Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1 alpha): transcriptional coactivator and metabolic regulator.

abstract：:Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) was hypothesized to result from functional ovarian hyperandrogenism (FOH) due to dysregulation of androgen secretion in 1989-1995. Subsequent studies have supported and amplified this hypothesis. When defined as otherwise unexplained hyperandrogenic oligoanovulation, two-thirds of PCOS...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Rosenfield RL,Ehrmann DA

更新日期：2016-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Iodine deficiency has multiple adverse effects in humans, termed iodine deficiency disorders, due to inadequate thyroid hormone production. Globally, it is estimated that 2 billion individuals have an insufficient iodine intake, and South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa are particularly affected. However, about 50% of Eur...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Zimmermann MB

更新日期：2009-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:There is a large body of literature showing that prolactin (PRL) exerts growth-promoting activities in breast cancer, and possibly in prostate cancer and prostate hyperplasia. In addition, increasing evidence argues for the involvement of locally produced (autocrine) PRL, perhaps even more than pituitary-secreted (end...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Goffin V,Bernichtein S,Touraine P,Kelly PA

更新日期：2005-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Excess body weight is associated not only with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) but also with various types of malignancies. Adiponectin, the most abundant protein secreted by adipose tissue, exhibits insulin-sensitizing, antiinflammatory, antiatherogenic, proapoptotic, and antipro...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Dalamaga M,Diakopoulos KN,Mantzoros CS

更新日期：2012-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Breast cancer, the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in American women, varies substantially in incidence and mortality according to race and ethnicity in the United States. Although the overall incidence of breast cancer among African-American (AA) women is lower than in white American women, this can...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Rose DP,Haffner SM,Baillargeon J

更新日期：2007-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Teeth are mineralized organs composed of three unique hard tissues, enamel, dentin, and cementum, and supported by the surrounding alveolar bone. Although odontogenesis differs from osteogenesis in several respects, tooth mineralization is susceptible to similar developmental failures as bone. Here we discuss conditio...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Foster BL,Nociti FH Jr,Somerman MJ

更新日期：2014-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Relaxin has vital physiological roles in pregnant rats, mice, and pigs. Relaxin promotes growth and softening of the cervix, thus facilitating rapid delivery of live young. Relaxin also promotes development of the mammary apparatus, thus enabling normal lactational performance. The actions of relaxin on the mammary ap...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Sherwood OD

更新日期：2004-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:During the past decade, possible advancement in timing of puberty has been reported in the United States. In addition, early pubertal development and an increased incidence of sexual precocity have been noticed in children, primarily girls, migrating for foreign adoption in several Western European countries. These ob...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Parent AS,Teilmann G,Juul A,Skakkebaek NE,Toppari J,Bourguignon JP

更新日期：2003-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Substantial advances have been made recently in the pathobiology of pituitary tumors. Similar to many other endocrine tumors, over the last few years we have recognized the role of germline and somatic mutations in a number of syndromic or nonsyndromic conditions with pituitary tumor predisposition. These include the ...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Srirangam Nadhamuni V,Korbonits M

更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pregnancy dramatically affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis leading to increased circulating cortisol and ACTH levels during gestation, reaching values in the range seen in Cushing's syndrome (CS). The cause(s) of increased ACTH may include placental synthesis and release of biologically active CRH and ACTH...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Lindsay JR,Nieman LK

更新日期：2005-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Vitamin D deficiency is common in the elderly, especially in the housebound and in geriatric patients. The establishment of strict diagnostic criteria is hampered by differences in assay methods for 25-hydroxyvitamin D. The synthesis of vitamin D3 in the skin under influence of UV light decreases with aging due to ins...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Lips P

更新日期：2001-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Gut hormones signal to the central nervous system to influence energy homeostasis. Evidence supports the existence of a system in the gut that senses the presence of food in the gastrointestinal tract and signals to the brain via neural and endocrine mechanisms to regulate short-term appetite and satiety. Recent evide...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Murphy KG,Dhillo WS,Bloom SR

更新日期：2006-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review presents a comprehensive discussion of the clinical condition of delayed puberty, a common presentation to the pediatric endocrinologist, which may present both diagnostic and prognostic challenges. Our understanding of the genetic control of pubertal timing has advanced thanks to active investigation in t...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Howard SR,Dunkel L

更新日期：2019-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:PRL and GH are hormones with a wide spectrum of actions. Specific receptors are widely distributed in a number of classical target organs, but other tissues that are not known targets also contain measurable binding sites or receptor mRNA. The most likely explanation is that PRL and GH cause effects that have not yet ...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Kelly PA,Djiane J,Postel-Vinay MC,Edery M

更新日期：1991-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:People with type 2 diabetes are disproportionately affected by cardiovascular disease (CVD), compared with those without diabetes. Traditional risk factors do not fully explain this excess risk, and other "nontraditional" risk factors may be important. This review will highlight the importance of nontraditional risk f...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Fonseca V,Desouza C,Asnani S,Jialal I

更新日期：2004-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:There has been an alarming increase in the prevalence of obesity in people with type 1 diabetes in recent years. Although obesity has long been recognized as a major risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes and a catalyst for complications, much less is known about the role of obesity in the initiation and p...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Corbin KD,Driscoll KA,Pratley RE,Smith SR,Maahs DM,Mayer-Davis EJ,Advancing Care for Type 1 Diabetes and Obesity Network (ACT1ON).

