Abstract:
Objective:To evaluate the changes in sugar and energy labelling of carbonated sugar-sweetened soft drinks after the implementation of a tax on sugar-sweetened drinks in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Methods:We visited nine main supermarkets before (May 2014) and after (April 2018) the tax came into effect and obtained data from product packaging and nutrition information panels of carbonated sugar-sweetened soft drinks. We used the paired t-test to assess differences in sugar and energy content of the same products between 2014 and 2018. Findings:We obtained data from 166 products in 2014 and 464 products in 2018, of which 83 products were the same in both years. Large variations in stated sugar content were found between the different carbonated sugar-sweetened soft drinks in both 2014 and 2018 for all products and for the 83 products. The mean sugar content of the 83 products decreased by 42% between 2014 and 2018, from 9.1 g/100 mL (standard deviation, SD: 3.3) to 5.3 g/100 mL (SD: 3.5; P < 0.001). The mean energy content decreased by 40%, from 38 kcal/100 mL (SD: 13) in 2014 to 23 kcal/100 mL (SD: 15) in 2018 (P < 0.001). Conclusion:The significant decreases in the labelling of sugar and energy content of carbonated sugar-sweetened soft drinks after the levy came into effect suggest this tax has been effective. The sugar content of drinks still varied considerably in 2018, suggesting further reductions in sugar content of these drinks is possible. The levy thresholds should be reduced and the tax increased to drive further reformulation of soft drinks to reduce their sugar content. Objectif:Évaluer les changements dans l'étiquetage des boissons gazeuses sucrées non alcoolisées, sur le plan de la teneur en sucre et de la valeur énergétique, après l'instauration d'une taxe sur les boissons sucrées au Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord. Méthodes:Nous nous sommes rendus dans neuf grands supermarchés avant (mai 2014) et après (avril 2018) l'entrée en vigueur de la taxe et avons recueilli des données sur les emballages et les encadrés d'information nutritionnelle de boissons gazeuses sucrées non alcoolisées. Nous avons eu recours à un test t d'échantillons appariés pour évaluer les différences au niveau de la teneur en sucre et de la valeur énergétique des mêmes produits entre 2014 et 2018. Résultats:Nous avons obtenu des données sur 166 produits en 2014 et sur 464 produits en 2018, parmi lesquels 83 produits identiques sur ces deux années. S'agissant de la teneur en sucre indiquée, de gros écarts ont été observés entre les différentes boissons gazeuses sucrées non alcoolisées, aussi bien en 2014 qu'en 2018, pour l'ensemble des produits et pour les 83 produits semblables. La teneur en sucre moyenne des 83 produits a diminué de 42% entre 2014 et 2018, passant de 9,1 g/100 mL (écart type, ET: 3,3) à 5,3 g/100 mL (ET: 3,5; P < 0,001). La valeur énergétique moyenne a diminué de 40%, passant de 38 kcal/100 mL (ET: 13) en 2014 à 23 kcal/100 mL (ET: 15) en 2018 (P < 0,001). Conclusion:La diminution notable, sur les étiquettes, de la teneur en sucre et de la valeur énergétique des boissons gazeuses sucrées non alcoolisées après l'entrée en vigueur de la taxe laisse