Monitoring of HIV treatment in seven countries in the WHO Region of the Americas.

Abstract:

OBJECTIVE:To determine the prevalence of adequate monitoring and the costs of measuring CD4+ T-lymphocytes (CD4+ cell) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral load in people receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in seven countries in the WHO Region of the Americas. METHODS:We obtained retrospective, longitudinal data for 14 476 adults who started a first ART regimen at seven HIV clinics in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico and Peru between 2000 and 2011. We estimated the proportion of 180-day periods with adequate monitoring, which we defined as at least one CD4+ cell count and one viral load measurement. Factors associated with adequate monitoring were analysed using regression methods. The costs of the tests were estimated. FINDINGS:The median follow-up time was 50.4 months; the proportion of 180-day periods with adequate CD4+ cell counts was 69% while the proportion with adequate monitoring was 62%. Adequate monitoring was more likely in participants who were older, who started ART more recently, whose first regimen included a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor or who had a CD4+ cell count less than 200 cells/µl at ART initiation. The cost of one CD4+ cell count ranged from 7.37 United States dollars (US$) in Argentina to US$ 64.09 in Chile; the cost of one viral load measurement ranged from US$ 20.34 in Brazil to US$ 186.28 in Haiti. CONCLUSION:In HIV-infected participants receiving ART in the WHO Region of the Americas, CD4+ cell count and viral load monitoring was often carried out less frequently than regional guidelines recommend. The laboratory costs of monitoring varied greatly. OBJECTIF:Vérifier l'existence d'un suivi adéquat et déterminer les coûts liés à la mesure des lymphocytes T CD4+ (cellule CD4+) et de la charge virale en virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH) chez des individus recevant un traitement antirétroviral (TAR) dans sept pays de la Région OMS des Amériques. MÉTHODES:Nous avons recueilli des données rétrospectives et longitudinales sur 14 476 adultes ayant commencé un schéma de TAR de première intention dans sept centres de traitement du VIH situés en Argentine, au Brésil, au Chili, à Haïti, au Honduras, au Mexique et au Pérou entre 2000 et 2011. Nous avons estimé la proportion de périodes de 180 jours caractérisées par un suivi adéquat, lequel consistant au minimum en une numération des CD4+ et en une mesure de la charge virale. Les facteurs associés au suivi adéquat ont été analysés à l'aide de méthodes de régression. Une estimation du coût des tests a été effectuée. RÉSULTATS:La durée moyenne du suivi était de 50,4 mois; la proportion des périodes de 180 jours caractérisées par une numération adéquate des CD4+ était de 69% alors que la proportion des périodes caractérisées par un suivi adéquat était de 62%. Le suivi adéquat concernait davantage les participants plus âgés, ayant commencé un TAR plus récemment et dont le schéma de première intention incluait un inhibiteur non nucléosidique de la transcriptase inverse ou dont la numération des CD4+ était inférieure à 200 cellules/µl au début du TAR. Le coût d'une numération des CD4+ variait de 7,37 dollars des États-Unis (US$) en Argentine à 64,09 US$ au Chili; le coût de la mesure