The cost of type 1 diabetes: a nationwide multicentre study in Brazil.

Abstract:

OBJECTIVE:To determine the direct medical costs of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) to the National Brazilian Health-Care System (NBHCS) and quantify the contribution of each individual component to the total cost. METHODS:A retrospective, cross-sectional, nationwide multicentre study was conducted between 2008 and 2010 in 28 public clinics in 20 Brazilian cities. The study included 3180 patients with T1DM (mean age 22 years ± 11.8) who were surveyed while receiving health care from the NBHCS. The mean duration of their diabetes was 10.3 years (± 8.0). The costs of tests and medical procedures, insulin pumps, and supplies for administration, and supplies for self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) were obtained from national and local health system sources for 2010-2011. Annual direct medical costs were derived by adding the costs of medications, supplies, tests, medical consultations, procedures and hospitalizations over the year preceding the interview. FINDINGS:The average annual direct medical cost per capita was 1319.15 United States dollars (US$). Treatment-related expenditure - US$ 1216.33 per patient per year - represented 92.20% of total direct medical costs. Insulin administration supplies and SMBG (US$ 696.78 per patient per year) accounted for 52.82% of these total costs. Together, medical procedures and haemodialysis accounted for 5.73% (US$ 75.64 per patient per year) of direct medical costs. Consultations accounted for 1.94% of direct medical costs (US$ 25.62 per patient per year). CONCLUSION:Health technologies accounted for most direct medical costs of T1DM. These data can serve to reassess the distribution of resources for managing T1DM in Brazil's public health-care system. OBJECTIF:Déterminer les coûts médicaux directs du diabète gras de type 1 (DT1) pour le système de santé national brésilien (SSNB) et quantifier la contribution de chaque composante individuelle au coût total. MÉTHODES:Une étude rétrospective, transversale, multicentrique et à l’échelle nationale a été menée entre 2008 et 2010 dans 28 cliniques publiques de 20 villes brésiliennes. Cette étude incluait 3180 patients atteints de DT1 (moyenne d’âge de 22 ans ± 11,8) qui ont été interrogés alors qu’ils étaient pris en charge par le SSNB. En moyenne, ils étaient atteints par la maladie depuis 10,3 ans (± 8). Les coûts des tests et des interventions médicales, des pompes à insuline et des équipements pour son administration, ainsi que des fournitures pour l’autosurveillance du taux de glycémie (ASTG) ont été obtenus à partir de sources provenant du système de santé national et local sur 2010–2011. Les coûts médicaux directs annuels ont été calculés en ajoutant les coûts des médicaments, des fournitures, des consultations médicales, des interventions et des hospitalisations au cours de l’année précédant l’enquête. RÉSULTATS:La moyenne du coût médical direct annuel par habitant s'élevait à 1319,15 dollars. Les dépenses liées au traitement – 1216,33 dollars par patient et par an –ont représenté 92,20% du total des coûts médicaux directs. L’équipement nécessaire à l’administration d’insuline et à l’ASTG (696,78 dollars par patient et par an) a totalisé 52,82% du total de ces coûts. Dans l’ensemble, les interventions médicales et l’hémodialyse ont représenté 