Abstract:
:Skeletal homeostasis is determined by systemic hormones and local factors. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) are unique because they induce the differentiation of mesenchymal cells toward cells of the osteoblastic lineage and also enhance the differentiated function of the osteoblast. However, the activity of BMPs needs to be tempered by intracellular and extracellular antagonists. BMPs bind to specific receptors and signal by phosphorylating the cytoplasmic proteins mothers against decapentaplegic (Smad) 1 and 5, which form heterodimers with Smad 4, and after nuclear translocation regulate transcription. BMP antagonists can be categorized as pseudoreceptors that compete with signaling receptors, inhibitory Smads that block signaling, intracellular binding proteins that bind Smad 1 and 5, and factors that induce ubiquitination and proteolysis of signaling Smads. In addition, a large number of extracellular proteins that bind BMPs and prevent their binding to signaling receptors have emerged. They are the components of the Spemann organizer, noggin, chordin, and follistatin, members of the Dan/Cerberus family, and twisted gastrulation. The antagonists tend to be specific for BMPs and are regulated by BMPs, indicating the existence and need of local feedback mechanisms to temper BMP cellular activities.
journal_name
Endocr Revjournal_title
Endocrine reviewsauthors
Canalis E,Economides AN,Gazzerro Edoi
10.1210/er.2002-0023subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2003-04-01 00:00:00pages
218-35issue
2eissn
0163-769Xissn
1945-7189journal_volume
24pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Access to effective affordable contraception is critical for individual and public health. A wide range of hormonal contraceptives (HCs), which differ in composition, concentration of the progestin component, frequency of dosage, and method of administration, is currently available globally. However, the options are r...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2018-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2005-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2004-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:1991-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2002-0019
更新日期:2003-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/edrv-14-1-107
更新日期:1993-02-01 00:00:00
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pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2011-1042
更新日期:2012-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2003-0013
更新日期:2004-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Endocrine reviews
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doi:10.1210/edrv-9-3-357
更新日期:1988-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2004-0014
更新日期:2005-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2018-00242
更新日期:2019-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2000-0035
更新日期:2002-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2019-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2003-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2010-12-01 00:00:00
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pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2003-02-01 00:00:00
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pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2019-04-01 00:00:00