Abstract:
OBJECTIVE:To identify the long-term patterns of drowning mortality in the state of Victoria, Australia, and to describe the historical context in which the decrease occurred. METHODS:We obtained data on drowning deaths and population statistics from the Australian Bureau of Statistics and its predecessors for the period 1861 to 2000. From these data, we calculated drowning death rates per 100 000 population per year, by gender and age. We reviewed primary and secondary historical resources, such as government and newspaper archives, books and the Internet, to identify changes or events in the state that may have affected drowning mortality. FINDINGS:From 1861 to 2000, at least 18 070 people drowned in Victoria. Male drowning rates were higher than those for females in all years and for all ages. Both sexes experienced the highest drowning rate in 1863 (79.5 male deaths per 100 000 population and 18.8 female death per 100 000 population). The lowest drowning rate was documented in 2000 (1.4 male deaths per 100 000 population and 0.3 female deaths per 100 000 population). The reduction patterns of drowning mortality occurred within a historical context of factors that directly affected drowning mortality, such as the improvement in people's water safety skills, or those that incidentally affected drowning mortality, like infrastructure development. CONCLUSION:We identified patterns of reduction in drowning mortality, both in males and females and across age groups. These patterns could be linked to events and factors that happened in Victoria during this period. These findings may have relevance to current developing communities. OBJECTIF:Déterminer l'évolution sur le long terme de la mortalité imputable à la noyade dans l'État de Victoria, en Australie, et décrire le contexte historique dans lequel est survenue la diminution. MÉTHODES:Nous avons recueilli des données sur les décès par noyade et des statistiques démographiques auprès du Bureau australien des statistiques et des organismes qui l'ont précédé pour la période allant de 1861 à 2000. Ces données nous ont permis de calculer les taux de décès par noyade pour 100 000 individus par an, par sexe et par âge. Nous avons consulté des sources historiques primaires et secondaires, et notamment des archives publiques et de journaux ainsi que des ouvrages et des sites Internet, pour recenser les changements ou les évènements survenus dans l'État de Victoria qui ont pu avoir une incidence sur la mortalité imputable à la noyade. RÉSULTATS:On estime à au moins 18 070 le nombre d'individus morts par noyade entre 1861 et 2000 dans l'État de Victoria. Le pourcentage des hommes noyés était supérieur à celui des femmes quelle que soit l'année ou quel que soit l'âge des individus. Le taux de noyade le plus élevé, aussi bien pour les hommes que pour les femmes, a été calculé en 1863 (79,5 décès d'hommes pour 100 000 individus et 18,8 décès de femmes pour 100 000 individus). Le taux de noyade le plus bas a quant à lui été calculé en 2000 (1,4 décès d'hommes pour 100 000 individus et 0,3 décès de femmes pour 100 000 individus). La diminution de la mortalité imputable à la noyade est survenue dans un contexte historique de facteurs qui ont eu une incidence directe – comme l'amélioration des techniques de