penser que celle-ci a été efficace. La teneur en sucre des boissons variait encore considérablement en 2018, ce qui laisse penser qu'il est possible de la réduire encore davantage. Les seuils d'application de la taxe devraient être abaissés et cette dernière augmentée afin d'encourager la reformulation des boissons non alcoolisées dans le but de réduire leur teneur en sucre. Objetivo:Evaluar los cambios en el etiquetado sobre el azúcar y la energía de las bebidas gaseosas endulzadas con azúcar después de la aplicación de un impuesto sobre las bebidas endulzadas con azúcar en el Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte. Métodos:Se visitaron nueve supermercados principales antes (mayo de 2014) y después (abril de 2018) de que el impuesto entrara en vigor y se obtuvieron datos de los envases de los productos y de los paneles de información nutricional de las bebidas gaseosas endulzadas con azúcar. Se utilizó la prueba t pareada para evaluar las diferencias en el contenido de azúcar y energía de los mismos productos entre 2014 y 2018. Resultados:Se obtuvieron datos de 166 productos de 2014 y 464 de 2018, de los cuales 83 productos fueron los mismos en ambos años. Se encontraron grandes variaciones en el contenido de azúcar declarado entre las diferentes bebidas gaseosas endulzadas con azúcar en 2014 y 2018 para todos los productos y para los 83 productos. El contenido promedio de azúcar de los 83 productos disminuyó en un 42 % entre 2014 y 2018, de 9,1 g/100 ml (desviación estándar, DE: 3,3) a 5,3 g/100 ml (DE: 3,5; P < 0,001). El contenido promedio de energía disminuyó en un 40 %, de 38 kcal/100 ml (SD: 13) en 2014 a 23 kcal/100 ml (SD: 15) en 2018 (P < 0,001). Conclusión:Las importantes reducciones en el etiquetado sobre el contenido de azúcar y de energía de las bebidas gaseosas endulzadas con azúcar después de que la tasa entrara en vigor sugieren que este impuesto ha sido efectivo. El contenido de azúcar en las bebidas todavía varía considerablemente en 2018, lo que sugiere que es posible reducir aún más el contenido de azúcar de dichas bebidas. Los umbrales de la tasa deben reducirse y el impuesto debe aumentarse para impulsar una nueva reformulación de las bebidas gaseosas a fin de reducir su contenido de azúcar. الغرض:تقييم التغييرات في السكر وملصقات الطاقة الخاصة بالمشروبات الغازية المحلاة بالسكر بعد تطبيق الضريبة على المشروبات المحلاة بالسكر في المملكة المتحدة لبريطانيا العظمى وأيرلندا الشمالية. الطريقة:قم بزيارة تسعة من محال السوبر ماركت الرئيسية قبل (مايو/أيار 2014) وبعد (أبريل/نيسان 2018) أن أصبحت الضريبة سارية المفعول، وحصلنا على بيانات من عبوات المنتجات، وقوائم معلومات التغذية، الخاصة بالمشروبات الغازية المحلاة بالسكر. قمنا بالاستعانة باختبار t -test المقترن لتقييم الاختلافات في محتوى السكر والطاقة لنفس المنتجات بين عامي 2014 و 2018. النتائج:لقد حصلنا على بيانات من 166 منتجاً في عام 2014، و464 منتجاً في عام 2018، منها 83 منتجاً كانت هي نفسها في كلتا السنتين. تم اكتشاف اختلافات كبيرة في محتوى السكر المُشار إليه بين مختلف المشروبات الغازية المحلاة بالسكر في كل من 2014 و2018 لكل المنتجات، ولـ 83 منتجاً. انخفض متوسط محتوى السكر في 83 منتجاً بنسبة 42% بين عامي 2014 و2018، من 9.1 جم/100 مل (الانحراف المعياري: 3.3) إلى 5.3 جرام/100 مل (الانحراف المعياري: 3.5؛ نسبة الاحتمال أقل من 