Entry and exit screening of airline travellers during the A(H1N1) 2009 pandemic: a retrospective evaluation.

Abstract:

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the screening measures that would have been required to assess all travellers at risk of transporting A(H1N1)pdm09 out of Mexico by air at the start of the 2009 pandemic. METHODS:Data from flight itineraries for travellers who flew from Mexico were used to estimate the number of international airports where health screening measures would have been needed, and the number of travellers who would have had to be screened, to assess all air travellers who could have transported the H1N1 influenza virus out of Mexico during the initial stages of the 2009 A(H1N1) pandemic. FINDINGS:Exit screening at 36 airports in Mexico, or entry screening of travellers arriving on direct flights from Mexico at 82 airports in 26 other countries, would have resulted in the assessment of all air travellers at risk of transporting A(H1N1)pdm09 out of Mexico at the start of the pandemic. Entry screening of 116 travellers arriving from Mexico by direct or connecting flights would have been necessary for every one traveller at risk of transporting A(H1N1)pdm09. Screening at just eight airports would have resulted in the assessment of 90% of all air travellers at risk of transporting A(H1N1)pdm09 out of Mexico in the early stages of the pandemic. CONCLUSION:During the earliest stages of the A(H1N1) pandemic, most public health benefits potentially attainable through the screening of air travellers could have been achieved by screening travellers at only eight airports. OBJECTIF:Évaluer les mesures de dépistage qui auraient été nécessaires pour dépister tous les voyageurs potentiellement porteurs du virus A(H1N1)pdm09 au départ du Mexique par avion au début de la pandémie de 2009. MÉTHODES:Les données provenant des itinéraires de vol des voyageurs qui ont quitté le Mexique en avion ont été utilisées pour estimer le nombre d’aéroports internationaux où des mesures de dépistage médical auraient été nécessaires, et le nombre de voyageurs qui auraient dû être dépistés afin d’évaluer tous les voyageurs aériens qui pourraient avoir été porteurs du virus de la grippe H1N1 au départ du Mexique pendant les premiers stades de la pandémie A(H1N1) de 2009. RÉSULTATS:Le dépistage de sortie dans 36 aéroports mexicains, ou le dépistage d’entrée des voyageurs arrivant sur des vols directs depuis le Mexique dans 82 aéroports de 26 autres pays, aurait permis d'évaluer tous les voyageurs aériens potentiellement porteurs du virus A(H1N1)pdm09 au départ du Mexique au début de la pandémie. Le dépistage d'entrée de 116 voyageurs arrivant du Mexique par des vols directs ou des correspondances aurait été nécessaire pour chacun des voyageurs aériens potentiellement porteurs du virus A(H1N1)pdm09.Le dépistage dans 8 aéroports seulement aurait permis d'évaluer 90% de tous les voyageurs aériens potentiellement porteurs du virus A(H1N1)pdm09 au départ du Mexique lors des premiers stades de la pandémie. CONCLUSION:Au cours des premiers stades de la pandémie de grippe A(H1N1), la plupart des points bénéfiques pour la santé et potentiellement réalisables par le biais du dépistage des voyageurs aériens auraient pu être obtenus en dépistant les voyageurs dans seulement 8 aéroports. OBJETIVO:Evaluar las medidas de detección sistemática que tendrían que haberse aplicado con el fin de analizar a todos los pasajeros de avión con riesgo de transportar el virus de la gripe A (H1N1) pdm09 desde México al principio de la pandemia de 2009. MÉTODOS:Se analizaron los datos de los itinerarios de vuelo de los pasajeros que volaron desde México en esas fechas. A partir de dichos datos, se calculó el número de aeropuertos en los que habría sido necesario aplicar medidas de control sanitario y el número de pasajeros que se habría sometido a una detección sistemática. De este modo, se habría analizado a todos los que podrían haber transportado el virus de la gripe H1N1 desde México durante las fases iniciales de la pandemia de gripe A (H1N1) de 2009. RESULTADOS:La detección sistemática a la salida de 36 aeropuertos mexicanos o a la entrada de los pasajeros de