Abstract:
:The 1990s have seen a remarkable decrease in mortality among infants and children in most developing countries. In some countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, these declines in mortality among children have slowed and are now increasing again. Internationally comparable data derived from survey programmes, such as the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) programme, are available both to document the changes that have occurred in mortality and to provide insight into some of the factors that may explain these trends in mortality. The factors found in repeated DHS programmes that explain these trends fall into five categories: fertility behaviour; nutritional status, breastfeeding, and infant feeding; the use of health services by mothers and for children; environmental health conditions; and socioeconomic status. Both simple analyses and multivariate analyses of changes in these factors between surveys indicate that all factors affected the mortality trends. However, to explain trends in mortality, the variables themselves had to have changed over time. During the 1990s fertility behaviour, breastfeeding, and infant feeding have changed less than other factors and so would seem to have played a smaller role in mortality trends. This study confirms that trends in mortality during the 1990s were related to more than just a handful of variables. It would, therefore, be a mistake to concentrate policy actions on one or a few of these while forsaking others. Countries with the largest decreases in mortality have had substantial improvements in most of the factors that might be used to explain these changes. In some countries mortality has risen. In part these increases can be explained by the factors included in this study, such as deterioration in seeking medical care for children with fever. Other factors that were not measured, such as the increasing resistance of malaria to drug treatment and the increased prevalence of parental HIV/AIDS, may be contributing to the increase noted.
journal_name
Bull World Health Organjournal_title
Bulletin of the World Health Organizationauthors
Rutstein SOsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2000-01-01 00:00:00pages
1256-70issue
10eissn
0042-9686issn
1564-0604journal_volume
78pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Division of Brucella strains into three species has long been based on differences in growth characteristics on certain dye-agar media and on variations in H(2)S production on liver agar slants. But certain workers believe these differences to be merely quantitative, such as are found between varieties of one species....
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1961-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The One Health concept covers the interrelationship between human, animal and environmental health and requires multistakeholder collaboration across many cultural, disciplinary, institutional and sectoral boundaries. Yet, the implementation of the One Health approach appears hampered by shortcomings in the global fra...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.17.202705
更新日期:2018-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effects of flea control on the prevalence of (Pasteurella) pestis antibody rates in the California vole, Microtus californicus, were studied in San Mateo County, California, USA. In this area, which had shown antibody prevalence rates of 50% or more during epizootics in previous years, continuous flea control meas...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1971-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of this study was to obtain information, using a written questionnaire, on the knowledge, smoking behaviour, and attitudes of Costa Rican physicians about smoking as a health issue. A random sample of 650 physicians was chosen from a list of active physicians; 287 of them were covered by survey between August ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Doubts have been raised on theoretical grounds concerning the effect of BCG in tropical countries, where in most places a large proportion of the population have a naturally acquired tuberculin allergy of low strength and unknown (but almost certainly non-specific) origin. Furthermore, vaccinations in the tropics may ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1964-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::To characterize the epidemiology of dysentery (defined as bloody diarrhoea) in Burundi, we reviewed national surveillance data and conducted a household cluster survey including two case--control studies: one at the household, the other at the individual level. We estimated that community incidences for dysentery (per...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:Objective:To analyse the demographic and clinical characteristics of people attending physical rehabilitation centres run or supported by the International Committee of the Red Cross in countries and territories affected by conflict. Methods:Of 150 such rehabilitation centres worldwide, 38 use an electronic patient ma...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.19.249060
更新日期:2020-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sub-Saharan Africa is undergoing health transition as increased globalization and accompanying urbanization are causing a double burden of communicable and noncommunicable diseases. Rates of communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria in Africa are the highest in the world. The impact of noncommun...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.10.077891
更新日期:2010-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The efficacy of standard potency Edmonston-Zagreb (E-Z) measles vaccine was tested in a randomized trial of Black infants in a rural area of South Africa where a measles epidemic was occurring. The following immunization schedules were used: 48 infants aged 4-8.5 months who received 3.9 log 50 infectious units of E-Z ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:
更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many countries in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) are currently reforming their national health sectors and also implementing a comprehensive approach to reproductive health care. Three regional workshops to explore how health sector reform could improve reproductive health services have revealed the inherently ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To develop a Bayesian hierarchical model for human onchocerciasis with which to explore the factors that influence prevalence of microfilariae in the Amazonian focus of onchocerciasis and predict the probability of any community being at least mesoendemic (>20% prevalence of microfilariae), and thus in need o...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The International Standard for Hyaluronidase is derived from a blend of four batches of bovine testicular hyaluronidase which had been purified so as to contain approximately 400 units per milligram. The material was mixed with beta-lactose, and lyophilized. Tablets were made from the dried mixture, and were examined ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1957-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) involves distributing resources, especially human resources for health (HRH), to match population needs. This paper explores the policy lessons on HRH from four countries that have achieved sustained improvements in UHC: Brazil, Ghana, Mexico and Thailand. Its purpose is to in...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.13.118729