0.001). انخفض متوسط محتوى الطاقة بنسبة 40%، من 38 كيلو كالوري/100 مل (الانحراف المعياري: 13) في عام 2014 إلى 23 كيلو كالوري إلى 5.3 جرام/100 مل (الانحراف المعياري: 15) في 2018 ( نسبة الاحتمال أقل من 0.001). الاستنتاج:تشير الانخفاضات الكبيرة في ملصقات محتوى السكر والطاقة في المشروبات الغازية المحلاة بالسكر بعد بدء سريان الضريبة إلى أن هذه الضريبة كانت فعالة. لا يزال محتوى السكر في المشروبات متنوعاً بشكل كبير في عام 2018، مما يشير إلى أن إجراء المزيد من التخفيضات في محتوى السكر بهذه المشروبات أمراً ممكناً. يجب تقليل حدود الضريبة وزيادة الضريبة، لتحفيز المزيد من إعادة الصياغة للمشروبات الغازية بهدف تقليل محتواها من السكر. 目的:旨在评估大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国对含糖饮料推行征税后,含糖碳酸软饮料产品标签上糖份和能量数据的变化。. 方法:我们在该税收政策推行前(2014 年 5 月)与正式生效后(2018 年 4 月)分别走访了 9 个大型超市,并从含糖碳酸软饮料的产品包装及其营养信息表中获取了数据。我们使用配对 t 检验评估了 2014 年和 2018 年相同产品中糖份和能量含量的差异。. 结果:我们从 2014 年售卖的 166 种产品和 2018 年售卖的 464 种产品中获取数据,其中完全相同的产品有 83 种。。2014 年和 2018 年的数据均显示,包括这 83 种相同产品在内的所有不同含糖碳酸软饮料产品之间的含糖量差异很大。2014 年至 2018 年期间,这 83 种产品的平均含糖量下降了 42%,从 9.1 克/100 毫升(标准差:3.3)降至 5.3 克/100 毫升(标准差:3.5;P < 0.001)。平均能量含量下降了 40%,从 2014 年的 38 千卡/100 毫升(标准差:13)降至 2018 年的 23 千卡/100 毫升(标准差:15) (P < 0.001)。. 结论:该税收政策正式生效后,含糖碳酸软饮料标签上显示的糖份和能量含量显著降低,这一税收政策是有效的。2018 年,各种含糖饮料之间的含糖量仍然相差很大,这表明这些饮料的含糖量仍有继续下降的可能。应降低税收起征点,并增加税收,以推动行业内针对软饮料的进一步配方调整,从而降低含糖量。. Цель:Оценка изменений в информации о содержании сахара и энергетической ценности подслащенных безалкогольных напитков после ввода налога на подслащенные напитки в Соединенном Королевстве Великобритании и Северной Ирландии. Методы:Авторы посетили девять крупных супермаркетов до введения налога (в мае 2014 г.) и после его вступления в силу (в апреле 2018 г.) и получили данные о том, какая информация содержится на упаковке продукции и на участках этикеток, отведенных под информацию о питательной ценности газированных подслащенных безалкогольных напитков. Авторы использовали парный t-критерий для определения разницы в указании содержания сахара и энергетической ценности одних и тех же продуктов в период между 2014 и 2018 годами. Результаты:Были получены данные по 166 продуктам в 2014 году и 464 продуктам в 2018 году, из которых 83 продукта совпадали. Значительные вариации в указании содержания сахара были обнаружены у различных газированных подслащенных безалкогольных напитков и в 2014 году, и в 2018 году как в целом, так и для 83 одинаковых продуктов. Среднее содержание сахара в 83 продуктах упало за период с 2014 по 2018 год на 42%: с 9,1 г/100 мл (среднеквадратичное отклонение, СО: 3,3) до 5,3 г/100 мл (СО: 3,5; P < 0,001). Средняя энергетическая ценность снизилась на 40%: с 38 ккал/100 мл (СО: 13) в 2014 году до 23 ккал/100 мл (СО: 15) в 2018 году (P < 0,001). Вывод:Значительное снижение содержания сахара и энергетической ценности газированных подслащенных безалкогольных напитков после ввода налога на сахар, прослеживаемое по данным на этикетках товаров, позволяет предположить, что введение налога оказалось эффективным. В 2018 году содержание сахара в напитках сильно варьировалось, что позволяет предположить, что возможно дальнейшее снижение уровня сахара в этих напитках. Необходимо снизить пороги налогообложения и увеличить налог, чтобы содействовать дальнейшему изменению состава напитков для снижения содержания сахара.