5,73% (75,64 dollars par patient et par an) des coûts médicaux directs, et les consultations ont représenté 1,94% de ces mêmes coûts (25,62 dollars par patient et par an). CONCLUSION:Les technologies de la santé ont constitué la majeure partie des coûts médicaux directs du DT1. Ces données peuvent être utilisées pour réévaluer la distribution des ressources pour la prise en charge du DT1 par le système de santé publique brésilien. OBJETIVO:Determinar los costes médicos directos de la diabetes mellitus de tipo 1 (DMT1) para el sistema nacional brasileño de atención sanitaria (NBHCS, según sus siglas en inglés) y cuantificar la contribución de cada componente individual al coste total. MÉTODOS:Se llevó a cabo un estudio multicéntrico retrospectivo transversal a nivel nacional entre los años 2008 y 2010 en 28 clínicas públicas de 20 ciudades brasileñas. El estudio incluyó 3180 pacientes con DMT1 (edad media de 22 años ± 11,8), que fueron entrevistados mientras recibían atención sanitaria del NBHCS. La duración media de su diabetes fue de 10,3 años (± 8,0). Los costes de las pruebas y procedimientos médicos, las bombas de insulina y provisiones para la administración, así como suministros para la automonitorización de la glucosa en sangre (AMG) se obtuvieron de las fuentes de los sistemas de salud nacionales y locales para el periodo 2010-2011. Los costes médicos directos anuales se obtuvieron sumando los costes de los medicamentos, suministros, pruebas, consultas y procedimientos médicos y hospitalizaciones durante el año anterior a la entrevista. RESULTADOS:El coste medio directo anual por cápita fue de 1319,15 dólares americanos (US$). Los gastos relacionados con el tratamiento, US$ 1216,33 por paciente y año, representaron el 92,20% del total de los costes médicos directos. Los suministros para la administración de insulina y la AMG (US$ 696,78 por paciente y año) significaron el 52,82% de esos costes totales. En conjunto, los procedimientos médicos y la hemodiálisis representaron el 5,73% (US$ 75,64 por paciente y año) de los costes médicos directos. Las consultas fueron el 1,94% de los costes médicos directos (US$ 25,62 por paciente y año). CONCLUSIÓN:Las tecnologías sanitarias representaron la mayoría de los costes médicos directos de la DMT1. Estos datos pueden servir para volver a examinar la distribución de los recursos para la gestión de la diabetes de tipo 1 en el sistema de salud pública de Brasil. الغرض:تحديد التكاليف الطبية المباشرة لداء السكري من النمط الأول (T1DM) للنظام الوطني للرعاية الصحية في البرازيل (NBHCS) وتحديد نوعية إسهام كل مكون في التكلفة الإجمالية على نحو فردي. الطريقة:تم إجراء دراسة استرجاعية متعددة القطاعات على الصعيد الوطني في الفترة من 2008 إلى 2010 في 28 عيادة عمومية في 20 مدينة برازيلية. واشتملت الدراسة على 3180 مريضاً بداء السكري من النمط الأول (متوسط العمر 22 سنة ± 11.8) حيث تم إخضاعهم للدارسة الاستقصائية عند تلقيهم الرعاية الصحية من النظام الوطني للرعاية الصحية في البرازيل. وكان متوسط مدة داء السكري لديهم 10.3 سنة (± 8.0). وتم الحصول على تكاليف الاختبارات والإجراءات الطبية ومضخات الأنسولين وإمدادات تناول الدواء والإمدادات والمحاقن والإبر من أجل الرصد الذاتي لمستوى الغلوكوز في الدم (SMBG) من مصادر نظام الصحة الوطني والمحلي للفترة من 2010 إلى 2011. وتم استخلاص التكاليف الطبية السنوية المباشرة بإضافة تكاليف الأدوية والإمدادات والاختبارات والاستشارات الطبية والإجراءات ومرات الدخول إلى المستشفيات على مدار العام السابق