d'une charge virale variait de 20,34 US$ au Brésil à 186,28 US$ à Haïti. CONCLUSION:En règle générale, le suivi de la numération des CD4+ et de la charge virale chez les participants infectés par le VIH et recevant un TAR dans la Région OMS des Amériques n'était pas réalisé aussi souvent que ce que recommandent les directives régionales. Les frais de laboratoire liés au suivi variaient considérablement. OBJETIVO:Determinar la prevalencia de un monitoreo adecuado y los costes de medición de los linfocitos T CD4+ (célula CD4+) y la carga viral del virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en personas que reciben terapia antirretroviral (TAR) en siete países de la Región de las Américas de la OMS. MÉTODOS:Se obtuvieron datos retrospectivos y longitudinales de 14.476 adultos que comenzaban un primer régimen de TAR en siete clínicas de VIH en Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Haití, Honduras, México y Perú entre 2000 y 2011. Se estimó la proporción de periodos de 180 días con un monitoreo adecuado, lo que se definió como al menos un recuento de células CD4+ y una medición de la carga viral. Se analizaron factores relacionados con un monitoreo adecuado mediante la utilización de métodos de regresión. Se estimaron los costes de las pruebas. RESULTADOS:La mediana de tiempo de monitoreo fue de 50,4 meses; la proporción de periodos de 180 días con recuentos de células CD4+ adecuados fue del 69%, mientras que la proporción de un monitoreo adecuado fue del 62%. Un monitoreo adecuado era más propenso en participantes mayores, que habían comenzado el TAR más recientemente, cuyo primer régimen incluía un inhibidor de la transcriptasa inversa no nucleósido o que tenían un recuento de células CD4+ menor de 200 células/µl en el inicio del TAR. El coste de un recuento de células CD4+ comprendía desde los 7,37 dólares de los Estados Unidos (USD) en Argentina a los 64,09 USD en Chile; el coste de una medición de la carga viral comprendía desde los 20,34 USD en Brasil a los 186,28 USD en Haití. CONCLUSIÓN:Entre los participantes infectados por el VIH que recibían el TAR en la Región, el recuento de células CD4+ y la medición de la carga viral eran a menudo realizadas con menor frecuencia que la recomendada por las directrices regionales. Los costes de laboratorio del monitoreo variaban considerablemente. الغرض:تحديد مدى انتشار المراقبة المناسبة وتكاليف قياس مدى وجود الخلايا اللمفية التائية من فئة CD4+‎ (خلايا فئة CD4+‎) وقياس الحمل الفيروسي المتعلق بفيروس عوز المناعة البشري (HIV) في الأشخاص الذين يتلقون علاجًا باستخدام مضادات الفيروسات القهقرية (ART) في سبع بلدان يشملهم نطاق عمل منظمة الصحة العالمية في الأمريكتين. الطريقة:حصلنا على بيانات طولانية بأثر رجعي بشأن 14476 من البالغين الذين بدأوا في خطة علاج ART للمرة الأولى في سبع عيادات لعلاج عوز المناعة البشري في الأرجنتين، والبرازيل، وشيلي، وهايتي، وهندوراس، والمكسيك، وبيرو في الفترة بين عام 2000 و2011. وأجرينا تقديرًا لنسبة الفترات التي تبلغ كل منها 180 يومًا والتي توفرت بها طريقة مراقبة مناسبة، والتي عرّفناها بأنها تعداد واحد على الأقل للخلايا فئة CD4+‎‎ وقياسًا واحدًا للحِمل الفيروسي. وتم تحليل العوامل المرتبطة بالمراقبة المناسبة باستخدام طرق التحوف. كما تم تقدير تكاليف الاختبارات. النتائج:بلغ متوسط فترة المتابعة 50.4   شهرًا؛ ووصلت نسبة الفترات التي تبلغ 180   يومًا والتي تميزت بوجود عدد مناسب من تعداد الخلايا فئة CD4+‎ إلى 69%، بينما بلغت نسبة المراقبة المناسبة 62%. وكان احتمال تطبيق المراقبة