vuelos directos procedentes de México en 82 aeropuertos de 26 países podría haber dado como resultado la evaluación de todos los pasajeros de avión con riesgo de transportar el virus de la gripe A (H1N1)pdm09 desde México al principio de la pandemia. Para poder detectar a todos los pasajeros de avión con riesgo de transportar el virus de la gripe A (H1N1)pdm09 habría sido necesario aplicar la detección sistemática a la entrada de 116 pasajeros de los aviones procedentes de México (directos o con escala). De haber aplicado la detección sistemática en tan solo ocho aeropuertos se habría obtenido una evaluación del 90% de todos los pasajeros con riesgo de transportar el virus de la gripe A (H1N1) desde México en las primeras fases de la pandemia. CONCLUSIÓN:Durante las primeras fases de la pandemia del virus de la gripe A (H1N1) podrían haberse alcanzado los mayores beneficios en cuanto a sanidad pública aplicando la detección sistemática de pasajeros en tan solo ocho aeropuertos. الغرض:تقييم تدابير الفحص التي كانت مطلوبة لتقييم جميع المسافرين المعرضين لمخاطر نقل جائحة أنفلونزا الخنازير A(H1N1)pdm09 من المكسيك عن طريق الجو مع بداية جائحة عام 2009. الطريقة:تم استخدام البيانات الواردة من خطوط سير الرحلات الجوية للمسافرين الذين سافروا من المكسيك من أجل تقدير عدد المطارات الدولية التي احتاجت إلى اتخاذ تدابير الفحص الصحي، وعدد المسافرين الذين تعين فحصهم، لتقييم جميع المسافرين الجويين الذين نقلوا فيروس أنفلونزا H1N1 إلى خارج المكسيك أثناء المراحل الأولية لجائحة أنفلونزا الخنازير A(H1N1) لعام 2009. النتائج:أدى فحص الخروج في 36 مطاراً في المكسيك أو فحص دخول المسافرين على متن رحلات مباشرة من المكسيك في 82 مطاراً في 26 بلداً أخرى إلى تقييم جميع المسافرين الجويين المعرضين لمخاطر نقل جائحة أنفلونزا الخنازير A(H1N1)pdm09 إلى خارج المكسيك مع بداية الجائحة. واستلزم الأمر إجراء فحص دخول المسافرين البالغ عددهم 116 مسافراً القادمين من المكسيك على متن رحلات مباشرة أو عابرة لكل مسافر يتعرض لمخاطر نقل جائحة أنفلونزا الخنازير A(H1N1)pdm09. وأدى الفحص في ثمانية مطارات فقط إلى تقييم 90 % من جميع المسافرين الجويين المعرضين لمخاطر نقل جائحة أنفلونزا الخنازير A(H1N1)pdm09 إلى خارج المكسيك في المراحل المبكرة للجائحة. الاستنتاج:أثناء المراحل الأولى لجائحة أنفلونزا الخنازير A(H1N1)، تم التمكن من تحقيق معظم مزايا الصحة العمومية التي يحتمل بلوغها من خلال فحص المسافرين الجويين عن طريق فحص المسافرين في ثمانية مطارات فقط. 目的:对评估2009 年流感大流行初期有可能从墨西哥向外传播甲型H1N1 pdm09 的所有航空旅客所需的筛查措施进行评价。 方法:使用从墨西哥起飞的旅客的飞行旅程数据估计需要卫生检查措施的国际机场数量,以及必须接受检查的旅客数量,以评估在2009 年甲型H1N1 流感初始阶段可能从墨西哥向外传播H1N1 流感病毒的所有航空旅客。 结果:在墨西哥36 个机场进行出境检查,或者在26 个其他国家的82 个机场对墨西哥飞来的直达航班的入境旅客进行检查,从而实现对流感大流行初始阶段可能从墨西哥向外传播甲型H1N1 pdm09 的所有航空乘客的评估。要评估每个具有传播甲型H1N1 pdm09 风险的乘客,需要对来自墨西哥的直航或转机的116 名旅客进行入境检查。只需检查八个机场就可以评估流感初始阶段90%具有从墨西哥传播甲型H1N1 pdm09 风险的旅客。 结论:在甲型H1N1 流感大流行最初阶段,仅需在八个机场进行旅客筛查就可以实现通过航空乘客筛查获得的大部分潜在公共卫生益处。 Цель:Оценить меры по скринингу, которые могли бы потребоваться для проверки всех пассажиров на предмет риска переноса A(H1N1)pdm09 из Мексики по воздуху в начале пандемии 2009 г. Методы:Данные о маршрутах полетов пассажиров, которые вылетели из Мексики, были использованы для оценки числа международных аэропортов, где требовались меры по скринингу, и числа пассажиров, которые должны были бы пройти скрининг, с целью оценки общего количества авиапассажиров, которые могли бы являться переносчиками вируса гриппа H1N1 из Мексики на начальном этапе пандемии вируса гриппа A(H1N1) в 2009 г. Результаты:Выходной скрининг в 36 мексиканских аэропортах или входной скрининг лиц, прибывающих прямыми рейсами из Мексики, в 82 аэропортах 26 других стран позволил бы провести оценку всех авиапассажиров на предмет риска переноса вируса A(H1N1)pdm09 из Мексики в начале пандемии. Входной скрининг 116 пассажиров, прибывших из Мексики на прямых или стыковочных рейсах, был бы необходим для оценки каждого пассажира, находящегося в группе риска переноса A(H1N1)pdm09. Скрининг всего в восьми аэропортах позволил бы оценить 90% всех авиапассажиров на предмет риска переноса A(H1N1)pdm09 из Мексики на ранних стадиях пандемии. Вывод:На самых ранних стадиях пандемии A(H1N1) наибольшая потенциально достижимая польза от скрининга авиапассажиров для общественного здравоохранения могла бы быть достигнута при организации скрининга авиапассажиров всего в восьми аэропортах.