للمقابلة. النتائج:بلغ متوسط التكلفة الطبية السنوية المباشرة للفرد 1319.15 دولاراً أمريكياً. ومثل الإنفاق المتصل بالعلاج – 1216.33 دولاراً أمريكياً للمريض سنوياً – 92.20 % من إجمالي التكاليف الطبية المباشرة. وتعزى نسبة 52.82 % من إجمالي هذه التكاليف إلى إمدادات إدارة تناول الأنسولين والرصد الذاتي لمستوى الغلوكوز في الدم (696.78 دولاراً أمريكياً للمريض سنوياً). وتعزى نسبة 5.73 % من التكاليف الطبية المباشرة (75.64 دولاراً أمريكياً للمريض سنوياً) إلى الإجراءات الطبية وغسل الدم معاً. وتعزى نسبة 1.94 % من التكاليف الطبية المباشرة (25.62 دولاراً أمريكياً للمريض سنوياً) إلى الاستشارات. الاستنتاج:تعزى التكاليف الطبية الأكثر مباشرة لداء السكري من النمط الأول إلى التكنولوجيات الصحية. ومن الممكن أن تساعد هذه البيانات في إعادة تقييم توزيع الموارد للسيطرة على السكري من النمط الأول في نظام الرعاية الصحية العمومية في البرازيل. 目的:确定巴西国家医疗保健系统(NBHCS)1 型糖尿病(T1DM)的直接医疗成本并量化每个组成部分对总成本的贡献。 方法:2008 至2010 年间,在巴西20 个城市中的28 个公立诊所执行全国范围内多中心的回顾式横断面研究。研究纳入3180 名1 型糖尿病(平均年龄22  ± 11.8 岁)患者,他们在接受NBHCS的医疗保健过程中接受调查。糖尿病患者的平均患病期为10.3 年(± 8.0)。从国家和地方卫生系统来源收集2010-2011 年的检测和医疗流程、胰岛素泵和用药、以及自我血糖检测(SMBG)的耗材、注射器和针头的成本。通过增加调查前一年的药物、耗材、检测、诊疗、流程和住院的成本,推导年度直接医疗费用。 结果:人均平均年度直接医疗成本是1319.15 美元。治疗相关费用(每年每个病人1216.33 美元)占总直接医疗成本的92.20%。胰岛素用药和SMBG(每年每个病人696.78 美元)占总成本的52.82%。医疗流程和血液透析合计占直接医疗成本的5.73%(每年每个病人75.64 美元)。诊疗占直接医疗成本的1.94%(每年每个病人25.62 美元)。 结论:卫生技术占绝大多数的T1DM直接医疗成本。这些数据可用于对资源分配作出重新评估,进行巴西公共卫生保健系统的1 型糖尿病管理。 Цель:Определить уровень прямых медицинских расходов, связанных с сахарным диабетом 1-го типа (T1DM), в Национальной системе здравоохранения Бразилии (NBHCS) и количественно определить долю каждого отдельного компонента в общей сумме расходов. Методы:В 2008-2010 гг. было проведено ретроспективное, перекрестное, национальное многоцентровое исследование в 28 государственных клиниках в 20 городах Бразилии. В исследовании участвовало 3180 пациентов с T1DM (средний возраст: 22 года ± 11,8), опрошенных во время прохождения лечения в Национальной системе здравоохранения Бразилии. Средняя продолжительность заболевания диабетом у этих пациентов составляла 10,3 лет (± 8,0). Данные по стоимости тестов и медицинских процедур, дозаторов инсулина и расходных материалов, а также материалов, шприцев и игл для самостоятельного контроля уровня глюкозы в крови (SMBG) были получены из национальных и местных источников системы здравоохранения в течение 2010-2011 гг. Ежегодные прямые медицинские расходы рассчитывались методом сложения стоимости медикаментов, расходных материалов, тестов, медицинских консультаций, процедур и госпитализации за год, предшествующий опросу. Результаты:Среднегодовые прямые медицинские расходы на душу населения составили 1319,15 долларов США. Затраты на лечение – 1216,33 долларов США на пациента в год – составили 92,20% от общих прямых медицинских расходов. На самостоятельный контроль уровня глюкозы в крови и расходные материалы для ввода инсулина (696,78 долларов США на пациента в год) приходилось 52,82% от этой общей суммы расходов. Медицинские процедуры и гемодиализ в совокупности составили 5,73% (75,64 долларов США на пациента в год) от прямых медицинских расходов. На консультации приходилось 1,94% прямых медицинских расходов (25,62 долларов США на пациента в год). Вывод:Основная доля прямых медицинских расходов на лечение T1DM приходилась на медицинские технологии. Эти данные могут способствовать пересмотру распределения ресурсов для лечения T1DM в государственной системе здравоохранения Бразилии.