sécurité aquatiques des individus –, ou indirecte – comme le développement d'infrastructures – sur la mortalité imputable à la noyade. CONCLUSION:Nous avons mis en évidence la diminution de la mortalité imputable à la noyade aussi bien chez les hommes que chez les femmes et quelle que soit la tranche d'âge. Cette évolution peut être reliée à des évènements et à des facteurs intervenus dans l'État de Victoria pendant la période examinée. Ces conclusions peuvent se révéler utiles aux actuelles communautés en développement. OBJETIVO:Identificar los patrones de mortalidad por ahogamiento a largo plazo en el estado de Victoria, Australia, y describir el contexto histórico en el que se produjo la reducción. MÉTODOS:Se obtuvieron datos acerca de las muertes por ahogamiento y estadísticas demográficas de la Oficina de Estadística de Australia y sus predecesores para el periodo comprendido entre 1861 y 2000. A partir de esos datos, se calculó la tasa de muertes por ahogamiento por cada 100 000 habitantes, por sexo y edad. Se analizaron fuentes históricas primarias y secundarias, como archivos gubernamentales y periodísticos, libros e Internet, para identificar cambios o acontecimientos acaecidos en el estado que pudieran haber afectado a la mortalidad por ahogamiento. RESULTADOS:De 1861 a 2000, al menos 18 070 personas murieron por ahogamiento en Victoria. Las tasas de ahogamiento de los hombres fueron mayores que las de las mujeres en todos los años y en todas las edades. Ambos sexos experimentaron la mayor tasa de ahogamiento en 1863 (79,5 hombres fallecidos por cada 100 000 habitantes y 18,8 mujeres fallecidas por cada 100 000 habitantes). La tasa de ahogamiento más baja se documentó en el año 2000 (1,4 hombres fallecidos por cada 100 000 habitantes y 0,3 mujeres fallecidas por cada 100 000 habitantes). Los patrones de reducción de la mortalidad por ahogamiento se produjeron en un contexto histórico de factores que afectaron directamente a la mortalidad por ahogamiento, como la mejora de las medidas de seguridad acuática de las personas, o los que afectaron de forma incidental a la mortalidad por ahogamiento, como el desarrollo de infraestructuras. CONCLUSIÓN:Se identificaron patrones de reducción en la mortalidad por ahogamiento, tanto en hombres como en mujeres y en todos los grupos de edades. Estos patrones podrían estar relacionados con acontecimientos y factores producidos en Victoria durante este periodo. Estos resultados pueden ser relevantes para las comunidades que actualmente se encuentran en desarrollo. الغرض:تحديد الأنماط طويلة الأمد للوفاة جرّاء الغرق في ولاية فيكتوريا في أستراليا، وتوضيح الظروف التي انخفضت فيها الوفاة جرّاء الغرق في الماضي. الطريقة:حصلنا على بيانات تتعلق بحالات الوفاة جرّاء الغرق وإحصاءات سكانية من المكتب الأسترالي للإحصاء والجهات المعنية السابقة له فيما يتعلق بالفترة من عام 1861 حتى عام 2000. وانطلاقًا من هذه البيانات، احتسبنا معدلات الوفاة جرّاء الغرق لكل 100000 نسمة في العام الواحد حسب النوع والعمر. وراجعنا المصادر الأساسية والثانوية المتعلقة بالفترة الماضية، مثل السجلات الحكومية وسجلات الصحف وبعض الكتب ومواقع الإنترنت، لتحديد التغيرات أو الأحداث التي شهدتها الولاية والتي قد تكون مؤثرة على حالات الوفاة جرّاء الغرق. النتائج:غرق 18070 شخص على الأقل في الفترة من عام 1861 حتى عام 2000 في ولاية فيكتوريا. وكانت معدلات الوفاة بين