authors

Khan K,Eckhardt R,Brownstein JS,Naqvi R,Hu W,Kossowsky D,Scales D,Arino J,MacDonald M,Wang J,Sears J,Cetron MS

doi

10.2471/BLT.12.114777

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2013-05-01 00:00:00

pages

368-76

issue

5

eissn

0042-9686

issn

1564-0604

pii

BLT.12.114777

journal_volume

91

pub_type

杂志文章
  • The three type of human viral hepatitis.

    abstract::Infections with hepatitis A and B viruses are common in all parts of the world and constitute a major public health problem. The identification of specific antigenic markers of these viruses has led to the development of sensitive laboratory tests. These, in turn, have resulted in a better understanding of the epidemi...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Zuckerman AJ

    更新日期:1978-01-01 00:00:00

  • Visual health screening by schoolteachers in remote communities of Peru: implementation research.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To describe the adaptation and scaling-up of an intervention to improve the visual health of children in the Apurimac region, Peru. METHODS:In a pilot screening programme in 2009-2010, 26 schoolteachers were trained to detect and refer visual acuity problems in schoolchildren in one district in Apurimac. To ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/BLT.15.163634

    authors: Latorre-Arteaga S,Gil-González D,Bascarán C,Núñez RH,Morales MD,Orihuela GC

    更新日期:2016-09-01 00:00:00

  • Efficacy of various durations of isoniazid preventive therapy for tuberculosis: five years of follow-up in the IUAT trial. International Union Against Tuberculosis Committee on Prophylaxis.

    abstract::A total of 28 000 persons with fibrotic pulmonary lesions compatible with tuberculosis were followed for five years after receiving 12, 24, or 52 weeks of preventive treatment with isoniazid or placebo.Compared with placebo, 12 weeks of isoniazid eliminated less than one-third, and 24 weeks eliminated two-thirds of th...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验

    doi:

    authors:

