Abstract:
OBJECTIVE:To examine the association between maternal smoking and non-syndromic orofacial clefts in infants. METHODS:A meta-analysis of the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy was carried out using data from 24 case-control and cohort studies. FINDINGS:Consistent, moderate and statistically significant associations were found between maternal smoking and cleft lip, with or without cleft palate (relative risk 1.34, 95% confidence interval 1.25-1.44) and between maternal smoking and cleft palate (relative risk 1.22, 95% confidence interval 1.10-1.35). There was evidence of a modest dose-response effect for cleft lip with or without cleft palate. CONCLUSION:The evidence of an association between maternal tobacco smoking and orofacial clefts is strong enough to justify its use in anti-smoking campaigns.
journal_name
Bull World Health Organjournal_title
Bulletin of the World Health Organizationauthors
Little J,Cardy A,Munger RGsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2004-03-01 00:00:00pages
213-8issue
3eissn
0042-9686issn
1564-0604pii
S0042-96862004000300011journal_volume
82pub_type
杂志文章,meta分析abstract::In March 1990 a study was carried out in the village of Kicheba, United Republic of Tanzania, in which the pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin was sprayed on all the internal surfaces of houses and other shelters at a coverage of about 25 mg of active ingredient per m2. Every day for 6 days, 12 spraymen and 3 sq...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Reported is the use of a simplified methodology for carrying out a community-based epidemiological assessment that is compatible with the goals of primary health care research. For this purpose, a current-status life table analysis of data from 1131 women who were served by community health workers in the State of Méx...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess the effect of tobacco smoking on the outcome of tuberculosis treatment in Tbilisi, Georgia. METHODS:We conducted a prospective cohort study of adults with laboratory-confirmed tuberculosis from May 2011 to November 2013. History of tobacco smoking was collected using a standardized questionnaire ad...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.14.147439
更新日期:2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Described are the results of an international collaborative study to evaluate the use of whole blood samples spotted on filter-paper (BSP) for the detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). BSP samples were collected from 40 patients at risk for HIV-1 infection and tested blindly using com...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A simple grading system for trachoma, based on the presence or absence of five selected "key" signs, has been developed. The method was tested in the field and showed good observer agreement, the most critical point being the identification of severe cases of the disease. It is expected that the system will facilitate...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article presents a nomenclature system for allergens which has been officially recommended by the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS). The nomenclature is based on proposals of the IUIS Sub-Committee for Allergen Nomenclature and is applicable to highly purified, well-characterized allergens and...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Risk communication guidelines widely used in public health are based on the psychometric paradigm of risk, which focuses on risk perception at the level of individuals. However, infectious disease outbreaks and other public health emergencies are more than public health events and occur in a highly charged political, ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/blt.08.058149
更新日期:2009-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Few experiments have been reported on immunity to reinfection in domestic stock. The degree of resistance to reinfection with S. mattheei was studied in cattle and sheep. On the basis of the results, the only evidence of acquired immunity in calves and sheep is a reduction in the length of adult worms. ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1974-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:Objective:To estimate the use of hospitals for four essential primary care services offered in health centres in low- and middle-income countries and to explore differences in quality between hospitals and health centres. Methods:We extracted data from all demographic and health surveys conducted since 2010 on the typ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.19.245563
更新日期:2020-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Epidemiological studies of the cardiovascular characteristics of three typically rural communities in the Gambia, Jamaica, and the United Republic of Tanzania were carried out by means of standardized methodology. This paper reports comparisons of arterial blood pressure distribution and electrocardiographic findings ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1979-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is likely that everyone will, at some time, suffer from a problem related to the musculoskeletal system, ranging from a very common problem such as osteoarthritis or back pain to severely disabling limb trauma or rheumatoid arthritis. Many musculoskeletal problems are chronic conditions. The most common symptoms ar...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The frequency of radiological examinations in a country is an important indicator of the general scope of such services in that setting. Frequency data obtained from surveys provide health planners with valuable information that can form an objective basis for resource allocation. Also, from the point of view of radia...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hut and village-scale trials with solid and liquid-type dichlorvos dispensers were carried out in 1961 in the vicinity of Lagos, Nigeria, by the WHO Insecticide Testing Unit. Bioassay results indicated that with a single application satisfactory mortalities of caged mosquitos could be obtained for a period of 12-13 we...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1963-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The availability of affordable medicines is a major barrier to providing high-quality health care in many countries. Fatima Suleman talks to Fiona Fleck. ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 传,历史文章,新闻