الذكور أعلى منها بين الإناث في جميع الأعوام ومن جميع الأعمار. وشهد الجنسان أعلى معدل للغرق في عام 1863 (79.5 حالة وفاة من الذكور بين كل 100000 نسمة و18.8 حالة وفاة من الإناث بين كل 100000 نسمة). وتم تسجيل أقل معدل للغرق في الوثائق في عام 2000 (1.4 حالة وفاة من الذكور بين كل 100000 نسمة و0.3 حالة وفاة من الإناث بين كل 100000 نسمة). وظهرت أنماط الانخفاض في حالات الوفاة جرّاء الغرق في ظل ظروف شهدتها الفترة الماضية ارتبطت بعوامل كان لها تأثير مباشر على حالات الوفاة جرّاء الغرق، مثل تحسين مستوى مهارات تحقيق السلامة عند التعامل مع البيئات المائية لدى الأشخاص، أو تلك العوامل التي أثرت على حالات الوفاة جرّاء الغرق دون التخطيط لذلك، مثل تطوير البنية التحتية. الاستنتاج:حددنا أنماطًا لانخفاض حالات الوفاة جرّاء الغرق، بين الذكور والإناث على حدٍ سواء مع النظر إلى الفئات العمرية. ويمكن الربط بين تلك الأنماط والأحداث والعوامل التي شهدتها ولاية فيكتوريا خلال الفترة المشار إليها. وقد ترتبط تلك النتائج بالمجتمعات النامية في الوقت الحالي. 目的:旨在查明澳大利亚维多利亚州溺水死亡的长期模式,并描述死亡率降低的历史背景。. 方法:我们从澳大利亚统计局及其前身机构在 1861 年至 2000 年间的溺水死亡数据和人口统计数据。根据这些数据,我们按照性别和年龄计算出每年每 100 000 人中的溺水死亡率。 我们查阅了原始和次级历史资源,如政府和报纸档案、书籍以及网络,以查明可能影响该州溺水死亡率的变化或事件。. 发现:1861 年至 2000 年间,维多利亚州至少有 18 070 人死于溺水。 任何年份以及任何年龄段的男性溺水死亡率都要高于女性溺水死亡率。 两性溺水死亡率均在 1863 年达到最高值(每 100 000 人中有 79.5 位男性溺亡,每 100 000 人中有 18.8 位女性溺亡)。 根据文档记录显示,最低溺水死亡率发生在 2000 年(每 100 000 人中有 1.4 位男性溺亡,每 100 000 人中有 0.3 位女性溺亡)。 溺水死亡率的减少模式出现在直接影响溺水死亡率的因素得到改善的历史背景下,如人们的水上安全技能提高了,或者有意外影响溺水死亡率的因素,如基础设施建设。. 结论:我们查明了各年龄组男性和女性溺水死亡率的减少模式。 这些模式可能与维多利亚州当时所发生的事件和因素有关系。 该发现可能与当前社会发展有关。. Цель:Определить долговременные тенденции смертности от утопления в штате Виктория, Австралия, и описать исторический контекст, в котором наблюдалось уменьшение этих случаев. Методы:Нами получены данные по смертям от утопления и статистическим показателям населения в Австралийском бюро статистики и в предшествующих ему организациях за период с 1861 по 2000 год. На основании этих данных нами были вычислены показатели смертности от утопления на 100 000 населения в год в зависимости от пола и возраста. Нами был проведен анализ первичных и вторичных исторических источников, таких как правительственные архивы и подшивки газет, а также книги и Интернет, с целью идентифицировать перемены или события в штате, которые могли затронуть смертность от утопления. Результаты:С 1861 по 2000 год в штате Виктория утонуло по меньшей мере 18 070 человек. Показатели утопления для мужчин были выше, чем для женщин, за все годы и во всех возрастных категориях. Наибольший показатель утопления для обоих полов был в 1863 году (смертность на 100 000 населения для мужчин составила 79,5, а для женщин — 18,8). Наименьший показатель утопления для обоих полов был в 2000 году (смертность на 100 000 населения для мужчин составила 1,4, а для женщин — 0,3). Уменьшение смертности от утопления происходило в историческом контексте, что определялось факторами, которые затрагивали смертность от утопления как непосредственно, например улучшение навыков людей по безопасности на воде, так и косвенно, например развитие инфраструктуры. Вывод:Нами определены тенденции уменьшения смертности от утопления среди мужчин и женщин и по возрастным группам. Эти тенденции могут быть связаны с событиями и факторами, которые имели место в штате Виктория в этот период. Эти данные могут иметь значение для развития общества в настоящее время.