journal_name
Bull World Health Organjournal_title
Bulletin of the World Health Organizationauthors
Hashem KM,He FJ,MacGregor GAdoi
10.2471/BLT.19.234542subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2019-12-01 00:00:00pages
818-827issue
12eissn
0042-9686issn
1564-0604pii
BLT.19.234542journal_volume
97pub_type
杂志文章abstract:Objective:To estimate the use of hospitals for four essential primary care services offered in health centres in low- and middle-income countries and to explore differences in quality between hospitals and health centres. Methods:We extracted data from all demographic and health surveys conducted since 2010 on the typ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.19.245563
更新日期:2020-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To implement and evaluate a public-private partnership to deliver the internationally recommended strategy DOTS for the control of tuberculosis (TB) in Lalitpur municipality, Nepal, where it is estimated that 50% of patients with TB are managed in the private sector. METHODS:A local working group developed ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2004-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Several methods have been advanced for refinement of the conventional infant-mortality rate by relating the deaths to the corresponding annual birth cohorts. The author has tested the accuracy of such methods by assuming various "true" infant mortality rates and applying them to quarterly birth statistics as documente...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1957-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Early identification of children at high risk of diarrhoea-associated dehydration would be of great value to health care workers in developing countries. To identify prognostic factors for life-threatening dehydration, we carried out a case-control study among under-2-year-olds in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Cases were 192 ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Urban living is the keystone of modern human ecology. Cities have multiplied and expanded rapidly worldwide over the past two centuries. Cities are sources of creativity and technology, and they are the engines for economic growth. However, they are also sources of poverty, inequality, and health hazards from the envi...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::DDE and the o,p' and p,p' isomers of DDT were assayed in 94 human biopsy fat samples from hospitals in Delhi by gas chromatography. DDT was present in all except 2 samples at concentrations from 0.17 to 176.5 mg per kg of body fat. The average total DDT content was 21.8+/-2.9 mg/kg, of which 45.9% was DDE. The average...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1973-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine the incidence of - and illnesses commonly associated with - catastrophic household expenditure on health in Nepal. METHODS:We did a cross-sectional population-based survey in five municipalities of Kathmandu Valley between November 2011 and January 2012. For each household surveyed, out-of-pocke...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.13.126615
更新日期:2014-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mycotoxicoses are diseases caused by mycotoxins, i.e. secondary metabolites of moulds. Although they occur more frequently in areas with a hot and humid climate, favourable for the growth of moulds, they can also be found in temperate zones. Exposure to mycotoxins is mostly by ingestion, but also occurs by the dermal ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The evaluation of nutritional status using anthropometry has been widely employed in field studies and nutritional surveillance programmes. Two of the primary indicators used, weight-for-age and height-for-age, require accurate age information for proper assessments to be made. Three data sets on nutritional status we...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Reported are the results of a randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial of annual ivermectin dosing in 34 rural communities, Kaduna State, northern Nigeria, where guinea savanna onchocerciasis is mesoendemic. A total of 939 individuals underwent Friedmann field analysis at the first examination and saw at le...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi:
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Selective population chemotherapy using a single dose of praziquantel (40 mg per kg body weight), which was offered to 29,365 schoolchildren in Abu El Matameer and 40,241 in Abo Homos districts, Beheira governorate in the Nile delta, reduced the prevalence of schistosomiasis from 75.4% to 40.9% (reduction of 45.8%) an...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Density gradients with metrizamide, a tri-iodinated benzamido derivative of glucose, have been used to separate erythrocytes infected with three species of murine plasmodia. Uninfected erythrocytes separated well from erythrocytes containing parasites in different developmental stages. With metrizamide solutions, the ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1979-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The reaction that occurs on direct radioelectrocomplexing (REC) between hepatitis B antibody (HB Ab) and (125)I-labelled HB Ag can be inhibited by unlabelled HB Ag. Inhibition of REC provides a rapid, sensitive method for the detection of HB Ag. ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1973-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::To obviate the foreign protein reactions experienced with the use of hyperimmune serum in rabies-exposed individuals, an attempt was made to produce a rabies antiserum of human origin.Five doses of an inactivated rabies virus duck-egg vaccine were administered to 34 volunteers at 4-day intervals (i.e., on days 0, 4, 8...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1959-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Village-wide use of permethrin-impregnated bed nets, compared with placebo-treated nets, has reduced clinical attacks of malaria by 63% in the Gambia. Costs were calculated for nets made by local tailors and for their treatment with insecticide in the villages, as well as for targeted chemoprophylaxis and back-up trea...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Individual patient care and programme evaluation are pivotal for the success of antiretroviral treatment programmes in resource-limited countries. While computer-aided documentation and data storage are indispensable for any large programme, several important issues need to be addressed including which data are to be ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/blt.04.019307