authors

Cobas RA,Ferraz MB,Matheus AS,Tannus LR,Negrato CA,Antonio de Araujo L,Dib SA,Gomes MB,Brazilian Type 1 Diabetes Study Group.

doi

10.2471/BLT.12.110387

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2013-06-01 00:00:00

pages

434-40

issue

6

eissn

0042-9686

issn

1564-0604

pii

BLT.12.110387

journal_volume

91

pub_type

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    authors: Lund M

    更新日期:1972-01-01 00:00:00

  • Rates, timing and causes of neonatal deaths in rural India: implications for neonatal health programmes.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess the rates, timing and causes of neonatal deaths and the burden of stillbirths in rural Uttar Pradesh, India. We discuss the implications of our findings for neonatal interventions. METHODS:We used verbal autopsy interviews to investigate 1048 neonatal deaths and stillbirths. FINDINGS:There were 43...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/blt.05.026443

    authors: Baqui AH,Darmstadt GL,Williams EK,Kumar V,Kiran TU,Panwar D,Srivastava VK,Ahuja R,Black RE,Santosham M

    更新日期:2006-09-01 00:00:00

  • Promoting the health of marginalized populations in Ecuador through international collaboration and educational innovations.

    abstract::This paper examines two innovative educational initiatives for the Ecuadorian public health workforce: a Canadian-funded Masters programme in ecosystem approaches to health that focuses on building capacity to manage environmental health risks sustainably; and the training of Ecuadorians at the Latin American School o...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/blt.07.045393

    authors: Parkes MW,Spiegel J,Breilh J,Cabarcas F,Huish R,Yassi A

    更新日期:2009-04-01 00:00:00

  • Evaluation of the alkaline haematin D-575 method for haemoglobin estimation in east Africa.

    abstract::In many health facilities in east Africa, haemoglobin estimation is performed using visual colour comparison methods. Efforts to establish colorimetric methods face numerous constraints, including the unavailability of standards for quality control. In contrast, the alkaline haematin D-575 method for haemoglobin estim...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Lema OE,Carter JY,Arube PA,Munafu CG,Wangai MW,Rees PH

    更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00

  • Drowning deaths between 1861 and 2000 in Victoria, Australia.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To identify the long-term patterns of drowning mortality in the state of Victoria, Australia, and to describe the historical context in which the decrease occurred. METHODS:We obtained data on drowning deaths and population statistics from the Australian Bureau of Statistics and its predecessors for the peri...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/BLT.16.174425

    authors: Staines C,Ozanne-Smith J

    更新日期:2017-03-01 00:00:00

  • Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses strategy: compliance with referral and follow-up recommendations in Gezira State, Sudan.

    abstract:OBJECTIVES:To determine the extent to which families follow referral and follow-up recommendations given in accordance with the Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI) strategy and the factors that influence families' responses to such recommendations. METHODS:Children aged 2 months-5 years who presented t...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: al Fadil SM,Alrahman SH,Cousens S,Bustreo F,Shadoul A,Farhoud S,el Hassan SM

    更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00

  • Detection of hepatitis B antigen by radioelectrocomplexing.

    abstract::The reaction that occurs on direct radioelectrocomplexing (REC) between hepatitis B antibody (HB Ab) and (125)I-labelled HB Ag can be inhibited by unlabelled HB Ag. Inhibition of REC provides a rapid, sensitive method for the detection of HB Ag. ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Simons MJ

    更新日期:1973-01-01 00:00:00

  • Development of vaccines against cholera and diarrhoea due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: memorandum from a WHO meeting.

    abstract::This Memorandum summarizes current knowledge on the epidemiology of cholera and diarrhoea due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and outlines the results of recent research to develop an effective oral vaccine against cholera. The meeting reviewed current research on the protective antigens of ETEC and made a ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors:

    更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00

  • PALEOGENESIS AND PALEO-EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PRIMATE MALARIA.

    abstract::The Haemosporidia, which comprise the malaria parasites, have probably evolved from Coccidia of the intestinal epithelium of the vertebrate host by adaptation first to some tissues of the internal organs and then to life in the circulating cells of the blood.The present opinion is that, among the malaria parasites of ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: BRUCE-CHWATT LJ

    更新日期:1965-01-01 00:00:00

  • Natural mortality in two filarial vectors.

    abstract::Little has been written about the survival of filarial mosquitos in nature, although methods are available for determining natural mortality in the field. Every filarial infection in a mosquito provides some information about the number of days it has survived after infection. This can be used to determine the probabi...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Laurence BR

    更新日期:1963-01-01 00:00:00