journal_name
Bull World Health Organjournal_title
Bulletin of the World Health Organizationauthors
Staines C,Ozanne-Smith Jdoi
10.2471/BLT.16.174425subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2017-03-01 00:00:00pages
174-181issue
3eissn
0042-9686issn
1564-0604pii
BLT.16.174425journal_volume
95pub_type
历史文章,杂志文章abstract:Objective:To estimate the level and trend of development assistance for community health worker-related projects in low- and middle-income countries between 2007 and 2017. Methods:We extracted data from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's creditor reporting system on aid funding for projects t...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.19.235499
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To explore what individuals at risk of injury from using paraffin (also known as kerosene) know about paraffin safety, what they do to protect themselves and their families from paraffin-related injury, and how they perceive their risk for such injury. Also, to explore interrelations between these factors and...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/blt.08.057505
更新日期:2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::A serological survey was conducted among Tuareg nomads to determine their level of immunity to measles. More than half (57.9%) of the children under 10 years of age did not have detectable antibodies to measles, suggesting that transmission of the disease is low in this mobile population. Mothers' reports of their chi...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Lay health workers are key to achieving universal health-care coverage, therefore measuring worker attrition and identifying its determinants should be an integral part of any lay health worker programme. Both published and unpublished research on lay health workers has largely focused on the types of interventions th...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.11.087825
更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::LATEX/IgM, a rapid agglutination test for the semi-quantitative detection of IgM in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with African trypanosomiasis, is described in this article. The lyophilized reagent has been designed for field use and remains stable at 45 degrees C for one year. The test has been evaluated on cerebro...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::DEC (diethylcarbamazine)-medicated salt, at a concentration of 0.1 to 0.2 mg per 100 mg, was given to the entire population of Karaikal (119 978) in South India for a 4-year period from 1982. The per capita consumption of DEC in medicated salt was 13.3 grams for the entire period. The prevalence of microfilaraemia dec...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In South-East Asia in recent years urbanization has proceeded rapidly. Because of limited financial resources it has seldom been possible to provide sufficient sanitation; this has led to conditions favourable to the breeding of Culex pipiens fatigans. The density of C. p. fatigans is higher in urban areas than in rur...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1967-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni were given an intramuscular injection of a single 80 mg/kg dose of randomly tritiated hycanthone. The uptake of the drug in male and female worms, as well as its concentration in the red blood cells and plasma of the mice, was followed for a period of 24 hours.Blood and plasma dr...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1970-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article presents a nomenclature system for allergens which has been officially recommended by the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS). The nomenclature is based on proposals of the IUIS Sub-Committee for Allergen Nomenclature and is applicable to highly purified, well-characterized allergens and...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Catalina Devandas Aguilar talks to Stephanie Cheng about the impact of the 2008 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the importance of listening to people living with disabilities and what United Nations agencies can do to support their further empowerment. ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 面试,新闻
doi:10.2471/BLT.19.030119
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Viruses of various biological types are known to cause a wide range of acute respiratory infections, ranging from mild colds and catarrh to severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Bacteria also cause respiratory diseases including serious conditions such as otitis media and pneumonia. The whole situation is complex and to...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1980-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To describe the adaptation and scaling-up of an intervention to improve the visual health of children in the Apurimac region, Peru. METHODS:In a pilot screening programme in 2009-2010, 26 schoolteachers were trained to detect and refer visual acuity problems in schoolchildren in one district in Apurimac. To ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.15.163634
更新日期:2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::In view of the considerable and continuing public health significance of Mycobacterium bovis infection in humans and animals, WHO convened a meeting on zoonotic tuberculosis in Geneva in November 1993. The participants at the meeting reviewed the human and animal tuberculosis situation worldwide, discussed the zoonoti...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Of 10 000 compounds tested for tissue schizontocidal activity in a Plasmodium gallinaceum-chick model, 157 were also tested in a definitive mouse test (DMT) and 277 in a rhesus monkey test (RMT). The results in the avian model were 78% and 55% in agreement with those of the DMT and RMT, respectively. This result is no...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The haemagglutination-inhibition test has been used to assess the frequency of arbovirus infections in the population of Ceylon, by age-group, and also in some animals. The antigens used were: chikungunya, JE, dengue 1, 2, 3, 4, and Tahyna.The percentage of positive reactors to the group-B viruses ranged from 16.3% to...