更新日期:2006-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::This report presents the results of a six-month survey of the nature and extent of venereal diseases in Turkey which was undertaken by the author, on behalf of WHO, at the request of the Turkish Government. The first part of the report outlines the present venereal-disease-control system and includes descriptions of t...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1954-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The patent system is now reaching into the tools of medical research, including gene sequences themselves. Many of the new patents can potentially preempt large areas of medical research and lay down legal barriers to the development of a broad category of products. Researchers must therefore consider redesigning thei...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The cross-reactivity of filarial heteroantigens, the non-availability of adult Wuchereria bancrofti for antigen extraction, and the lack of structural information on purified filarial heteroantigens make the serological diagnosis of W. bancrofti infection in man a difficult problem. The use of immune sera from cattle ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1980-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The 1990s have seen a remarkable decrease in mortality among infants and children in most developing countries. In some countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, these declines in mortality among children have slowed and are now increasing again. Internationally comparable data derived from survey programmes, suc...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Technological advances in big data (large amounts of highly varied data from many different sources that may be processed rapidly), data sciences and artificial intelligence can improve health-system functions and promote personalized care and public good. However, these technologies will not replace the fundamental c...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.19.234732
更新日期:2020-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Measurements of child growth have become the most accepted means of assessing the protein-calorie nutritional status of economically developing populations. International reference standards have been suggested for a number of body measurements, but there has been little evaluation of their applicability in South-East...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1971-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The immunizing potency of liquid BCG vaccine prepared by the Tween 80 method was compared with that of control vaccine prepared by the usual grinding method. The former vaccine revealed higher immunizing properties than the latter although its inoculation dose was only one-fifth as great.With sodium glutamate as adjuv...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1957-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This report presents the results of serological analyses made by the laboratory of the Treponematoses Control Project, Indonesia, from its establishment in April 1951 until April 1953. All sera were tested quantitatively with the VDRL and Kline slide-tests or the Kahn test, or with all three.A study of the mean reagin...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1955-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A method of assessing "atherosclerosis", if used according to certain rules, was shown in an earlier study to be capable of discriminating between groups of aortas or coronary arteries according to the quantity of certain defined lesions. It would not measure absolute amounts, but would show whether one group of speci...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1964-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Between April and July 1966 a comparative trial of two live attenuated measles vaccines (Schwarz and Beckenham 31), given intramuscularly or intradermally, was conducted in Hong Kong. Some 910 non-immune children completed the trial. The Beckenham 31 vaccine caused significantly more complications than Schwarz vaccine...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1967-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The author sees the task of industrial psychiatry as one of preventing emotional maladjustment and the more serious mental disorders in the industrial population, and of treating early cases of emotional disorders. He classifies the preventive functions as: giving "emotional" first-aid, holding psychiatric consultatio...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1955-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:PROBLEM:Indoor residual spraying and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are key tools for malaria vector control. Malawi has struggled to scale up indoor residual spraying and to improve LLIN coverage and usage. APPROACH:In 2002, the Malawian National Malaria Control Programme developed guidelines for insecticide ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.15.154245
更新日期:2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::This month the World Health Assembly discusses the post-2015 global tuberculosis strategy and accompanying set of targets. Giovanni Battista Migliori tells Fiona Fleck how his institute - one of WHO's thousands of partners across the globe - can contribute in future to its implementation, once it is approved. ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 面试,新闻
doi:10.2471/BLT.14.030514
更新日期:2014-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The knowledge that domestic cats were susceptible to infection with freshly isolated A/Hong Kong/68 influenzavirus led to studies on the susceptibility of some other animal species to this virus, as well as to studies on the ability of egg-passaged Hong Kong virus and an Asian virus to infect cats. The ability of a re...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1972-01-01 00:00:00