    更新日期:1982-01-01 00:00:00

  • Replacement of intravenous therapy by oral rehydration solution in a large treatment centre for diarrhoea with dehydration.

    abstract::In this study the efficacy of oral rehydration solution (ORS) was compared with that of intravenous fluid (IVF) in the treatment of moderate and some severe cases of dehydration due to diarrhea in a treatment center in Bangladesh during 1980-81. 10,379 patients with moderate and severe dehydration in 1980 and 9897 in...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Samadi AR,Islam R,Huq MI

    更新日期:1983-01-01 00:00:00

  • Making G8 leaders deliver: an analysis of compliance and health commitments, 1996-2006.

    abstract::International health policy-makers now have a variety of institutional instruments with which to pursue their global and national health goals. These instruments range from the established formal multilateral organizations of the United Nations to the newer restricted-membership institutions of the Group of Eight (G8)...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/blt.06.039917

    authors: Kirton JJ,Roudev N,Sunderland L

    更新日期:2007-03-01 00:00:00

  • The urban environment and health in a world of increasing globalization: issues for developing countries.

    abstract::Urban living is the keystone of modern human ecology. Cities have multiplied and expanded rapidly worldwide over the past two centuries. Cities are sources of creativity and technology, and they are the engines for economic growth. However, they are also sources of poverty, inequality, and health hazards from the envi...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:

    authors: McMichael AJ

    更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00

  • CERTAIN characteristics of BCG-induced tuberculin sensitivity.

    abstract::Post-vaccination tuberculin sensitivity is being used to evaluate the immediate effects of the extensive WHO/UNICEF mass BCG vaccination programmes currently in progress. During the past five years the Tuberculosis Research Office has been studying the tuberculin sensitivity produced by BCG vaccination, and the presen...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors:

    更新日期:1955-01-01 00:00:00

  • Tuberculosis in rural South India. A study of possible trends and the potential impact of antituberculosis programmes.

    abstract::Data on the dynamics of the tuberculosis situation in rural South India, obtained by the National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore, were fed into a mathematical model. By this means predictions about the future tuberculosis situation have been made under a wide range of hypothetical assumptions. ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Waaler HT,Gothi GD,Baily GV,Nair SS

    更新日期:1974-01-01 00:00:00

  • Cardiovascular mortality in relation to radioactivity and hardness of local water supplies in the USA.

    abstract::Several authors have reported an inverse correlation between death rates from cardiovascular diseases and local water hardness, but the significance of such a relationship is still debated. To investigate further this relationship, another indicator of water quality was used, namely, the alpha-radioactivity level of r...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Masironi R

    更新日期:1970-01-01 00:00:00

  • Is globalization good for your health?

    abstract::Four points are made about globalization and health. First, economic integration is a powerful force for raising the incomes of poor countries. In the past 20 years several large developing countries have opened up to trade and investment, and they are growing well--faster than the rich countries. Second, there is no ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Dollar D

    更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00

  • A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY OF AWARENESS OF SYMPTOMS AMONG PERSONS WITH PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS.

    abstract::In 39 randomly selected villages and towns in Tumkur District, South India, approximately 2000 persons, tuberculosis cases and matched controls, were interviewed in order to determine how many had symptoms suggestive of tuberculosis. Approximately 70% of the bacteriologically confirmed cases and over half the radiolog...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: BANERJI D,ANDERSEN S

    更新日期:1963-01-01 00:00:00

  • The Second International Standard for streptomycin.

    abstract::A batch of highly purified streptomycin sulfate has been examined by nine laboratories in six different countries and has been assayed against the First International Standard for Streptomycin. The material examined has been established as the Second International Standard for Streptomycin, and the International Unit ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: HUMPHREY JH,LIGHTBOWN JW,MUSSETT MV

    更新日期:1959-01-01 00:00:00

  • Isolation of West Nile virus from the brains of children who had died of encephalitis.

