000 год в штате Виктория утонуло по меньшей мере 18 070 человек. Показатели утопления для мужчин были выше, чем для женщин, за все годы и во всех возрастных категориях. Наибольший показатель утопления для обоих полов был в 1863 году (смертность на 100 000 населения для мужчин составила 79,5, а для женщин — 18,8). Наименьший показатель утопления для обоих полов был в 2000 году (смертность на 100 000 населения для мужчин составила 1,4, а для женщин — 0,3). Уменьшение смертности от утопления происходило в историческом контексте, что определялось факторами, которые затрагивали смертность от утопления как непосредственно, например улучшение навыков людей по безопасности на воде, так и косвенно, например развитие инфраструктуры. Вывод:Нами определены тенденции уменьшения смертности от утопления среди мужчин и женщин и по возрастным группам. Эти тенденции могут быть связаны с событиями и факторами, которые имели место в штате Виктория в этот период. Эти данные могут иметь значение для развития общества в настоящее время.

authors

Staines C,Ozanne-Smith J

doi

10.2471/BLT.16.174425

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2017-03-01 00:00:00

pages

174-181

issue

3

eissn

0042-9686

issn

1564-0604

pii

BLT.16.174425

journal_volume

95

pub_type

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    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine whether home visits for neonatal care by community health workers can reduce infant and neonatal deaths and stillbirths in resource-limited settings. METHODS:We conducted a systematic review up to 2008 of controlled trials comparing various intervention packages, one of them being home visits fo...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审

    doi:10.2471/BLT.09.069369

    authors: Gogia S,Sachdev HS

    更新日期:2010-09-01 00:00:00

  • Poliomyelitis in Japan during the period 1962-68 after the introduction of mass vaccination with Sabin vaccine.

    abstract::After the mass vaccination of children of susceptible age groups in Japan in 1961, the incidence of poliomyelitis decreased markedly. From 1962 to 1968 a total of 659 paralytic cases were officially notified. Detailed investigations of 626 cases reported to the Poliomyelitis Surveillance Committee revealed that only 1...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Takatsu T,Tagaya I,Hirayama M

    更新日期:1973-01-01 00:00:00

  • The effect of flea control on Yersinia (Pasteurella) pestis antibody rates in the California vole, Microtus californicus, and its epizootiological implications.

    abstract::The effects of flea control on the prevalence of (Pasteurella) pestis antibody rates in the California vole, Microtus californicus, were studied in San Mateo County, California, USA. In this area, which had shown antibody prevalence rates of 50% or more during epizootics in previous years, continuous flea control meas...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Kartman L,Hudson BW

    更新日期:1971-01-01 00:00:00

  • The psychiatric aspects of tropical disorders.

    abstract::The nature of psychiatric disorders in tropical regions is affected much more by the effect on the patient of certain environmental and cultural factors than by any specific features of tropical diseases. In places where the standards of health care and health education are not yet fully developed, abnormalities of ph...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: German GA

    更新日期:1979-01-01 00:00:00

  • Safety profile of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines: systematic review of pre- and post-licensure data.

    abstract::A 7-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine (PCV7) was licensed in the United States of America in 2000, but no comprehensive postmarketing review of safety has been carried out. We conducted a systematic review of the safety of PCV7 and other pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. A total of 42 studies...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2471/blt.07.048025

    authors: Destefano F,Pfeifer D,Nohynek H

    更新日期:2008-05-01 00:00:00

  • High and low atherosclerosis groups.

    abstract::Aortic and coronary atherosclerosis were studied in two groups, the "high atherosclerosis group" and the "low atherosclerosis group". The latter may be considered as showing basic levels of atherosclerosis in the different communities. The development of lesions in the two groups occurred in parallel, but earlier in t...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Vihert AM

    更新日期:1976-01-01 00:00:00

  • Validation of community health workers' assessment of neonatal illness in rural Bangladesh.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To estimate the validity (sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values) of a clinical algorithm as used by community health workers (CHWs) to detect and classify neonatal illness during routine household visits in rural Bangladesh. METHODS:CHWs evaluated breastfeeding and symptoms an...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/blt.07.050666

    authors: Darmstadt GL,Baqui AH,Choi Y,Bari S,Rahman SM,Mannan I,Ahmed AS,Saha SK,Rahman R,Chang S,Winch PJ,Black RE,Santosham M,El Arifeen S,Bangladesh Projahnmo-2 (Mirzapur) Study Group.

    更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00

  • Studies of immunity in typhoid fever. Protection induced by killed oral antigens or by primary infection.

    abstract::Adult male volunteers were orally vaccinated with two "killed" antityphoid preparations. The recommended doses of both vaccines resulted in serum antibody development in only a few of the subjects. When the dose of the monovalent preparation (Taboral) was doubled, serological responses occurred more frequently, with a...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Dupont HL,Hornick RB,Snyder MJ,Dawkins AT,Heiner GG,Woodward TE

    更新日期:1971-01-01 00:00:00