المناسبة واردًا بدرجة أكبر في حالة المشاركين الأكبر سنًا ممن بدأوا تلقي ART مؤخرًا، وقد تضمنت خطة العلاج الأولى لهم استخدام أحد الأدوية غير النيوكليوزيدية المضادة لإنزيم المنتسخة المعاكس أو في حالة المشاركين الذين بلغ تعداد الخلايا فئة CD4+‎ لديهم أقل من 200   خلية/ميكرو لتر عند بدء ART. وتراوحت تكلفت إجراء تعداد واحد للخلايا فئة CD4+ من 7.37   دولارًا أمريكيًا في الأرجنتين إلى 64.09   دولارًا أمريكيًا في شيلي؛ وتراوحت تكلفة المرة الواحدة لقياس الحمل الفيروسي من 20.34   دولارًا أمريكيًا في البرازيل إلى 186.28   دولارًا أمريكيًا في هايتي. الاستنتاج:تم إجراء تعداد الخلايا فئة CD4+‎ ومراقبة الحمل الفيروسي للمشاركين المصابين بعوز المناعة البشري ممن يتلقون ART في المنطقة المشار إليها بشكل أقل تكرارًا في أغلب الأحيان مما ورد في توصيات المبادئ التوجيهية الإقليمية. وقد اختلفت تكاليف المراقبة المختبرية إلى حد كبير. 目的:旨在确定充分监测的普遍性以及测量七个世界卫生组织美洲区域国家中接受抗逆转录病毒治疗 (ART) 者的 CD4+ T 淋巴细胞(CD4+ 细胞)和人体免疫缺损病毒 (HIV) 病毒载量所需的成本。. 方法:2000 至 2011 年间 14 476 名成人在阿根廷、巴西、秘鲁、海地、洪都拉斯、墨西哥和智利的七家 HIV 诊所开始了第一个 ART 疗程,我们取得了这些人的回溯、纵向数据。我们估测了为期 180 天的周期在充分监测中所占的比例,我们视之为至少一个 CD4+ 细胞计数和一个病毒载量。 我们利用回归法分析了与充分监测相关的因素, 同时估测了测试的成本。. 结果:中位随访期为 50.4 个月,为期 180 天的周期在准确 CD4+ 细胞计数中所占的比例为 69%,而在充分监测中所占的比例为 62%。 更有可能针对老年,最近开始 ART,第一次疗程使用非核苷逆转录酶抑制剂或开始 ART 时 CD4+ 细胞计数少于 200 细胞/µl 的参与人员实施充分监测。 一个 CD4+ 细胞计数的成本从阿根廷 7.37 美元 (US$) 到智利 64.09 美元 (US$) 不等;一个病毒载量的成本从巴西 US$ 20.34 美元 (US$) 到海地 186.28 美元 (US$) 不等。. 结论:针对该地区接受 ART 治疗的 HIV 感染者参与人员,展开 CD4+ 细胞计数和病毒载量监测的次数通常少于地区指导方针所建议的次数。 监测的实验室成本差异很大。. Цель:Оценить наличие надлежащего наблюдения, а также стоимость анализа количества T-лимфоцитов CD4+ (клеток CD4+) и концентрации вируса иммунодефицита человека (ВИЧ) в крови у пациентов, получающих антиретровирусную терапию (АРВТ) в семи странах американского региона ВОЗ. Методы:Были собраны данные ретроспективного долгосрочного исследования 14 476 взрослых пациентов, впервые начавших получать АРВТ в семи клиниках по лечению ВИЧ в Аргентине, Бразилии, Гаити, Гондурасе, Мексике, Перу и Чили в период с 2000 по 2011 г. Оценивалась доля 180-дневных периодов с надлежащим наблюдением, подразумевающим как минимум один анализ на количество клеток CD4+ и одно измерение концентрации вируса. Факторы, связанные с надлежащим наблюдением за пациентами, анализировались с использованием регрессионных методов. Была проведена оценка стоимости анализов. Результаты:Среднее время последующего врачебного наблюдения составляло 50,4 месяца. Доля 180-дневных периодов адекватного мониторинга числа лимфоцитов CD4+ составила 69%, в то время как доля надлежащего наблюдения составила 62%. Наибольшая вероятность надлежащего наблюдения была выявлена среди участников старшего возраста. Эти пациенты начали АРВТ недавно, либо их первый курс лечения включал прием ненуклеозидных ингибиторов обратной транскриптазы, либо число клеток CD4+ у этих пациентов составляло менее 200 клеток/мкл в начале АРВТ. Стоимость одного анализа для определения числа клеток CD4+ варьировалась от 7,37 долл. США в Аргентине до 64,09 долл. США в Чили. Стоимость одного измерения содержания вируса в крови варьировалась от 20,34 долл. США в Бразилии до 186,28 долл. США на Гаити. Вывод:У ВИЧ-инфицированных участников исследования, получающих АРВТ в исследуемом регионе, мониторинг числа клеток CD4+ и содержания вируса в крови осуществлялся реже, чем предписывают рекомендации по данному региону. Стоимость расходов на лабораторные исследования значительно различалась между странами.

