Abstract：
:Teeth are mineralized organs composed of three unique hard tissues, enamel, dentin, and cementum, and supported by the surrounding alveolar bone. Although odontogenesis differs from osteogenesis in several respects, tooth mineralization is susceptible to similar developmental failures as bone. Here we discuss conditions fitting under the umbrella of rickets, which traditionally referred to skeletal disease associated with vitamin D deficiency but has been more recently expanded to include newly identified factors involved in endocrine regulation of vitamin D, phosphate, and calcium, including phosphate-regulating endopeptidase homolog, X-linked, fibroblast growth factor 23, and dentin matrix protein 1. Systemic mineral metabolism intersects with local regulation of mineralization, and factors including tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase are necessary for proper mineralization, where rickets can result from loss of activity of tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase. Individuals suffering from rickets often bear the additional burden of a defective dentition, and transgenic mouse models have aided in understanding the nature and mechanisms involved in tooth defects, which may or may not parallel rachitic bone defects. This report reviews dental effects of the range of rachitic disorders, including discussion of etiologies of hereditary forms of rickets, a survey of resulting bone and tooth mineralization disorders, and a discussion of mechanisms, known and hypothesized, involved in the observed dental pathologies. Descriptions of human pathology are augmented by analysis of transgenic mouse models, and new interpretations are brought to bear on questions of how teeth are affected under conditions of rickets. In short, the rachitic tooth will be revealed.
journal_name
Endocr Revjournal_title
Endocrine reviewsauthors
Foster BL,Nociti FH Jr,Somerman MJdoi
10.1210/er.2013-1009subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2014-02-01 00:00:00pages
1-34issue
1eissn
0163-769Xissn
1945-7189pii
er.2013-1009journal_volume
35pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Ovarian steroids normally exert homeostatic negative feedback on GnRH release. During sustained exposure to elevated estradiol in the late follicular phase of the reproductive cycle, however, the feedback action of estradiol switches to positive, inducing a surge of GnRH release from the brain, which signals the pitui...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2009-0023
更新日期：2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It is well established that the organ damage that complicates human diabetes is caused by prolonged hyperglycemia, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which high levels of glucose cause tissue damage in humans are still not fully understood. The prevalent hypothesis explaining the mechanisms that may underlie...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2014-1099
更新日期：2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent identification of new selenocysteine-containing proteins has revealed relationships between the two trace elements selenium (Se) and iodine and the hormone network. Several selenoproteins participate in the protection of thyrocytes from damage by H(2)O(2) produced for thyroid hormone biosynthesis. Iodothyronine...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2001-0034
更新日期：2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There is a large body of literature showing that prolactin (PRL) exerts growth-promoting activities in breast cancer, and possibly in prostate cancer and prostate hyperplasia. In addition, increasing evidence argues for the involvement of locally produced (autocrine) PRL, perhaps even more than pituitary-secreted (end...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2004-0016
更新日期：2005-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2002-0003
更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We applied decision analysis to the controversy over the management of the solitary nonfunctioning thyroid nodule. Three standard management plans were considered: immediate subtotal thyroidectomy; a six month trial of thyroid suppression with L-thyroxine, with non-suppressible lesions being removed surgically; and as...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：1984-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Immune checkpoints are small molecules expressed by immune cells that play critical roles in maintaining immune homeostasis. Targeting the immune checkpoints cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death 1 (PD-1) with inhibitory antibodies has demonstrated effective and durable antitumor ac...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2018-00006
更新日期：2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This review presents a comprehensive discussion of the clinical condition of delayed puberty, a common presentation to the pediatric endocrinologist, which may present both diagnostic and prognostic challenges. Our understanding of the genetic control of pubertal timing has advanced thanks to active investigation in t...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2018-00248
更新日期：2019-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Normal reproductive function in mammals requires precise control of LH synthesis and secretion by gonadotropes of the anterior pituitary. Synthesis of LH requires expression of two genes [alpha-glycoprotein subunit (alphaGSU) and LHbeta] located on different chromosomes. Hormones from the hypothalamus and gonads modul...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2003-0029
更新日期：2004-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:PRL and GH are hormones with a wide spectrum of actions. Specific receptors are widely distributed in a number of classical target organs, but other tissues that are not known targets also contain measurable binding sites or receptor mRNA. The most likely explanation is that PRL and GH cause effects that have not yet ...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/edrv-12-3-235