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1969-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The paucity of information on the ecology of wild animal reservoirs over most of the world is one of the factors that has led to hesitation and failure in controlling these diseases in many areas. Extensive application of ecological studies and methods would not only assist in zoonosis control but might well also lead...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1959-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::As a basis for considering the forms and patterns of national committees on vital and health statistics in the future, the author first discusses the six main objectives of national systems of those statistics. Turning then to the aims of the national committees themselves, he observes that such is the variety of stat...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1954-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is often impossible to measure the reference standard of cardiorespiratory fitness (the maximum oxygen intake) directly, and there is thus a need for subsidiary standard procedures based on body responses to submaximal exercise. In order to reach agreement on such procedures, a recent international working party ha...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1968-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Few experiments have been reported on immunity to reinfection in domestic stock. The degree of resistance to reinfection with S. mattheei was studied in cattle and sheep. On the basis of the results, the only evidence of acquired immunity in calves and sheep is a reduction in the length of adult worms. ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1974-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Asian influenza appears to have reached India via Madras in May 1957. The main pandemic wave swept through the subcontinent within the next 12 weeks; cases occurring thereafter represent the permanent infiltration of the new virus into the population. Between 19 May 1957 and 8 February 1958 there were reported 4 451 7...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1959-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The QBC (quantitative buffy coat) technique was compared with that of the Giemsa-stained thick blood film (GTF) under field conditions in Junlian and Mingshan counties, Sichuan, China, for rapid diagnosis of vivax malaria. Blood samples were collected from 364 volunteer villagers, and each sample was examined with bot...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A simple force-of-infection model for onchocerciasis has been developed for a study of the age-specific epidemiological trends during a period of vector control in the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in the Volta River basin area (OCP). The most important factors included in the model are the longevity of an infectio...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine whether home visits for neonatal care by community health workers can reduce infant and neonatal deaths and stillbirths in resource-limited settings. METHODS:We conducted a systematic review up to 2008 of controlled trials comparing various intervention packages, one of them being home visits fo...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.2471/BLT.09.069369
更新日期:2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::After the mass vaccination of children of susceptible age groups in Japan in 1961, the incidence of poliomyelitis decreased markedly. From 1962 to 1968 a total of 659 paralytic cases were officially notified. Detailed investigations of 626 cases reported to the Poliomyelitis Surveillance Committee revealed that only 1...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1973-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effects of flea control on the prevalence of (Pasteurella) pestis antibody rates in the California vole, Microtus californicus, were studied in San Mateo County, California, USA. In this area, which had shown antibody prevalence rates of 50% or more during epizootics in previous years, continuous flea control meas...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1971-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The nature of psychiatric disorders in tropical regions is affected much more by the effect on the patient of certain environmental and cultural factors than by any specific features of tropical diseases. In places where the standards of health care and health education are not yet fully developed, abnormalities of ph...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1979-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A 7-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine (PCV7) was licensed in the United States of America in 2000, but no comprehensive postmarketing review of safety has been carried out. We conducted a systematic review of the safety of PCV7 and other pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. A total of 42 studies...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2471/blt.07.048025
更新日期:2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Aortic and coronary atherosclerosis were studied in two groups, the "high atherosclerosis group" and the "low atherosclerosis group". The latter may be considered as showing basic levels of atherosclerosis in the different communities. The development of lesions in the two groups occurred in parallel, but earlier in t...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1976-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To estimate the validity (sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values) of a clinical algorithm as used by community health workers (CHWs) to detect and classify neonatal illness during routine household visits in rural Bangladesh. METHODS:CHWs evaluated breastfeeding and symptoms an...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/blt.07.050666
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Adult male volunteers were orally vaccinated with two "killed" antityphoid preparations. The recommended doses of both vaccines resulted in serum antibody development in only a few of the subjects. When the dose of the monovalent preparation (Taboral) was doubled, serological responses occurred more frequently, with a...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1971-01-01 00:00:00