doi:10.2471/BLT.17.031217
更新日期:2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The International Standard for Hyaluronidase is derived from a blend of four batches of bovine testicular hyaluronidase which had been purified so as to contain approximately 400 units per milligram. The material was mixed with beta-lactose, and lyophilized. Tablets were made from the dried mixture, and were examined ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1957-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and streptomycin for 500 gonococcal strains were studied for product-moment coefficient correlations. The strains were isolated from male patients with acute gonococcal urethritis attending the Venereal Disease ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1980-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::An autogenous species belonging to the Aedes (Stegomyia) scutellaris subgroup was found on the island of Tafahi, Kingdom of Tonga. A subcolony was established at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md., USA, where cross-breeding experiments were conducted with the Samoan strain of A. polynesiensis. The cross between ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1973-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Catchy music spots and engaging storylines can help to convey important public health messages, but do they improve our health? Gary Humphreys and Fiona Fleck report. ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 新闻
doi:10.2471/BLT.15.020715
更新日期:2015-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the course of a village-scale trial of fenthion, carried out in a village near Lagos, Nigeria, 40% fenthion water-dispersible powder was used at a 3.75% concentration. This was applied by Galeazzi "OM" sprayers with constant-pressure assemblies. The target concentration was 1.5 g/m(2). Filter-papers were placed on ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1963-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of this study was to obtain information, using a written questionnaire, on the knowledge, smoking behaviour, and attitudes of Costa Rican physicians about smoking as a health issue. A random sample of 650 physicians was chosen from a list of active physicians; 287 of them were covered by survey between August ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::While an earlier live measles vaccine induced a high degree of immunity it also caused clinical reactions of variable severity in some vaccinated children. A number of attenuated measles vaccine strains have been developed to avoid these problems, and this paper reports the results of small-scale trials with 3 attenua...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1968-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The spot hybridization assay for the detection of Plasmodium falciparum reported here uses as probe a repetitive DNA sequence from this species and exhibits a high degree of species specificity. Isolates from African, Asian, and South American patients were positive in the assay and gametocytes could be detected at th...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Three methods were used to measure the level of transmission of infections of Schistosoma mansoni on an irrigated sugar estate in northern Tanzania. The studies were carried out over a period of 3 years, during a programme for the control of the host snail Biomphalaria pfeifferi. During the second and third years a ma...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1972-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In a field study conducted in Burma, 54 semi-immune adults suffering from falciparum malaria (mean parasite count, 15 328/mm(3) before treatment) were given a single dose of a fixed combination of 750 mg mefloquine base, 1500 mg sulfadoxine, and 75 mg pyrimethamine (3 tablets of Fansimef). All these patients were clea...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A survey of bilharziasis and its vectors in certain countries of north-east Africa and of the Red Sea area, carried out between December 1951 and February 1952, is described within the framework of a review of the somewhat scattered and incomplete information already available on this subject in the literature. Clinic...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1956-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cancer of the uterine cervix is a global problem. It is the most common cancer in women in developing countries and is the second most common cancer in women worldwide, with approximately half a million new cases each year. It is strongly linked with an early onset of sexual activity and multiple sexual partners; rece...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::As stocks of the first International Standard for Chorionic Gonadotrophin were running low, the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization authorized the National Institute for Medical Research, London, in 1960 to proceed with arrangements to replace it. This paper describes the nature and handling of the prop...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1964-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A simple technique for achieving high yields of Plasmodium falciparum parasites on a continuous basis is described. The technique is applicable in any laboratory. The culture apparatus is also simple and inexpensive and allows multiple cultures to be run simultaneously. A total of approximately 1-2 x 10(9) parasites c...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1979-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper synthesizes the rates, barriers, and outcomes of HIV serostatus disclosure among women in developing countries. We identified 17 studies from peer-reviewed journals and international conference abstracts--15 from sub-Saharan Africa and 2 from south-east Asia--that included information on either the rates, b...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study is devoted to a general discussion of the role of bacteriophagy in cholera. The author examines early and late observations, indicating that a new epoch in the history of the subject began in 1927, when large-scale investigations on cholera bacteriophagy were started in India. The main results are set out u...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1955-01-01 00:00:00