更新日期：1991-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The ovary and uterus undergo extensive tissue remodeling throughout each reproductive cycle. This remodeling of the extracellular environment is dependent upon the cyclic hormonal changes associated with each estrous or menstrual cycle. In the ovary, tissue remodeling is requisite for growth and expansion of the folli...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2002-0005
更新日期：2003-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Osteoclasts and osteoblasts dictate skeletal mass, structure, and strength via their respective roles in resorbing and forming bone. Bone remodeling is a spatially coordinated lifelong process whereby old bone is removed by osteoclasts and replaced by bone-forming osteoblasts. The refilling of resorption cavities is i...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2007-0014
更新日期：2008-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Gut hormones signal to the central nervous system to influence energy homeostasis. Evidence supports the existence of a system in the gut that senses the presence of food in the gastrointestinal tract and signals to the brain via neural and endocrine mechanisms to regulate short-term appetite and satiety. Recent evide...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2006-0028
更新日期：2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a relatively poorly understood class of RNAs with little or no coding capacity transcribed from a set of incompletely annotated genes. They have received considerable attention in the past few years and are emerging as potentially important players in biological regulation. Here we di...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2014-1034
更新日期：2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To allow selection of embryos for transfer after in vitro fertilization, ovarian stimulation is usually carried out with exogenous gonadotropins. To compensate for changes induced by stimulation, GnRH analog cotreatment, oral contraceptive pretreatment, late follicular phase human chorionic gonadotropin, and luteal ph...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2005-0015
更新日期：2006-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hormones and cytokines regulate many cellular functions by activating the ubiquitous cAMP-dependent protein kinase (A kinase) system. Newly synthesized cAMP molecules bind to regulatory (R) subunits in A kinase holoenzymes, causing them to release their catalytic (C) subunits. These free C subunits then phosphorylate ...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/edrv-14-5-632
更新日期：1993-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2004-0025
更新日期：2005-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Substantial advances have been made recently in the pathobiology of pituitary tumors. Similar to many other endocrine tumors, over the last few years we have recognized the role of germline and somatic mutations in a number of syndromic or nonsyndromic conditions with pituitary tumor predisposition. These include the ...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1210/endrev/bnaa006
更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2018-00284
更新日期：2019-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2011-1015
更新日期：2012-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2003-0003
更新日期：2004-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2007-0025
更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factors (COUP-TFs) belong to the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor superfamily. Cloning of their cDNAs demonstrated the existence of two distinct but related genes: COUP-TFI (EAR-3, NR2F1) and COUP-TFII (ARP-1, NR2F2). They are referred to as orphan receptors because li...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2010-0021
更新日期：2011-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2014-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2017-00191
更新日期：2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pelvic endometriosis is a complex syndrome characterized by an estrogen-dependent chronic inflammatory process that affects primarily pelvic tissues, including the ovaries. It is caused when shed endometrial tissue travels retrograde into the lower abdominal cavity. Endometriosis is the most common cause of chronic pe...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2018-00242
更新日期：2019-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Normal development and function of the testis are controlled by endocrine and paracrine signaling pathways. Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) are growth factors that mediate epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in various tissues during normal and abnormal processes such as embryo development, wound healing, tiss...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2010-0004
更新日期：2010-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Relaxin has vital physiological roles in pregnant rats, mice, and pigs. Relaxin promotes growth and softening of the cervix, thus facilitating rapid delivery of live young. Relaxin also promotes development of the mammary apparatus, thus enabling normal lactational performance. The actions of relaxin on the mammary ap...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2003-0013
更新日期：2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Iodine deficiency has multiple adverse effects in humans, termed iodine deficiency disorders, due to inadequate thyroid hormone production. Globally, it is estimated that 2 billion individuals have an insufficient iodine intake, and South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa are particularly affected. However, about 50% of Eur...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2009-0011
更新日期：2009-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Steroidogenesis entails processes by which cholesterol is converted to biologically active steroid hormones. Whereas most endocrine texts discuss adrenal, ovarian, testicular, placental, and other steroidogenic processes in a gland-specific fashion, steroidogenesis is better understood as a single process that is repe...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2010-0013
更新日期：2011-02-01 00:00:00