authors

Belaunzarán-Zamudio PF,Caro-Vega YN,Shepherd BE,Crabtree-Ramírez BE,Luz PM,Grinsztejn B,Cesar C,Cahn P,Cortés C,Wolff M,Pape JW,Padgett D,Gotuzzo E,McGowan C,Sierra-Madero JG,CCASAnet.

doi

10.2471/BLT.14.147447

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2015-08-01 00:00:00

pages

529-39

issue

8

eissn

0042-9686

issn

1564-0604

pii

BLT.14.147447

journal_volume

93

pub_type

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    abstract::Although none of the currently available methods of contraception can be considered ideal for use by adolescents, many come reasonably close. The present article reviews the relative benefits and risks associated with each method. Oral contraceptives (OCs) appear to bear few specific risks for adolescents. Pills co...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Hofmann AD

    更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00

  • Studies on man vector contact in some malarious areas in Colombia.

    abstract::The frequency of man-biting by mosquitos depends upon the amount of contact between man and mosquito, which in turn depends upon the behaviour patterns of both. In order to examine these relationships in an area with a high incidence of malaria, a study was made in 1965 of the nocturnal movements and of mosquito bitin...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Elliott R

    更新日期:1968-01-01 00:00:00

  • Changes in the resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine in Hainan, China.

    abstract::In 1979, in view of the widespread resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine in the island of Hainan, China, it use as an antimalarial was suspended throughout the island. A longitudinal survey of the chloroquine-sensitivity of P. falciparum was carried out over the period 1981-91 to investigate whether its r...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Liu DQ,Liu RJ,Ren DX,Gao DQ,Zhang CY,Qui CP,Cai XZ,Ling CF,Song AH,Tang X

    更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00

  • Characterization of sporozoite surface antigens by indirect immunofluorescence: detection of stage- and species-specific antimalarial antibodies.

    abstract::Indirect immunofluorescence (IF) was used to localize stage-specific antigen(s) on the surface of the sporozoite membrane. The authors examined the feasibility of using an IF assay to determine whether an antisporozoite response is developed by individuals living in endemic areas. The specificity and sensitivity of th...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Nardin E,Gwadz RW,Nussenzweig RS

    更新日期:1979-01-01 00:00:00

  • Transport of amino acids and nucleic acid precursors in malarial parasites.

    abstract::In vitro studies have shown that exogenously supplied amino acids are transferred into the malaria-infected cell, where they are incorporated into proteins. Most amino acids appear to enter the cell by facilitated or simple diffusion; however, the high distribution ratios seen in Plasmodium knowlesi-infected cells are...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:

    authors: Sherman IW

    更新日期:1977-01-01 00:00:00

  • Rating maternal and neonatal health services in developing countries.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess maternal and neonatal health services in 49 developing countries. METHODS:The services were rated on a scale of 0 to 100 by 10 - 25 experts in each country. The ratings covered emergency and routine services, including family planning, at health centres and district hospitals, access to these servi...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Bulatao RA,Ross JA

    更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00

  • Multiple types of child maltreatment and adolescent mental health in Viet Nam.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To examine the prevalence of multiple types of maltreatment (MTM), potentially confounding factors and associations with depression, anxiety and self-esteem among adolescents in Viet Nam. METHODS:In 2006 we conducted a cross-sectional survey of 2591 students (aged 12-18 years; 52.1% female) from randomly-sel...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/BLT.08.060061

    authors: Nguyen HT,Dunne MP,Le AV

    更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00

  • Guiding principles and recommendations on labelling of clinical laboratory materials: a WHO memorandum.

    abstract::Comprehensive labelling forms a vital part of any steps to control the quality of commercially distributed diagnostic reagents. This Memorandum gives recommendations for such labelling. Specifications are given for the recommended minimum information to be given on the label attached to the immediate container of clin...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors:

    更新日期:1978-01-01 00:00:00

  • A report on syphilis control in Turkey.

    abstract::This report presents the results of a six-month survey of the nature and extent of venereal diseases in Turkey which was undertaken by the author, on behalf of WHO, at the request of the Turkish Government. The first part of the report outlines the present venereal-disease-control system and includes descriptions of t...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: CHRISTIANSEN S

    更新日期:1954-01-01 00:00:00

  • Safety of immunization injections in Africa: not simply a problem of logistics.

    abstract::In 1995, the WHO Regional Office for Africa launched a logistics project to address the four main areas of immunization logistics: the cold chain, transport, vaccine supply and quality, and the safety of injections in the countries of the region. The impact of this logistic approach on immunization injection safety wa...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Dicko M,Oni AQ,Ganivet S,Kone S,Pierre L,Jacquet B

    更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00

  • Influenza vaccination among the elderly in Italy.

    abstract::This article surveys the attitudes and perceptions of a random sample of the elderly population in three regions of Italy on the use and efficacy of influenza vaccine. The data were collected by direct interviews using a standard questionnaire. The results show that vaccination coverage against influenza is inadequate...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Pregliasco F,Sodano L,Mensi C,Selvaggi MT,Adamo B,D'Argenio P,Giussani F,Simonetti A,Carosella MR,Simeone R,Dentizi C,Montanaro C,Ponzio G

    更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00