    abstract::The isolation of West Nile virus from the brain tissue of three children who died of encephalitis in Mysore and Kolar districts of Karnataka State, India, is reported. This is the first such report from India. The significance of these isolations with reference to the role of West Nile virus in encephalitis in childre...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: George S,Gourie-Devi M,Rao JA,Prasad SR,Pavri KM

    更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00

  • Experiments on the chemoprophylaxis of Onchocerca volvulus infection.

    abstract::Previous work on monkeys and on human volunteers led to the development of a schedule of diethylcarbamazine dosage suitable for the chemoprophylaxis of loiasis. In several parts of Africa where this chemoprophylaxis is practised against Loa loa, infections with Onchocerca volvulus are also common. Attempts were theref...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Duke BO

    更新日期:1968-01-01 00:00:00

  • The chick embryo neutralization test in the assay of meningococcal antibody. 1. Infection of the embryo with Neisseria meningitidis.

    abstract::Present methods of controlling meningococcal cerebrospinal meningitis have failed to contain the disease. This has led to the search for effective vaccines and to the development of methods for assaying the potency of these vaccines, as well as for measuring the immune response of the individual. The feasibility of us...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Ueda K,Diena BB,Greenberg L

    更新日期:1969-01-01 00:00:00

  • International collaborative study on juvenile hypertension. 1. Study procedures and screening data.

    abstract::The study procedures and the results of blood pressure screening from 8 centres are reported. Data are also presented on age, sex, sexual maturity for girls, height, weight, Quetelet's index, smoking, and use of antihypertensive drugs for 92.1% of the 18 609 children born in 1964 in the 8 districts and surveyed in 197...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Török E,Gyárfás I,Csukás M

    更新日期:1981-01-01 00:00:00

  • Catalina Devandas Aguilar: empowering people with disabilities.

    abstract::Catalina Devandas Aguilar talks to Stephanie Cheng about the impact of the 2008 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the importance of listening to people living with disabilities and what United Nations agencies can do to support their further empowerment. ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 面试,新闻

    doi:10.2471/BLT.19.030119

    authors:

    更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00

  • Hepatitis B and C virus seroprevalence, Burkina Faso: a cross-sectional study.

    abstract:Objective:To estimate population-wide hepatitis B and C seroprevalence using dried blood spot samples acquired for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) surveillance as part of the 2010-2011 Demographic and Health Survey in Burkina Faso. Methods:We used the database acquired during the multistage, clustered, population-b...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/BLT.18.208603

    authors: Meda N,Tuaillon E,Kania D,Tiendrebeogo A,Pisoni A,Zida S,Bollore K,Medah I,Laureillard D,Moles JP,Nagot N,Nebie KY,Van de Perre P,Dujols P

    更新日期:2018-11-01 00:00:00

  • Targeted interventions required against genital ulcers in African countries worst affected by HIV infection.

    abstract::It remains unclear why there is such marked variation in the severity of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic between African countries. The prevalence of HIV infection has reached high levels in many parts of southern Africa but in most countries of West Africa the levels are much lower. Although there is ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:

    authors: O'Farrell N

    更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00

  • Differentiation of variola, monkeypox, and vaccinia antisera by radioimmunoassay.

    abstract::Poxvirus antisera adsorbed with "homologous" and "heterologous" poxvirus-infected chorioallantoic membranes (CAM) were differentiated by solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA). Mixtures of the antiserum dilutions and infected CAM were added directly (without centrifugation) to poxvirus-infected CAM antigens affixed to wel...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Hutchinson HD,Ziegler DW,Wells DE,Nakano JH

    更新日期:1977-01-01 00:00:00

  • The antibacterial paradox: essential drugs, effectiveness, and cost.

    abstract::The concept proposed by WHO of an essential drugs list that should comprise drugs corresponding to the health needs of the majority of the people has been embraced by countries, which have adapted it to their needs. In this study, the essential antibacterial drug lists of 16 countries chosen from the six WHO regions a...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Fasehun F

    更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00

  • Countries urged to take tough action to prevent NCDs.

