Abstract:
:A dengue type 1 epidemic occurred in Fiji between July 1989 and July 1990. Virus isolation in C6/36 cell cultures and Toxorhynchites mosquitos yielded 36 strains. Of the 3686 cases recorded by the Ministry of Health, 60% involved indigenous Fijians and 37%, Indians. A house-to-house survey revealed that a large majority of patients had classical dengue symptoms and 8% reported haemorrhagic manifestations. Among the children and adults hospitalized for dengue, 43% had haemorrhagic manifestations, including epistaxis, gingival bleeding, haematemesis, melaena and haematuria. A total of 15 patients with haemorrhagic manifestations and/or shock died, 10 of whom were aged 0-15 years; the diagnoses were confirmed in four cases by virus isolation or serology. :Researchers reviewed the medical records of all cases of dengue and dengue-like illness in Fiji since 1971. During March-April 1990, in Fiji, interviews were conducted with 426 occupants of 81 randomly selected houses in Suva and its surrounding areas to examine the relationship between the incidence of true dengue and dengue-like illnesses and the reported incidence. 60% of the persons interviewed were Fijians and 31% were Indians. Health workers collected blood samples from acute cases. 36 strains of dengue 1 virus was isolated. A fever lasting more than 3 days accompanied by at least one of the following symptoms denoted dengue or dengue-like illness: headache, joint pains, muscle pains, rash, epigastric discomfort, and bleeding. There was an outbreak of clinical dengue 1 during 1989-1990 involving 3686 cases. The 1975 outbreak involved 1600-2400 cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever. The 1989-1990 incidence was higher among Fijians than Indians (60% vs. 37%). The dengue epidemic peaked in November 1989 (about 900 cases). The rate of dengue hemorrhagic fever was 8% (15 cases). Hemorrhage manifestations included nosebleeds (8 persons), gingival bleeding (2), vomiting of blood (2), blood in the urine (3), and passage of dark stools stained with blood (3). The case fatality rate was 8%. Hemorrhages of the stomach and lungs occurred in most fatal cases. 10 of the 15 fatal cases were aged 10-15 years. 182 (43%) of the respondents in the household survey had reported dengue-like illness in the last 6 months. Children were more likely to have had dengue than adults (51% of 0-9 year olds and 61% of 10-19 year olds vs. 32-33% for all other age groups). Among hospitalized dengue cases, 43% experienced hemorrhages.
journal_name
Bull World Health Organjournal_title
Bulletin of the World Health Organizationauthors
Fagbami AH,Mataika JU,Shrestha M,Gubler DJsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1995-01-01 00:00:00pages
291-7issue
3eissn
0042-9686issn
1564-0604journal_volume
73pub_type
杂志文章abstract::In the past, several indices have been proposed to evaluate the threat of vectors to the community. Such indices, if accurately determined, could serve to assess the effectiveness of vector control campaigns. In this paper, a "risk of infection" index is introduced for the case of urban filariasis transmitted by Culex...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1967-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::At the request of the Ministry of Health of the USSR, a controlled field trial of a polyvaccine containing typhoid, paratyphoid and dysentery antigens and a purified tetanus toxoid was undertaken in 1958. The main object of this trial, which was carried out over a 10-month period simultaneously in four localities, was...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1962-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent studies with the indirect haemagglutination test for malaria are reviewed. Aspects of methodology, reproducibility, specificity, and sensitivity are discussed. A procedure is presented for application in the field, which indicates some progress towards developing a simple field method for the epidemiological su...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1974-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::WHO's reference protocol for post-exposure rabies vaccination advises five intramuscular injections on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 30; in addition, rabies immunoglobulins (RIG) must be given to serious cases of exposure (grade III severity). Some studies indicate that these immunoglobulins suppress the immunogenicity of rab...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The feeding habits of 15 species of Glossina have been studied by the identification of their blood meals. Representative samples of the blood meals from each of these species of tsetse fly and from different habitats were collected and 22 640 blood meals were identified. The feeding patterns are characteristic for ea...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1963-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The author describes the design and operation of an automatic molluscicide dispenser for use in flowing water. The equipment, which consists basically of a measuring weir coupled to a float-activated siphon, was designed for simplicity, low cost, construction with commonly available materials, and operation by untrain...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1956-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bladder cancer is the twelfth most common cancer globally, with approximately 170 000 new cases each year; a third of these cases are in the developing countries. There are two major etiological types. The first is more common in the industrialized countries and is associated with exposure to certain occupational and ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess the effect of tobacco smoking on the outcome of tuberculosis treatment in Tbilisi, Georgia. METHODS:We conducted a prospective cohort study of adults with laboratory-confirmed tuberculosis from May 2011 to November 2013. History of tobacco smoking was collected using a standardized questionnaire ad...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.14.147439
更新日期:2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The haemagglutination-inhibition test has been used to assess the frequency of arbovirus infections in the population of Ceylon, by age-group, and also in some animals. The antigens used were: chikungunya, JE, dengue 1, 2, 3, 4, and Tahyna.The percentage of positive reactors to the group-B viruses ranged from 16.3% to...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1969-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In March 1990 a study was carried out in the village of Kicheba, United Republic of Tanzania, in which the pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin was sprayed on all the internal surfaces of houses and other shelters at a coverage of about 25 mg of active ingredient per m2. Every day for 6 days, 12 spraymen and 3 sq...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The magnitude of the malaria problem in tropical Africa has been a deterrent to a large-scale control effort as long as the aim was conceived to be only a reduction in transmission. The focus on local priorities brought about by the primary health care approach has resulted in the formulation of a strategy of malaria ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Vaccines constitute the single most important cost factor in the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) in Mozambique and in view of future new disease-control initiatives, the proportional expenditure on vaccines will only increase. Airfreight may contribute up to at least 25% of the total cost of delivered vaccine...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:Objective:To estimate population-wide hepatitis B and C seroprevalence using dried blood spot samples acquired for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) surveillance as part of the 2010-2011 Demographic and Health Survey in Burkina Faso. Methods:We used the database acquired during the multistage, clustered, population-b...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.18.208603
