Abstract：
:Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating neurological disorder of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by activation and infiltration of leukocytes and dendritic cells into the CNS. In the initial phase of MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), peripheral macrophages infiltrate into the CNS, where, together with residential microglia, they participate in the induction and development of disease. During the early phase, microglia/macrophages are immediately activated to become classically activated macrophages (M1 cells), release pro-inflammatory cytokines and damage CNS tissue. During the later phase, microglia/macrophages in the inflamed CNS are less activated, present as alternatively activated macrophage phenotype (M2 cells), releasing anti-inflammatory cytokines, accompanied by inflammation resolution and tissue repair. The balance between activation and polarization of M1 cells and M2 cells in the CNS is important for disease progression. Pro-inflammatory IFN-γ and IL-12 drive M1 cell polarization, while IL-4 and IL-13 drive M2 cell polarization. Given that polarized macrophages are reversible in a well-defined cytokine environment, macrophage phenotypes in the CNS can be modulated by molecular intervention. This review summarizes the detrimental and beneficial roles of microglia and macrophages in the CNS, with an emphasis on the role of M2 cells in EAE and MS patients.
journal_name
Immunol Lettjournal_title
Immunology lettersauthors
Jiang Z,Jiang JX,Zhang GXdoi
10.1016/j.imlet.2014.03.006subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2014-07-01 00:00:00pages
17-22issue
1eissn
0165-2478issn
1879-0542pii
S0165-2478(14)00052-2journal_volume
160pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Two types of inhibition of basic peptide-induced rat mast cell secretion are reported. Pretreatment of rat peritoneal mast cells with Vibrio comma neuraminidase, an enzyme which cleaves sialic acid from oligosaccharides, led to inhibition of 5-hydroxytryptamine release induced by the basic peptides polylysine, cortico...
journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0165-2478(82)90134-1
更新日期：1982-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Clinical immunology is in the Netherlands a separate clinical specialty within internal medicine and pediatrics. Clinical immunologists work closely together with nephrologists, rheumatologists and many other medical specialists. Apart from research and teaching, clinical immunologists are taking care of patients with...
journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.imlet.2014.10.008
更新日期：2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Tumor cells express a range of antigens including self-antigens (those whose expression is shared by normal host tissue) and non-self antigens (such as those that arise as a result of mutations in normal cellular genes or in the case of some tumors, viral antigens). Immune responses to both types of antigen have been ...
journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0165-2478(02)00240-7
更新日期：2003-01-22 00:00:00
abstract：:Growth is coupled to physiological modifications of the immune system which reaches the functional capabilities according to age-related milestones. Few data are available on the circulating immunoglobulin levels and no data exist on total immunoglobulin light chains in infant macaques. Therefore we studied by a nephe...
journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0165-2478(96)02522-9
更新日期：1996-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.imlet.2006.12.005
更新日期：2007-02-15 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0165-2478(94)90122-8
更新日期：1994-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0165-2478(82)90029-3
更新日期：1982-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.imlet.2012.11.004
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.imlet.2011.03.010
更新日期：2011-08-30 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0165-2478(91)90092-o
更新日期：1991-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.imlet.2018.03.012
更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0165-2478(90)90040-w
更新日期：1990-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.imlet.2020.06.009
更新日期：2020-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Previous studies have demonstrated that culture supernatants of LPS-stimulated murine splenic B lymphocytes (BLPSSN) are able to inhibit the growth of freshly isolated B cells via an IgM antibody. In this work we investigated the progress of LPS-activated B lymphocytes through the cell cycle in the presence of this an...
journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0165-2478(92)90070-5
更新日期：1992-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0165-2478(96)02622-3
更新日期：1996-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0165-2478(89)90195-8
更新日期：1989-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Controversy exists concerning the role of Toll-like receptors and MyD88 in immunity to tuberculosis (TB). This mini-review argues that (i) Toll-like receptors are not essential for an effective immune response against TB, (ii) MyD88 is essential, but not because it transduces signals from TLRs, (iii) adaptive immunity...
journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.imlet.2007.11.015
更新日期：2008-02-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent advances in next-generation sequencing have enabled rapid and efficient evaluation of the mutational landscape of cancers. As a result, many cancer-specific neoantigens, which can generate antitumor cytotoxic T-cells inside tumors, have been identified. Previously, we reported a metastatic melanoma case with hi...
journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.imlet.2019.02.004
更新日期：2019-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In several diseases where the immune system plays an important role there has been a tremendous progress in treatment efficacy during the last decades. Based on necessary basic science these improvements are results of rapid, numerous and open-minded clinical trials where pieces of positive results step by step have b...
journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.imlet.2014.02.006
更新日期：2014-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0165-2478(84)90080-4
更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.imlet.2005.10.018
更新日期：2006-02-28 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.imlet.2007.12.003
更新日期：2008-03-15 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.imlet.2014.06.013
更新日期：2014-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0165-2478(00)00314-x
更新日期：2001-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0165-2478(90)90151-f
更新日期：1990-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0165-2478(02)00039-1
更新日期：2002-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0165-2478(88)90042-9
更新日期：1988-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of insulin-secreting β cells upon autoreactive T cell attack. Oral administration of autoantigens is an attractive approach to treating T1DM, but an effective carrier should be used in order to protect antigens. Lactococcu...
journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.imlet.2016.04.008
更新日期：2016-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.imlet.2017.08.025
更新日期：2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:DC are unique antigen presenting cells, and their ability to induce proliferation of T cells in a mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR) assay is commonly used for the evaluation of their function. To determine the mechanisms involved in DC-induced T cell activation in a primary MLR assay, a variety of different agents were e...
journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0165-2478(01)00235-8
更新日期：2001-09-03 00:00:00