    abstract::Uruguay is hosting the WHO Global Conference on Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs) this month, from 18-20 October. Tabaré Vázquez, the President of Uruguay, tells the Bulletin of the World Health Organization about his country's efforts to prevent and fight NCDs and why countries should step up the global response. ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 新闻

    doi:10.2471/BLT.17.031017

    authors:

    更新日期:2017-10-01 00:00:00

  • Report of the 1966-67 cholera vaccine field trial in rural East Pakistan. 3. The lack of effect of prior vaccination or circulating vibriocidal antibody on the severity of clinical cholera.

    abstract::In a controlled study, it has been shown that the prior administration of cholera vaccine had no beneficial effect on the clinical course of cholera as measured by either the condition of the patient on admission to hospital or the subsequent course of the disease. In fact, the disease was, if anything, more severe in...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: McCormack WM,Rahman AS,Chowdhury AK,Mosley WH,Phillips RA

    更新日期:1969-01-01 00:00:00

  • Nutritional assessment by comparative growth achievement in Malay children below school age.

    abstract::Measurements of child growth have become the most accepted means of assessing the protein-calorie nutritional status of economically developing populations. International reference standards have been suggested for a number of body measurements, but there has been little evaluation of their applicability in South-East...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: McKay DA,Lim RK,Notaney KH,Dugdale AE

    更新日期:1971-01-01 00:00:00

  • Experimental studies on organomercury poisoning in chickens in Iraq.

    abstract::For 164 days mature chickens received a daily diet containing 40 g of wheat treated with organomercurial fungicide and 80 g of untreated diet. A control group received 120 g of normal diet daily. The experimental group was then split - half receiving the same diet for a further 155 days, by which time all had been kil...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Al-Falluji N,Makkawi TA,Abou-el-azm IM,Sokkar IM,Darraji M

    更新日期:1976-01-01 00:00:00

  • Prevention of drug resistance in rodent malaria by the use of drug mixtures.

    abstract::Development of resistance to chloroquine in rodent malaria is inhibited by giving this compound together with a potentiating mixture of pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine but this does not prevent the development of resistance to the last two compounds. The use of drug mixtures should be explored as a means of "protecting"...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Peters W

    更新日期:1974-01-01 00:00:00

  • Three basic convictions: a recipe for preventing child injuries.

    abstract::This paper represents a personal reflection on what is needed worldwide to prevent child injuries. It repeats messages that have been frequently delivered in the past. The main points are: first, the need for everyone to accept the view that, ultimately, injuries are a health problem and health departments must view t...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/blt.08.058024

    authors: Pless IB

    更新日期:2009-05-01 00:00:00

  • Tax-funded social health insurance: an analysis of revenue sources, Hungary.

    abstract::Health financing is a complex health system function, which cannot be analysed accurately without tracking each step of the flow of funds separately. We analysed the revenue mix of the Hungarian health insurance fund from 1994 to 2015 and discuss the policy implications of our findings. We used the System of Health Ac...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/BLT.18.218982

    authors: Szigeti S,Evetovits T,Kutzin J,Gaál P

    更新日期:2019-05-01 00:00:00

  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from Ethiopia 2. Pair correlations between minimal inhibitory concentration values of five antibiotics and frequency of multiple antibiotic resistance.

    abstract::The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and streptomycin for 500 gonococcal strains were studied for product-moment coefficient correlations. The strains were isolated from male patients with acute gonococcal urethritis attending the Venereal Disease ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Gedebou M,Tassew A

    更新日期:1980-01-01 00:00:00

  • The trend of tuberculosis in Japan during the period 1953-64. Comparison of the results of tuberculosis prevalence surveys.

    abstract::Nation-wide tuberculosis prevalence surveys were conducted by the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare in 1953, 1958 and 1963, using the stratified random sampling method. Follow-up surveys were made on one-third of the areas surveyed in the previous year in 1954, 1959 and 1964. In this paper the results of surveys...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Wakamatsu E,Oka H,Kumabe H,Kobayashi A

    更新日期:1969-01-01 00:00:00