更新日期:2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::New initiatives are aiming to reduce the global burden of schistosomiasis, mainly through the large-scale application of chemotherapy. To target chemotherapy effectively, rapid assessment procedures are needed for identifying high-risk communities that are foci for the disease. In this review, we examine the developme...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Chikungunya (CHIK) virus, harvested from infected BHK-21 cell cultures and highly purified by a method combining zinc acetate precipitation, Sephadex-Sepharose column chromatography, and sucrose density gradient centrifugation, was subjected to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and treatment with formalin. Inactivation of ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1973-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Few widespread diseases show such marked local differences in community patterns as does trachoma; these differences occur not only in over-all prevalence but also in the mean age at onset, the age distribution of the evolutive stages and the role of associated infections. These are among the factors which determine t...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:
更新日期:1968-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine the demographic and health impact of deploying health service nurses and volunteers to village locations with a view to scaling up results. METHODS:A four-celled plausibility trial was used for testing the impact of aligning community health services with the traditional social institutions that...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/blt.06.030064
更新日期:2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::A radiometric method has been developed which provides for the simple and rapid measurement of human blood cholinesterase under field conditions. The method involves minimal dilution of samples and the use of very low substrate concentrations, and is therefore more sensitive to cholinesterase inhibition by reversible ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1964-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Indirect immunofluorescence (IF) was used to localize stage-specific antigen(s) on the surface of the sporozoite membrane. The authors examined the feasibility of using an IF assay to determine whether an antisporozoite response is developed by individuals living in endemic areas. The specificity and sensitivity of th...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1979-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is a need for more detailed information on the relative merits of the culture and direct sputum smear examination methods, separately and in various combinations, using one or more sputum specimens. The efficiency and relative cost of different bacteriological measures for the detection of cases of pulmonary tub...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1971-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In China, alcohol consumption is increasing faster than anywhere else in the world. A steady increase in alcohol production has also been observed in the country, together with a rise in alcohol-related harm. Despite these trends, China's policies on the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages are weak compared wi...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.12.107318
更新日期:2013-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::In most countries of the world there is a shortage of nurses but nowhere is it so acute as in the developing world. With International Nursing Day on 12 May 2010, Kathryn Senior investigates. ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 新闻
doi:10.2471/BLT.10.020510
更新日期:2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Monoclonal antibody NYS4 recognizes a single 140 kDa antigen on the surface of Plasmodium yoelii sporozoites, an antigen which is distinct from the extensively characterized circumsporozoite (CS) protein. To more thoroughly characterize this additional surface component, a genomic expression library was screened with ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Studies have recently been published of surveys of antibodies to common respiratory viruses in human sera from several parts of the world. The present article reports the findings of a survey of antibodies to two more viruses (adenovirus type 8 and coxsackievirus type A21) in human sera mainly collected from six widel...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1966-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:PROBLEM:As national antiretroviral treatment (ART) programmes scale-up, it is essential that information is complete, timely and accurate for site monitoring and national planning. The accuracy and completeness of reports independently compiled by ART facilities, however, is often not known. APPROACH:This study assess...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/blt.07.044685
更新日期:2008-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::A field trial was carried out with a vaccine containing 300x10(9) killed S. typhi (strain Ty58) per tablet. A total of 12 564 children aged 1-15 years were given 3 tablets of the vaccine or a placebo at the rate of one tablet on each of 3 consecutive days. The results indicated that the vaccine, in its present form an...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1973-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The large epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the United Kingdom has been in decline since 1992, but has spread to other countries. The extensive control measures that have been put in place across the European Union and also in Switzerland should have brought the transmission of BSE under control in...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::When mice are immunized with radiation-attenuated sporozoites they are solidly protected against sporozoite challenge by an immune response that has been shown to require CD8+ lymphocytes in several strains of mice. The target of this CD8+ T-cell-dependent immunity has not been established. Immune BALB/c mice were sho...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In view of the considerable and continuing public health significance of Mycobacterium bovis infection in humans and animals, WHO convened a meeting on zoonotic tuberculosis in Geneva in November 1993. The participants at the meeting reviewed the human and animal tuberculosis situation worldwide, discussed the zoonoti...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A two-year study was undertaken to establish the incidence and possible viral etiology of acute respiratory diseases among the child population of a shanty town in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The results demonstrated that nearly half of all the illnesses seen were respiratory infections, 10% of them affecting the lower re...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1983-01-01 00:00:00