更新日期：2018-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Natriuretic peptides are a family of structurally related but genetically distinct hormones/paracrine factors that regulate blood volume, blood pressure, ventricular hypertrophy, pulmonary hypertension, fat metabolism, and long bone growth. The mammalian members are atrial natriuretic peptide, B-type natriuretic pepti...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Potter LR,Abbey-Hosch S,Dickey DM

更新日期：2006-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Phosphate plays essential roles in many biological processes, and the serum phosphate level is tightly controlled. Chronic hypophosphatemia causes impaired mineralization of the bone matrix and results in rickets and osteomalacia. Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a bone-derived hormone that regulates phosphate m...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Kinoshita Y,Fukumoto S

更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To summarize controlled trials examining the effect of calcium on bone density and fractures in postmenopausal women. DATA SOURCE:We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE up to 1998 and the Cochrane Controlled Register up to 2000, and we examined citations of relevant articles and proceedings of international meetings...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Shea B,Wells G,Cranney A,Zytaruk N,Robinson V,Griffith L,Ortiz Z,Peterson J,Adachi J,Tugwell P,Guyatt G,Osteoporosis Methodology Group and The Osteoporosis Research Advisory Group.

更新日期：2002-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The most active corticosteroids are 11 beta-hydroxylated. Humans have two isozymes with 11 beta-hydroxylase activity that are respectively required for cortisol and aldosterone synthesis. CYP11B1 (11 beta-hydroxylase) is expressed at high levels and is regulated by ACTH, whereas CYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase) is norma...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： White PC,Curnow KM,Pascoe L

更新日期：1994-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent identification of new selenocysteine-containing proteins has revealed relationships between the two trace elements selenium (Se) and iodine and the hormone network. Several selenoproteins participate in the protection of thyrocytes from damage by H(2)O(2) produced for thyroid hormone biosynthesis. Iodothyronine...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Köhrle J,Jakob F,Contempré B,Dumont JE

更新日期：2005-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Access to effective affordable contraception is critical for individual and public health. A wide range of hormonal contraceptives (HCs), which differ in composition, concentration of the progestin component, frequency of dosage, and method of administration, is currently available globally. However, the options are r...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Hapgood JP,Kaushic C,Hel Z

更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Many hormones, growth factors, and cytokines regulate proliferation of their target cells. Perhaps the most universal signaling cascades required for proliferative responses are those initiated by transient rises in intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)). The major intracellular receptor for Ca(2+) is calmodulin (CaM). CaM is...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Kahl CR,Means AR

更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rapid effects of steroid hormones result from the actions of specific receptors localized most often to the plasma membrane. Fast-acting membrane-initiated steroid signaling (MISS) leads to the modification of existing proteins and cell behaviors. Rapid steroid-triggered signaling through calcium, amine release, and k...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Hammes SR,Levin ER

更新日期：2007-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In recent years, ovarian tissue cryopreservation has rapidly developed as a successful method for preserving the fertility of girls and young women with cancer or benign conditions requiring gonadotoxic therapy, and is now becoming widely recognized as an effective alternative to oocyte and embryo freezing when not fe...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Grosbois J,Devos M,Demeestere I

更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rats bearing transplantable Walker 256 carcinoma provide an opportunity to assess thyroid function and activity during an interval of time when the tumor has not affected growth rate. Rats with tumor have decreased serum T4 and T3 concentration and decreased serum FT4 and FT3 as well. These changes are due to a decrea...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Tibaldi JM,Surks MI

更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Osteoclasts and osteoblasts dictate skeletal mass, structure, and strength via their respective roles in resorbing and forming bone. Bone remodeling is a spatially coordinated lifelong process whereby old bone is removed by osteoclasts and replaced by bone-forming osteoblasts. The refilling of resorption cavities is i...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Kearns AE,Khosla S,Kostenuik PJ

更新日期：2008-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:To allow selection of embryos for transfer after in vitro fertilization, ovarian stimulation is usually carried out with exogenous gonadotropins. To compensate for changes induced by stimulation, GnRH analog cotreatment, oral contraceptive pretreatment, late follicular phase human chorionic gonadotropin, and luteal ph...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Macklon NS,Stouffer RL,Giudice LC,Fauser BC

更新日期：2006-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In human beings, two forms of GnRH, termed GnRH-I and GnRH-II, encoded by separate genes have been identified. Although these hormones share comparable cDNA and genomic structures, their tissue distribution and regulation of gene expression are significantly dissimilar. The actions of GnRH are mediated by the GnRH rec...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Cheng CK,Leung PC

更新日期：2005-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Ovarian steroids normally exert homeostatic negative feedback on GnRH release. During sustained exposure to elevated estradiol in the late follicular phase of the reproductive cycle, however, the feedback action of estradiol switches to positive, inducing a surge of GnRH release from the brain, which signals the pitui...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Christian CA,Moenter SM

更新日期：2010-08-01 00:00:00