更新日期:2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper is a report on the first (serological) phase of a study organized by WHO in collaboration with the WHO International Reference Centre for Respiratory Virus Diseases other than Influenza in Bethesda, Md., USA, to define the viral etiology of severe respiratory infections in children, particularly in tropical...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1967-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The precautions to be taken and the procedures to be followed when giving intramuscular injections are well known, but they are not always satisfactorily observed under conditions such as those met with in mass treatment campaigns against the treponematoses, nor is the importance of employing uniform techniques always...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1958-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:Objective:To evaluate the changes in sugar and energy labelling of carbonated sugar-sweetened soft drinks after the implementation of a tax on sugar-sweetened drinks in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Methods:We visited nine main supermarkets before (May 2014) and after (April 2018) the tax c...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.19.234542
更新日期:2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Malathion shows promise as a substitute for chlorinated-hydrocarbon insecticides in the control of malaria whenever the latter are unsuitable because of Anopheles resistance or other reasons. A field trial of malathion was carried out in 1963-64, covering an area of about 500 km(2) with a population of about 26 000, i...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1967-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study is devoted to a general discussion of the role of bacteriophagy in cholera. The author examines early and late observations, indicating that a new epoch in the history of the subject began in 1927, when large-scale investigations on cholera bacteriophagy were started in India. The main results are set out u...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1955-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Health impact assessment (HIA) is a multidisciplinary aid to decision-making that assesses the impact of policy on public health and on health inequalities. Its purpose is to assist decision-makers to maximize health gains and to reduce inequalities. The 1999 Gothenburg Consensus Paper (GCP) provides researchers with ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:/S0042-96862005000100015
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::At the request of the Ministry of Health of the USSR, a controlled field trial of a polyvaccine containing typhoid, paratyphoid and dysentery antigens and a purified tetanus toxoid was undertaken in 1958. The main object of this trial, which was carried out over a 10-month period simultaneously in four localities, was...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1962-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Public and political awareness of emerging infectious diseases is growing, as animal and human health specialists work closer together to avert potential outbreaks. ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 新闻
doi:10.2471/BLT.11.031211
更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Termination of early pregnancy by vacuum aspiration is a well-established technique. The procedure is highly effective and has a low complication rate, particularly when performed during the first few weeks after missed menses. However, this parasurgical method requires skilled health care personnel, and attempts have...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A new membrane filter concentration technique for the detection and quantification of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae in skin snips was compared for sensitivity and efficiency with a widely used "standard" technique. A field study was carried out in five villages in an onchocerciasis focus north-east of the town of ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1976-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In Papua New Guinea the bottle-feeding of babies has been increasing, predominantly among unemployed women of low educational status. Many women are unaware of their legal right to have breaks at work for the purpose of breastfeeding, and a high proportion of workplaces have no facilities for mothers who wish to breas...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:PROBLEM:Streptococcus suis is a common cause of adult bacterial meningitis in Viet Nam, and possibly other parts of Asia, yet this disabling infection has been largely neglected. Prevention, diagnosis and treatment are relatively straightforward and affordable but, in early 2007, no national diagnostic, case management...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章,实务指引
doi:10.2471/BLT.09.067959
更新日期:2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To characterize patent and proprietary medicine vendors and shops in Nigeria and to assess their ability to help improve access to high-quality, primary health-care services. METHODS:In 2013 and 2014, a census of patent and proprietary medicine shops in 16 states of Nigeria was carried out to determine: (i) ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.15.154666
更新日期:2016-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Millennium Development Goals depend critically on scaling up public health investments in developing countries. As a matter of urgency, developing-country governments must present detailed investment plans that are sufficiently ambitious to meet the goals, and the plans must be inserted into existing donor process...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:/S0042-96862004001200012
更新日期:2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The author reviews the agricultural use of night-soil, sewage, and sewage sludge from two points of view: the purely agricultural and the sanitary.Knowledge of the chemistry and bacteriology of human faecal matter is still rather scant, and much further work has to be done to find practical ways of digesting night-soi...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1954-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The International Consortium in Psychiatric Epidemiology (ICPE) was established in 1998 by WHO to carry out cross-national comparative studies of the prevalences and correlates of mental disorders. This article describes the findings of ICPE surveys in seven countries in North America (Canada and USA), Latin America (...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Development of resistance to chloroquine in rodent malaria is inhibited by giving this compound together with a potentiating mixture of pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine but this does not prevent the development of resistance to the last two compounds. The use of drug mixtures should be explored as a means of "protecting"...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1974-01-01 00:00:00